TEST 28

SECTION4
Section 4 - Questions31- 40.
Questions 31-33
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
IRELAND IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD

31. According to the speaker, it is not clear

A when the farming economy was introduced to Ireland.
B why people began to farm in Ireland.
C where the early Irish farmers came from.

32. What point does the speaker make about breeding animals in
Neolithic Ireland?
A Their numbers must have been above a certain level.
B They were under threat from wild animals.
C Some species died out during this period.
33. What does the speaker say about the transportation of animals?
A Livestock would have limited the distance the farmers could sail.
B Neolithic boats were too primitive to have been used.
C Probably only a few breeding animals were imported.
34. What is the main evidence for cereal crops in Neolithic Ireland?
A the remains of burnt grain in pots
B the marks left on pots by grains
C the patterns painted on the surface of pots.
Questions 35-40
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
STONE TOOLS
35. Ploughs could either have been pulled by ........................... or by cattle.
The farmers needed homes which were permanent dwellings.
36. In the final stages of axe-making ............................. and ............................
were necessary for grinding and polishing.
37. Irish axes were exported from Ireland to .......................... and England.
POTTERY MAKING
The colonisers used clay to make pots.

38. The ......................... of the pots was often polished to make them
watertight.
39. Clay from ......................... areas was generally used.
40. Decoration was only put around the ......................... of the earliest pots.

Section 1:

PIETER: Good morning. I’d like to open a bank account, please.

WOMAN: Certainly. If you’d like to take a seat. I’ll just get some details from
you. It won’t take long.
PIETER: Thanks.
WOMAN: Is it a current account or a deposit account you wanted?
PIETER: A current account.
WOMAN: Right. I’ve got the application form here then. We have different
types - I see you’ve got our leaflet there.
PIETER: I’ve decided on the one called ‘Select’.
WOMAN: Right, that’s fine, so, first of all, can I have your full name, please?
PIETER: Yes, it’s Pieter Henes. That’s P-I-E-T-E-R.
WOMAN: Is it H-E-double N-E-S?
PIETER: Uh, only one N actually. It’s a less common spelling of the name.
WOMAN: Oh, right. OK. And what’s your date of birth, please?
PIETER: The twenty-seventh of the first, nineteen seventy-three.
WOMAN: Right. And will this be a joint account?
PIETER: No, just myself.
WOMAN: OK, fine. And where are you living, Mr Henes?
PIETER: 15-Riverside.
WOMAN: Is that all one word?
PIETER: Yes.
WOMAN: Exeter?
PIETER: Yes.
WOMAN: How long have you been at your present address? Er, is it more
than two years?
PIETER: Ah, just two weeks actually. I only arrived in the country a month
ago. I’m from Holland.
WOMAN: Oh, that's fine. But we normally ask for a previous address in that
ease.
PIETER: Oh yes, well, it’s Rielsdorf 2. That’s R-I-E-L-S-D-O-R-F 2, Utrecht.
WOMAN: Holland. OK. Thank you. Do you have a daytime telephone
number?
PIETER: Yes. I think the number at my office is six-oh-six-two-nine-five, Um,
just a minute, I’d better check. Oh, no sorry, six-one-six. I’m not used to it yet.
Would you like my home number too?
WOMAN: Yes, please.
PIETER: It’s seven-nine-six-four-three-one.
WOMAN: Are they both local numbers?
PIETER: Yes.
WOMAN: Right. And your occupation?
PIETER: Well, I’m in Britain as a project manager, but that’s not my main job.
I’m an engineer by profession.
WOMAN: I see. I think I’ll put that then. It’s shorter! Now we usually ask for a
piece of information which we can use to check your identity, for security
reasons. You know, if you phone us.
PIETER: Like, erm, my wife’s first name?
WOMAN: Mother ’s might be better. It’s less likely to be known.
PIETER: OK. Hers is Siti.
WOMAN: Siti?
PIETER: Yes, S-I-T-I. It’s Indonesian.
WOMAN: Fine. And how much would you like to open your account with? We
usually ask for a minimum sum of £50. That’s about €75.
PIETER: Well. I’m going to transfer €2.000 from my Dutch account, just till I
get paid. In fact, I wanted to ask you about that. What’s the best way to do it
WOMAN: It depends, which bank you’re with.
PIETER: It’s the Fransen Bank in Utrecht.
WOMAN: OK, fine. I’ll check that in a minute. If we have links with them we
can do a direct transfer. But it’s not a big problem either way. Um, let’s see.
How often would you like to receive statements?
PIETER: I haven’t really thought. Um, what’s the usual thing?
WOMAN: It’s up to you. Some people like them weekly.
PIETER: Oh, no, that’s too often. Can I have them sent, um, once a month?
WOMAN: Yes, that’s fine. Is there anything else?
PIETER: I was thinking of registering for your internet service at some stage.
WOMAN: Oh, yes. Would you like me to send you information about that?
PIETER: Please, yes.
WOMAN: And would you like to receive information about the bank’s other
services - insurance, loans, anything like that?
PIETER: Hmm, I don’t think so, thanks.
WOMAN: That’s OK then. And one last thing, if you agree ...

Section 2:

Welcome, everybody, to the lovely house and gardens of Rosewood, once the
home of the famous writer, Sebastian George. He bought the house in 1902
although he had first seen it two years earlier. At that time the owners let it out
to a tenant because George was too slow making up his mind to buy it. When
it came back on the market, there was no hesitation and he bought it
immediately, for £9,300, even though the house had no bathroom, no running
water upstairs, and no electricity.

When he came here, he’d been married for ten years. During that time, he’d
become one of the most famous writers in the English-speaking world. His
professional success was enormous, but his personal life wasn't as
successful. Me was no longer on speaking terms with his brother and had
been devastated by the death at the age of seven of his elder daughter,
Josephine.

Moving to Rosewood allowed the family to start a new life. George regarded
Rosewood as a pure example of a traditional country house of this part of
England and did some of his most successful writing here. The house and its
grounds became the family haven and their escape to privacy and quiet. The
walls, and the mullioned windows were built of the local sandstone, the tiles
on the roofs and the bricks of the chimney stack were baked from local clay,
and the wooden structures inside came from oak trees which grow around
here.

Now, please look at the map I’ve given you of the house and gardens. We’re
here at the Information Centre. Follow the path marked with the arrow and the
first area you come to is the orchard on your left.

As you go further down the path, there’s the kitchen garden on the right and
as you go round the first sharp corner you will find, to your left, an area where
different types of pear tree have been planted as well as some lovely flowers,
and this is known as Pear Alley -designed by George himself.

Next to this is the greenhouse where some exotic plants and fruits are grown.
Follow the path round the second corner and on your right you will see the
entrance to the Mulberry Garden with its 500-year-old tree. Past the Mulberry
Garden, follow the path until you reach the front of the house. I suggest you
spend a good hour wandering around this lovely building. A guide takes visitor
groups round every two hours.

If you would like to purchase any of George’s books or other souvenirs, then
leave the house by the side entrance, where yon will find our shop, which is
situated between the house and the garage which contains the magnificent
old Rolls-Royce car which used to belong to George. I expect by this time you
may also be in need of a rest and some refreshment. Most visitors are, so why
don’t you visit the tea room on the far side of the garage?

If you have time, there is a lovely walk down towards the River Dudwell. For
me, this is the best part of the estate. This isn’t on the map but it is all clearly
signposted. You cross the field which spreads along the banks of the river. In
spring, this area is well worth a visit.

Spend a minute or two watching the water pass by underneath as you cross
the footbridge, and then continue along the River Walk through the woodland.
On a hot summer’s day, the trees along this path provide welcome shade.
Eventually, you come to the water mill which used to provide the electricity for
the house - only about four hours every evening - in George’s time. And,
finally, for those of you who would like to see stunning views of the
surrounding countryside and who are a little bit more energetic, when you
return from the mill take the first turning on your left and climb up to the
viewpoint. You won’t regret it.

Enjoy your visit!

Section 3:

Jack: Lucy, we really need to get working on this marketing assignment.

We’ve only got five weeks left to the end of term to design it, carry it out, and
then write up the results.
Lucy: Sure. Well, let’s get started right now. Let’s go over the instructions.
What exactly do we have to do?
Jack: Well, it says here we have to look at one area of the entertainment
industry - There’s a list of the different types.
Lucy: What are they?
Jack: Music, cinema, theatre, sport, and eating out.
Lucy: Is that all?
Jack: Looks like it.
Lucy: So we choose one branch of the industry and then we look at how two
different groups of people use it? Is that right?
Jack: Yes.
Lucy: And do we have to use any particular method to get our data? Can we
mail out a questionnaire, or do face-to-face interviews, or maybe even
observations?
Jack: Well actually, it looks like we don’t have a choice. We have to do
telephone interviews.
Lucy: OK, so at least we don’t have to waste time deciding between the
different methods.
Jack: Yeah, that’s right. Oh, and the other requirement is the number of
interviewees.
Lucy: Not too many, I hope. Ten? Twenty?
Jack: Well, we have to do two groups, remember, and it looks like we have to
interview fifteen for each group.
Lucy: That’s thirty altogether then. It’s going to take ages.
Jack: Yes, but remember we’re working on this together, so we’ll only have to
do fifteen each.
Lucy: OK, so those are all the requirements?
Jack: Yes, looks like it.
Lucy: So, first, which area are we going to choose? My preference would be
cinema, since that’s where I spend most of my money.
Jack: Hmm, I don’t think that’s such a good idea. I don’t think there are huge
differences in the market there. I mean you get young and old, male and
female, rich and poor all going to the same movies.
Lucy: Yeah, maybe you’re right. Let’s make it music then.
Jack: Right. So, what two groups will we compare and contrast?
Lucy: Male and female?
Jack: No. Most of my female friends like the same music as me. Different age
groups would be much more likely to show up differences, I think.
Lucy: Yeah, I suppose you’re right again. I’ll take some notes, shall I? So...
Age Groups. Well, what do you think? Maybe twenty-five or under for one
group, and forty-five or over for the other group? That should show up
differences.
Jack: Right.
Lucy: OK. Next, how about the kind of music they like - let’s give them some
choices and then we can just tick boxes.
Jack: OK. Let’s have pop, jazz, folk, easy listening... What else?
Lucy: Well, we should include classical - Some people like it, you know.
Jack: OK. OK. And then we should have how they listen to music.
Lucy: The medium. Right. Let’s include radio, CD - and then I guess there’s
TV.
Jack: What about concerts? You know, in pubs and halls.
Lucy: Oh yeah, we should include live music of course.
Jack: OK, we’re on a roll now! Next point could be about where they actually
get their music.
Lucy: You mean like, do they buy it in music shops, or department stores?
Jack: Yes, or download it from the Internet.
Lucy: Right. That could be for recorded music. Then we need another section
for live music. Where do they go for that?
Jack: OK. Let’s say disco, pub, club, concert hall...
Lucy: Or opera house! And I guess we should include karaoke bars.
Jack: Not many of them in this city!
Lucy: OK. We’ll leave that out then. So, what’s left to do?
Jack: That’s it. Well, now we can make a time-scale for doing it.

Section 4:

Lecturer:
Good morning everyone. Last week we were looking at the hunter-gatherers
in Ireland, across the Irish Sea from England. Today, we’re going to move on
to the period between four and six thousand years ago, known as the Neolithic
period, which is when a total farming economy was introduced in Ireland.

Now, there are several hypotheses about the origins of the first Neolithic
settlers in Ireland, but most of these contain problems. For instance, there are
considerable archaeological difficulties about the theory that they came from
England. The evidence doesn’t really add up. But there are even greater
practical problems about the theory that they came directly from continental
Europe. For one thing, it’s not clear just how sufficient numbers of men and
women could have been transported to Ireland to establish a viable
population. As you know, the hunter-gatherer economy which existed
beforehand was based on small scattered groups. The farming economy
would almost certainly have required much larger communities to do all the
work needed to plant and tend sufficient crops to sustain them through the
year.

The early farmers kept various animals, including cattle and sheep. There’s
also evidence of pigs, but it is possible that these could have been descended
from the native wild species.

Now, we know from modern farming that if the level of breeding stock falls
below about three hundred females, the future of the species locally is at risk.
So we must assume that from the beginnings of Neolithic farming the number
of breeding sheep would have considerably exceeded three hundred, and the
national cattle herd must have been of a similar size. The question is how
these were brought to the area and where they came from.

It’s usually suggested that the Neolithic settlers used skin-covered boats to
transport livestock. But this method would have severely restricted the range
of the colonising fleets. The sheer volume of animal transport necessary
means it’s unlikely that this livestock could have been brought from anywhere
further than England.

What about crops? Well, two main cereal crops were introduced to Ireland
during this time: wheat and barley, both in several varieties. The main
evidence for their presence consists of impressions on pottery, where a cereal
grain accidentally became embedded in the surface of a pot before it was
fired. The grain itself was destroyed by the firing, but it left an impression on
the pot which could be studied and identified by botanists.

Let's turn our attention now to the farming technology available at that time.
Before the cereal crops could be planted, it would have been necessary to
clear the forest and to break the ground by ploughing. The stone blade of a
plough has been discovered during excavation in County Mayo in western
Ireland. The body of the plough would have been of wood and could have
been drawn by people, but it’s also likely that cattle were used.

Now, the cultivation of crops and the husbandry of livestock brought about
changes in people’s lifestyle such as the type of shelters they made. For one
thing, instead of moving from place to place they needed permanent
dwellings. The stone axes used to chop down trees to make these dwellings
were far superior to any that the Stone Age hunter-gatherers used.

To make the axes, sources of suitable stone had to be found and

systematically exploited. These so-called ’axe factories’ were really quarries
rather than factories, as the manufacture of the axes wasn’t regularly
performed on the quarry site. However, after the axe had been chipped into
shape, they needed water and sand for grinding and polishing, so a high
mountainside wouldn’t have been an appropriate place for this. So this final
stage of the manufacture must have been carried out close to water and sure
enough, there’s ample evidence of this at coastal sites.

Now it’s clear that these Neolithic axes were transported all over Ireland, as
well as to Scotland and the south of England. It’s not really surprising that
axes from ‘axe factories’ in England have also been found in Ireland. At the
very least, this indicates that there was a link between the two islands during
that period.

One of the most useful innovations of the colonisers was pottery making,
which was quite unknown to Irish hunter-gatherers. The pottery was probably
made by shaping clay into a ball with the hand, and then hollowing it until the
walls were the right thickness. After firing, the outside was often polished. This
would have helped the pots to retain water, as they weren’t glazed. Now we
know that the clay used usually came from local sources, which suggests that
manufacture was on a fairly small scale, even though thousands of fragments
are usually found at Neolithic sites.

In the course of time decoration began to appear. At first, this looked like a
series of stitches and was just around the tops of the pots. This could have
been an imitation of earlier vessels which were made of leather sewn onto
wood. Then eventually pots with decoration all over...