Project documentation

data_pipeline_project/

── dags/ # Airflow DAGs for orchestration

o batch_etl.py # Airflow DAG for batch processing

o streaming_etl.py # Airflow DAG for streaming data

── data_ingestion/ # Scripts for data ingestion

o batch_ingestion.py # Batch data ingestion (CSV to SQL)

o streaming_ingestion.py # Kafka streaming ingestion

── data_transformation/ # PySpark transformations

o batch_transform.py # Batch transformation using PySpark

o streaming_transform.py # Streaming transformation using
PySpark

──data_load/ # SQL database loading

o batch_load.py # Load transformed batch data into SQL

o streaming_load.py # Load streaming data into SQL

── config/ # Configuration files

o settings.py # Configuration settings (e.g., DB creds, Kafka

settings)

── logs/ # Log files (can be handled by Airflow or custom logging)

── main.py # Main script to run everything (optional)

Objective:
Design and implement an ETL pipeline that extracts data from a CSV file,
performs data transformations, and loads the cleaned data into a relational
database (SQL) for future analysis.

Steps Involved:

1. Extract Data (Using Python)

 Extract raw data from a CSV file.

 You can use Python's pandas library to read the CSV file.

2. Transform Data (Using PySpark)

 For large datasets, we will use PySpark for distributed processing.

 Clean the data by removing duplicates, filling missing values, and

performing some basic transformations.

3. Load Data into SQL Database (Using SQL and Python)

 After transforming the data, the next step is to load it into an SQL
database, such as MySQL or PostgreSQL.

 For this, you can use Python’s SQLAlchemy and pandas libraries to
connect and load the data into the database.

4. Automate the ETL Pipeline (Using Python Scheduling)

 Schedule the pipeline to run at a certain interval using Python's

schedule library or a job scheduler like Apache Airflow.

5. SQL Queries for Data Analysis

 After the data is loaded into SQL, you can use SQL queries to perform
any analysis or reporting.

Documentation:

Project Overview:

 Purpose: Build a robust data pipeline to process large datasets and

load them into a relational database.
  Technologies Used: Python (for extraction and scheduling), PySpark
(for transformation), SQL (for loading and analysis).

 Objective: Demonstrate the end-to-end workflow of ETL with Python,

PySpark, and SQL.

Steps Explanation:

1. Extract:

o Raw data is loaded from a CSV file using Python's pandas library.
This part is responsible for reading the data into memory.

2. Transform:

o The raw data is passed through PySpark for distributed data

processing and transformation. Here, data is cleaned by
removing duplicates, filling in missing values, and performing
basic transformations.

3. Load:

o The transformed data is then loaded into an SQL database for

persistence. We use SQLAlchemy to connect to the database and
perform the load operation using pandas.

4. Automation:

o To ensure that the pipeline runs automatically at scheduled

times, we use Python's schedule library.

Project Enhancements:

1. Error Handling and Logging:

o Add error handling and logging to track any issues during the
pipeline execution.

2. Data Validation:

o Implement data validation checks (e.g., ensuring no negative

values in certain columns, ensuring date formats are correct).

3. Performance Optimization:

o Optimize the PySpark transformations to handle large datasets

efficiently.
 o Use partitioning and caching in PySpark for better performance.

4. Scaling with Apache Airflow:

o Use Apache Airflow for better orchestration and scheduling of the

pipeline, especially when the pipeline grows in complexity.

Conclusion:

This project will give you hands-on experience with all the necessary tools a
data engineer uses in a real-world scenario. You'll be able to work with large
datasets, use SQL databases, and scale the pipeline with PySpark.
Additionally, automating the ETL pipeline ensures the system can run without
manual intervention.

Advanced Project: Real-Time Data Pipeline with Batch Processing

and Analytics using Python, SQL, and PySpark

Overview:

In this project, we’ll create an end-to-end real-time data pipeline that

collects streaming data, processes it using batch jobs (for historical data),
and stores the results in a SQL database for reporting and analysis.
Additionally, we’ll use Apache Kafka for real-time data ingestion and
Apache Airflow for orchestration.

The steps include:

1. Data ingestion from multiple sources (streaming and batch).

2. Data transformation using PySpark for batch and stream

processing.

3. Load processed data into a SQL database for analytics and

reporting.

4. Set up real-time analytics and batch processing jobs.

5. Automate and schedule the pipeline with Apache Airflow.

Detailed Steps for the Project:

1. Data Ingestion:
You will have two sources of data:

 Batch Data: Loaded from a CSV or database on a scheduled basis.

 Streaming Data: Simulated via Apache Kafka.

Batch Data Ingestion (CSV to SQL Database):

First, let's set up batch processing that will load CSV data into an SQL
database:

import pandas as pd

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Read the CSV file into pandas

df = pd.read_csv('historical_data.csv')

# Connect to MySQL/PostgreSQL Database

engine =
create_engine('mysql+pymysql://username:password@localhost/db_name')

# Insert data into SQL

df.to_sql('historical_data', engine, if_exists='replace', index=False)

print("Batch data loaded successfully into SQL.")

Streaming Data Ingestion (Apache Kafka to PySpark):

Set up Kafka to simulate streaming data. You’ll use PySpark’s Structured

Streaming to process this.

python

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from pyspark.sql import SparkSession

from pyspark.sql.functions import col

# Initialize Spark session

spark = SparkSession.builder \

.appName("KafkaStreaming") \

.getOrCreate()

# Read stream from Kafka

df_stream = spark.readStream.format("kafka") \

.option("kafka.bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092") \

.option("subscribe", "raw_topic") \

.load()

# Extract the key and value from Kafka

df_stream = df_stream.selectExpr("CAST(key AS STRING)", "CAST(value AS

STRING)")

# Apply transformation: Let's assume the data is in CSV format.

df_transformed = df_stream.selectExpr("value AS data") # Example

transformation

# Write the stream to a database or file system

query = df_transformed.writeStream \

.outputMode("append") \

.format("console") \

.start()

query.awaitTermination()

2. Data Transformation with PySpark:

In this step, you will clean and transform the data (both from the batch and
streaming sources) using PySpark.

python

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# Batch Data Transformation

df_batch = spark.read.csv("historical_data.csv", header=True,

inferSchema=True)

# Clean and transform data: Remove duplicates, handle missing values

df_batch_clean = df_batch.dropDuplicates().fillna({'column_name':
'default_value'})

# Streaming Data Transformation (continuing from previous code)

df_stream_clean = df_stream.withColumn('data', col('data').cast('string')) \

.filter(col('data').isNotNull())

# You can add more transformations based on your use case.

3. Loading Data into SQL Database:

Load the transformed data into your SQL database for further analysis and
reporting.

python

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# Write transformed batch data to SQL

df_batch_clean.write.jdbc(url='jdbc:mysql://localhost/db_name',
table='cleaned_data', mode='overwrite', properties={'user': 'username',
'password': 'password'})

# Write streaming data to SQL

# (Note: SQL can be tricky with streaming, so you might want to use a buffer
or another system like S3 for staging)

4. Real-Time Analytics (Windowed Aggregations for Streaming

Data):

To simulate real-time analytics, you’ll perform windowed aggregations on the

streaming data.

python

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from pyspark.sql.functions import window

# Define a window for real-time aggregation (e.g., 5-minute window)

df_windowed = df_stream_clean.withWatermark("timestamp", "10

minutes") \

.groupBy(window(col("timestamp"), "5 minutes")) \

.count()

# Output the windowed results to console (or a database)

query = df_windowed.writeStream.outputMode("complete") \

.format("console") \

.start()

query.awaitTermination()

5. Scheduling and Orchestrating with Apache Airflow:

Now, use Apache Airflow to orchestrate the batch processing and

scheduling of jobs. Here, you will set up Airflow DAGs (Directed Acyclic
Graphs) for batch processing and triggering real-time ingestion.

 Install Apache Airflow:

bash

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pip install apache-airflow

 Set up DAG for Batch Job: Create a simple DAG to run the batch job
periodically.

python

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from airflow import DAG

from airflow.operators.python_operator import PythonOperator

from datetime import datetime

def load_batch_data():

# Call your batch loading function

print("Loading batch data...")

# Define the DAG

dag = DAG('batch_etl', description='Batch ETL pipeline',

schedule_interval='@daily', start_date=datetime(2025, 1, 1), catchup=False)

# Define the task

load_task = PythonOperator(task_id='load_batch',
python_callable=load_batch_data, dag=dag)

load_task

 Set up DAG for Streaming Job: You would typically use Kafka or
other services to monitor for changes in real-time. But for simplicity,
assume the streaming job is run using a Python function triggered by
Airflow.

python

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def start_streaming():
 # This would trigger your streaming pipeline

print("Starting streaming job...")

# Define the DAG for streaming

dag_streaming = DAG('streaming_etl', description='Streaming ETL pipeline',

schedule_interval='@once', start_date=datetime(2025, 1, 1), catchup=False)

# Define the task for streaming

streaming_task = PythonOperator(task_id='start_streaming',
python_callable=start_streaming, dag=dag_streaming)

streaming_task

6. Error Handling, Monitoring, and Logging:

 Implement error handling in all parts of the pipeline.

 Set up logging for tracking ETL processes.

 Use Airflow's built-in logging and failure alerts for monitoring.

Enhancements to Make It Even Bigger:

1. Scaling with Cloud Services:

o Migrate the database to a cloud-based solution like Amazon

RDS or Google Cloud SQL.

o Use cloud services (AWS Kinesis, Google Pub/Sub) for real-time

data ingestion.

2. Advanced Streaming Analytics:

o Implement more sophisticated real-time analytics (e.g., anomaly

detection, predictive analytics).

3. Data Quality and Validation:

o Add validation layers to ensure the integrity of incoming data.

 o Build tests to ensure transformations meet business
requirements.

4. Performance Optimization:

o Use partitioning and caching in PySpark for handling large

datasets efficiently.

o Scale the system using Apache Kafka for higher throughput.

5. CI/CD for Data Pipelines:

o Integrate with CI/CD tools like Jenkins to automatically test and

deploy your data pipeline.

Final Thoughts:

This project simulates a real-world enterprise data pipeline involving both

batch and streaming data. It provides exposure to technologies like
Apache Kafka, PySpark, SQL databases, and Apache Airflow for
orchestration, which are core skills for any data engineer.

Would you like help with any specific part of the implementation, such as
Kafka setup, Airflow DAGs, or PySpark optimization?

You said:

do I need to write aa these in different files or same file

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

For a big project like this, it's generally a good practice to separate your
code into multiple files for better organization, modularity, and scalability.
While it’s technically possible to put everything into a single file, maintaining
and debugging a large project would become difficult over time.

Here's how you can organize the project into different files:

Directory Structure:

graphql

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data_pipeline_project/
│

├── dags/ # Airflow DAGs for orchestration

│ ├── batch_etl.py # Airflow DAG for batch processing

│ ├── streaming_etl.py # Airflow DAG for streaming data

├── data_ingestion/ # Scripts for data ingestion

│ ├── batch_ingestion.py # Batch data ingestion (CSV to SQL)

│ └── streaming_ingestion.py # Kafka streaming ingestion

├── data_transformation/ # PySpark transformations

│ ├── batch_transform.py # Batch transformation using PySpark

│ └── streaming_transform.py # Streaming transformation using PySpark

├── data_load/ # SQL database loading

│ ├── batch_load.py # Load transformed batch data into SQL

│ └── streaming_load.py # Load streaming data into SQL

├── config/ # Configuration files

│ └── settings.py # Configuration settings (e.g., DB creds, Kafka

settings)

├── logs/ # Log files (can be handled by Airflow or custom

logging)

└── main.py # Main script to run everything (optional)

Explanation of Files:

1. dags/ Directory:
 o Contains Airflow DAG definitions that orchestrate the different
parts of the pipeline.

o Example: batch_etl.py contains the DAG for batch jobs, and

streaming_etl.py for streaming jobs.

2. data_ingestion/ Directory:

o Contains scripts that handle the ingestion of data from different

sources:

 Batch Ingestion: A script like batch_ingestion.py for

reading CSV files and pushing data into the SQL database.

 Streaming Ingestion: A script like streaming_ingestion.py

to connect to Kafka and consume streaming data.

3. data_transformation/ Directory:

o Contains PySpark scripts to clean and transform both batch and

streaming data:

 Batch Transformation: A script like batch_transform.py

to clean and transform batch data.

 Streaming Transformation: A script like

streaming_transform.py for processing the streaming data.

4. data_load/ Directory:

o Contains scripts for loading transformed data into a SQL

database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.):

 Batch Load: batch_load.py loads transformed batch data

into the database.

 Streaming Load: streaming_load.py loads the real-time

streaming data.

5. config/ Directory:

o Contains configuration files for database credentials, Kafka

configurations, Spark settings, etc.

o Example: settings.py holds variables for the database

connection, Kafka broker address, or other environment-specific
variables.
 6. logs/ Directory:

o This folder stores logs if you have custom logging or if you're

using Airflow's logging capabilities.

o You may not need this directly if you're relying on Airflow's built-
in logging system, but it's useful for debugging.

7. main.py (Optional):

o If you want to run everything as a single pipeline (either in

sequence or in parallel), you can create a main.py file to invoke
all the ingestion, transformation, and loading functions.

o This file could call scripts from the other folders sequentially if
you're running the pipeline outside of Airflow.

Sample Breakdown of Files:

1. data_ingestion/batch_ingestion.py:

python

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import pandas as pd

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

def ingest_batch_data():

# Load CSV data into DataFrame

df = pd.read_csv('historical_data.csv')

# Set up database connection

engine =
create_engine('mysql+pymysql://username:password@localhost/db_name')

# Insert data into SQL

df.to_sql('historical_data', engine, if_exists='replace', index=False)

 print("Batch data loaded into SQL.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

ingest_batch_data()

2. data_transformation/batch_transform.py:

python

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from pyspark.sql import SparkSession

def transform_batch_data():

# Initialize Spark session

spark = SparkSession.builder \

.appName("BatchETL") \

.getOrCreate()

# Read batch data from CSV

df = spark.read.csv("historical_data.csv", header=True,
inferSchema=True)

# Transform the data (e.g., remove duplicates)

df_cleaned = df.dropDuplicates()

return df_cleaned

if __name__ == "__main__":

transformed_data = transform_batch_data()

transformed_data.show()
3. data_load/batch_load.py:

python

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from pyspark.sql import DataFrame

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

def load_batch_data_to_sql(df: DataFrame):

# Convert Spark DataFrame to pandas

df_pandas = df.toPandas()

# Set up database connection

engine =
create_engine('mysql+pymysql://username:password@localhost/db_name')

# Load to SQL

df_pandas.to_sql('transformed_batch_data', engine, if_exists='replace',

index=False)

print("Transformed data loaded into SQL.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

# Assuming df is the transformed DataFrame from batch_transform.py

from data_transformation.batch_transform import transform_batch_data

transformed_data = transform_batch_data()

load_batch_data_to_sql(transformed_data)

4. dags/batch_etl.py (Airflow DAG for Batch ETL):

python

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from airflow import DAG

from airflow.operators.python_operator import PythonOperator

from datetime import datetime

from data_ingestion.batch_ingestion import ingest_batch_data

from data_transformation.batch_transform import transform_batch_data

from data_load.batch_load import load_batch_data_to_sql

def run_batch_etl():

ingest_batch_data()

transformed_data = transform_batch_data()

load_batch_data_to_sql(transformed_data)

dag = DAG('batch_etl', description='Batch ETL pipeline',

schedule_interval='@daily', start_date=datetime(2025, 1, 1), catchup=False)

run_etl_task = PythonOperator(task_id='run_batch_etl',
python_callable=run_batch_etl, dag=dag)

Benefits of Separating Files:

1. Modularity: Each file handles a specific task (ingestion,

transformation, loading). This makes your code easier to maintain,
debug, and test.

2. Scalability: As your project grows, you can scale by adding new

modules or scripts without affecting existing code.

3. Easier Collaboration: Different team members can work on different

parts of the pipeline (e.g., one person can work on ingestion while
another focuses on transformation).

4. Reusability: If you need to reuse parts of the code in other projects,

having them in separate files makes it easier to import and use them.
Final Note:

While Airflow DAGs are orchestrating the batch processing, you can
integrate the streaming pipeline and other components in a similar way by
modularizing each part into separate files. This structure will make your
project more manageable and adaptable for future requirements.

Would you like assistance with how to integrate everything, or are you
looking for guidance on specific parts like Airflow setup or Kafka integration?

You said:

where is the code for streaming

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Apologies for the oversight! Let me provide you with the detailed code for
the streaming part of the project. We’ll focus on Apache Kafka for
streaming data ingestion and PySpark Structured Streaming for
processing the streaming data.

Here's how to structure the streaming part of the pipeline.

Streaming Data Ingestion and Processing:

1. Setting up Kafka for Streaming Data:

First, let's assume that you already have Apache Kafka running and a Kafka
topic created (e.g., raw_topic). This part of the code will connect to Kafka and
start consuming data.

You can simulate streaming data by producing data into the Kafka topic.
Below is an example of how you can produce test data into Kafka using
Python:

python

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# kafka_producer.py - Simulate sending data to Kafka

from kafka import KafkaProducer

import json

import time

producer = KafkaProducer(bootstrap_servers=['localhost:9092'],

value_serializer=lambda v: json.dumps(v).encode('utf-8'))

# Simulate streaming data

for i in range(100):

data = {

"timestamp": int(time.time()),

"sensor_id": f"sensor_{i%10}",

"value": i * 1.5

producer.send('raw_topic', value=data)

time.sleep(1) # Simulate real-time data production

print("Data sent to Kafka.")

Make sure Kafka is running on your local machine (localhost:9092 in this

case). You can install Kafka and create a topic by following Kafka's official
documentation.

2. Streaming Data Ingestion with PySpark:

Now, let's move to PySpark Structured Streaming for consuming the data
from Kafka and processing it.

We'll create a script that reads from Kafka and processes the stream.

python

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# streaming_ingestion.py - Consume data from Kafka using PySpark

from pyspark.sql import SparkSession

from pyspark.sql.functions import expr

# Initialize Spark session

spark = SparkSession.builder \

.appName("KafkaStreamingETL") \

.getOrCreate()

# Define Kafka source

kafka_bootstrap_servers = 'localhost:9092'

kafka_topic = 'raw_topic'

# Read data from Kafka

df_stream = spark.readStream \

.format("kafka") \

.option("kafka.bootstrap.servers", kafka_bootstrap_servers) \

.option("subscribe", kafka_topic) \

.load()

# The value in Kafka is in binary format, so we need to cast it to string

df_stream = df_stream.selectExpr("CAST(value AS STRING)")

# You can process the stream here: Parse the JSON and extract relevant
fields

df_parsed = df_stream.select(expr("CAST(value AS
STRING)").alias("json_value"))
df_parsed.show(5)

# For demo purposes, we're just printing the stream to the console.

query = df_parsed \

.writeStream \

.outputMode("append") \

.format("console") \

.start()

query.awaitTermination()

Here’s what this code does:

1. Read from Kafka: The data is read from Kafka using

spark.readStream. We specify the Kafka bootstrap server and topic
name (raw_topic in this case).

2. Parse Kafka messages: Since Kafka messages are in byte format, we

cast them to string.

3. Stream to Console: For simplicity, this example prints the streaming

data to the console. In a production system, you'd perform
transformations and write it to a database or file system.

3. Streaming Data Transformation:

After ingesting the stream, you'll want to transform it. Let's assume you're
parsing the data (which is in JSON format) and performing some basic
transformations like extracting values.

python

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# streaming_transform.py - Transform the streamed data

from pyspark.sql.functions import col, from_json

from pyspark.sql.types import StructType, StructField, StringType,
IntegerType, FloatType

# Define the schema of the incoming data

schema = StructType([

StructField("timestamp", IntegerType()),

StructField("sensor_id", StringType()),

StructField("value", FloatType())

])

# Parse JSON data and transform it

df_transformed = df_parsed.select(from_json(col("json_value"),
schema).alias("data")) \

.select("data.timestamp", "data.sensor_id", "data.value")

# Apply transformations: For example, filter out negative values

df_transformed = df_transformed.filter(col("value") > 0)

df_transformed.show(5)

# For streaming, you typically write the transformed data to a database or

file system, not just the console

query = df_transformed \

.writeStream \

.outputMode("append") \

.format("console") \

.start()
query.awaitTermination()

This code:

1. Defines a schema for the incoming JSON data.

2. Parses the JSON and extracts the fields into individual columns
(timestamp, sensor_id, and value).

3. Filters out any records with negative values (as an example

transformation).

4. Streams the transformed data to the console.

4. Loading Transformed Data into SQL (or another storage):

After transforming the streaming data, you would load it into a SQL database
or any other persistent storage. Here’s an example of how to load the
transformed data into a MySQL database:

python

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# streaming_load.py - Load the transformed stream into SQL

from pyspark.sql import DataFrame

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

def load_stream_to_sql(df: DataFrame):

# Convert Spark DataFrame to pandas DataFrame for SQL loading

df_pandas = df.toPandas()

# Database connection

engine =
create_engine('mysql+pymysql://username:password@localhost/db_name')
 # Load the data into the database

df_pandas.to_sql('sensor_data_stream', engine, if_exists='append',

index=False)

print("Streamed data loaded into SQL.")

# This function can be called in your streaming pipeline after the

transformation step

Here’s what this does:

1. Converts the Spark DataFrame to a pandas DataFrame.

2. Loads the data into a MySQL (or PostgreSQL) database.

Since PySpark Structured Streaming is continuous, you’d want to call this

function at each transformation step within your stream.

5. Putting It All Together with Airflow:

To automate the entire streaming ETL process, you can integrate this with
Apache Airflow. Here’s an example of how to set up an Airflow DAG to run the
streaming jobs:

python

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# dags/streaming_etl.py - Airflow DAG for streaming ETL

from airflow import DAG

from airflow.operators.python_operator import PythonOperator

from datetime import datetime

from data_ingestion.streaming_ingestion import streaming_ingestion

from data_transformation.streaming_transform import

transform_streaming_data

from data_load.streaming_load import load_stream_to_sql

def run_streaming_etl():

# Ingest streaming data from Kafka

df_stream = streaming_ingestion()

# Transform the stream data

df_transformed = transform_streaming_data(df_stream)

# Load transformed data into SQL

load_stream_to_sql(df_transformed)

dag = DAG('streaming_etl', description='Streaming ETL pipeline',

schedule_interval='@once', start_date=datetime(2025, 1, 1), catchup=False)

streaming_etl_task = PythonOperator(task_id='run_streaming_etl',
python_callable=run_streaming_etl, dag=dag)

This Airflow DAG will:

1. Trigger the streaming ingestion process.

2. Transform the data stream.

3. Load the transformed data into your SQL database.

Final Thoughts:

 Apache Kafka provides the real-time streaming mechanism, while

PySpark Structured Streaming is used for processing and
transformation.

 You can scale the solution to work with larger data sets or deploy it in
the cloud.

 Ensure you handle error scenarios, such as Kafka connection failures,

missing data, or issues during the transformation and loading stages.
  Apache Airflow can help automate the entire pipeline and monitor its
execution.

The settings.py file typically contains configuration variables that are used
across various parts of the project. These settings can include database
credentials, Kafka server addresses, paths to input files, Spark
configurations, etc.

Here’s an example of what the settings.py file might look like for the
project, including sample configurations for Kafka, SQL database, and
Spark.

settings.py Example

python

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# settings.py - Centralized configuration for the data pipeline project

# Kafka Configuration

KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS = 'localhost:9092' # Kafka server address

KAFKA_TOPIC = 'raw_topic' # Kafka topic to consume from

# MySQL (or PostgreSQL) Database Configuration

DB_HOST = 'localhost' # Database host

DB_PORT = 3306 # Database port (default for MySQL)

DB_NAME = 'your_database_name' # Database name

DB_USER = 'your_database_user' # Database username

DB_PASSWORD = 'your_database_password' # Database password

# Spark Configuration

SPARK_APP_NAME = 'KafkaSparkETL' # Spark application name

SPARK_MASTER = 'local[*]' # Spark master URL (local mode here)

SPARK_CONFIG = {
 "spark.sql.shuffle.partitions": "200", # Example Spark configuration

"spark.executor.memory": "4g" # Example Spark configuration

# Paths to data (if needed)

CSV_FILE_PATH = '/path/to/historical_data.csv' # Batch data file for ingestion

# Other Configurations (Optional)

LOGGING_LEVEL = 'INFO' # Logging level (e.g., DEBUG, INFO, ERROR)

DEBUG_MODE = False # Whether to run in debug mode (for testing)

# For other external systems or APIs, you can add relevant keys, tokens, etc.

# Example for an external API (if needed)

# EXTERNAL_API_KEY = 'your-api-key'

Explanation of the Settings:

1. Kafka Configuration:

o KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS: The address of your Kafka server

(e.g., localhost:9092).

o KAFKA_TOPIC: The Kafka topic you are consuming data from

(e.g., raw_topic).

2. Database Configuration:

o DB_HOST: Host of your SQL database (e.g., localhost).

o DB_PORT: The port number your SQL database is running on

(default for MySQL is 3306).

o DB_NAME: Name of your database where you will store

processed data.

o DB_USER: Username to connect to your database.

 o DB_PASSWORD: Password to authenticate the database
connection.

3. Spark Configuration:

o SPARK_APP_NAME: Name of your Spark application, which can be

helpful for logging and monitoring.

o SPARK_MASTER: The URL of the Spark master. In local mode, use

local[*] to use all available cores.

o SPARK_CONFIG: A dictionary where you can set additional Spark

configuration parameters like memory allocation or partitioning.

4. Paths to Data (Optional):

o CSV_FILE_PATH: Path to any static files (like historical CSV files)

that you might use for batch ingestion.

5. Other Configurations (Optional):

o LOGGING_LEVEL: Controls the level of logging (e.g., INFO,

DEBUG, ERROR). You can use this for controlling verbosity.

o DEBUG_MODE: A flag to enable or disable certain debugging

features, useful for testing or development.

Using the Settings in Your Code:

To access these configurations in your Python scripts, you can import

settings.py and use the variables defined within it.

For example:

# streaming_ingestion.py - Example of using the settings in the streaming

ingestion script

from pyspark.sql import SparkSession

from settings import KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS, KAFKA_TOPIC

# Initialize Spark session

spark = SparkSession.builder \

.appName("KafkaStreamingETL") \
 .config("spark.sql.shuffle.partitions", "200") \

.config("spark.executor.memory", "4g") \

.getOrCreate()

# Define Kafka source using settings from settings.py

df_stream = spark.readStream \

.format("kafka") \

.option("kafka.bootstrap.servers", KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS) \

.option("subscribe", KAFKA_TOPIC) \

.load()

# Process the data...

In the above example, the KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS and

KAFKA_TOPIC variables are imported from settings.py and used in the
Kafka stream processing code.

Why Use a settings.py File?

1. Centralized Configuration: Having all configurations in one file

makes it easy to change configurations without having to modify
multiple scripts. This is especially useful if you need to adjust
configurations for different environments (development, production,
etc.).

2. Security and Flexibility: If you need to keep sensitive information

(like database credentials) secure, you can manage these in one place
and even load them from environment variables or encrypted secrets
in production.

3. Maintainability: As the project grows, having a dedicated settings file

helps you manage all parameters in one location, improving
maintainability and clarity.
Environment-Specific Configurations:

If you’re running the project in different environments (e.g., local

development, staging, production), you might want to have different
configurations for each. You can manage this by using environment variables
or separate configuration files.

Example with environment variables:

import os

KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS = os.getenv('KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS',
'localhost:9092')

DB_HOST = os.getenv('DB_HOST', 'localhost')

DB_PORT = os.getenv('DB_PORT', 3306)

DB_USER = os.getenv('DB_USER', 'your_database_user')

DB_PASSWORD = os.getenv('DB_PASSWORD', 'your_database_password')

With this approach, you can set environment variables for each environment
(local, dev, prod) and use them in the code accordingly.

Conclusion:

The settings.py file plays an essential role in managing configurations in a

clean and maintainable way, helping your data engineering project grow and
scale. It centralizes important variables such as Kafka configurations, SQL
credentials, and Spark settings so you don’t have to hard-code them in
multiple places.

Let me know if you need help with setting up environment variables or

integrating this further into your project!

The main.py file typically serves as an entry point to your application,

orchestrating the various steps in your pipeline. For your data engineering
project, where you have components like data ingestion, transformation,
and loading, the main.py file can be used to kick off these processes.
You could choose to run the batch ETL process or the streaming ETL process,
depending on the project needs. Since we’ve already covered batch and
streaming processes separately, I’ll provide a skeleton for main.py that can
trigger both the batch and streaming parts of your pipeline.

Example of main.py:

This file can orchestrate the execution of the batch ETL process (for batch
data ingestion, transformation, and loading) and streaming ETL (for real-time
data processing and loading).

main.py Example:

python

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import sys

from data_ingestion.batch_ingestion import ingest_batch_data

from data_transformation.batch_transform import transform_batch_data

from data_load.batch_load import load_batch_data_to_sql

from data_ingestion.streaming_ingestion import streaming_ingestion

from data_transformation.streaming_transform import

transform_streaming_data

from data_load.streaming_load import load_stream_to_sql

# Batch ETL Pipeline

def run_batch_etl():

print("Starting Batch ETL Pipeline...")

# Step 1: Ingest data (CSV to SQL)

ingest_batch_data()

# Step 2: Transform batch data using PySpark

 transformed_data = transform_batch_data()

# Step 3: Load transformed data to SQL

load_batch_data_to_sql(transformed_data)

print("Batch ETL Pipeline Completed!")

# Streaming ETL Pipeline

def run_streaming_etl():

print("Starting Streaming ETL Pipeline...")

# Step 1: Ingest data from Kafka (streaming)

df_stream = streaming_ingestion()

# Step 2: Transform streaming data

df_transformed = transform_streaming_data(df_stream)

# Step 3: Load transformed streaming data into SQL

load_stream_to_sql(df_transformed)

print("Streaming ETL Pipeline Completed!")

# Main Entry Point

def main():

if len(sys.argv) != 2:

print("Usage: python main.py <pipeline_type>")

print("pipeline_type: 'batch' or 'streaming'")

 sys.exit(1)

pipeline_type = sys.argv[1].lower()

if pipeline_type == 'batch':

run_batch_etl()

elif pipeline_type == 'streaming':

run_streaming_etl()

else:

print("Invalid pipeline type! Use 'batch' or 'streaming'.")

sys.exit(1)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Explanation of the Code:

1. Batch ETL Pipeline (run_batch_etl function):

o Ingestion: Reads data from a source (e.g., a CSV file) and loads
it into a SQL database.

o Transformation: Uses PySpark to clean and process the data

(e.g., removing duplicates, filtering, etc.).

o Loading: Inserts the transformed data into a SQL database.

2. Streaming ETL Pipeline (run_streaming_etl function):

o Ingestion: Consumes data in real time from Kafka using

PySpark's readStream.

o Transformation: Applies transformations to the streaming data

(e.g., filtering, aggregating).

o Loading: Continuously loads the transformed stream into a SQL

database or any other destination (can be real-time or batch
loading depending on the setup).
 3. Main Entry Point (main function):

o The script uses sys.argv to determine the pipeline type. The user
can specify batch or streaming when running the script.

o If the user runs the script with the batch argument, the batch ETL
pipeline is triggered.

o If the user runs the script with the streaming argument, the
streaming ETL pipeline is triggered.

How to Run the Script:

You can run the main.py script from the command line as follows:

For Batch ETL:

bash

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python main.py batch

This will trigger the batch ETL pipeline, which involves ingestion of batch
data, transformation with PySpark, and loading into a database.

For Streaming ETL:

bash

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python main.py streaming

This will start the streaming ETL pipeline, consuming real-time data from
Kafka, transforming it, and loading it into a SQL database.

Key Points:

 Modularity: By separating batch and streaming processes, you can

control which pipeline to run. The use of functions makes the code
modular and easy to extend.

 Command-line Arguments: The script allows you to specify the

pipeline type (batch or streaming) when executing the program,
making it flexible for different use cases.

 Error Handling: Basic error handling is implemented by checking for

correct arguments (sys.argv).
Extending the main.py for More Pipelines:

If you want to add more pipelines (e.g., other types of transformations,

different data sources), you can easily extend the main.py file by adding
more functions and adding more cases in the if-elif block.

For example:

python

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def run_batch_etl():

# Implementation here

def run_streaming_etl():

# Implementation here

def run_other_pipeline():

# Implementation for a new pipeline here

def main():

# Existing code for argument handling

if pipeline_type == 'batch':

run_batch_etl()

elif pipeline_type == 'streaming':

run_streaming_etl()

elif pipeline_type == 'other':

run_other_pipeline()

else:

print("Invalid pipeline type!")

Conclusion:
The main.py file serves as the orchestrator for your pipeline, determining
which process (batch or streaming) to run based on user input. This setup is
flexible and can be extended to accommodate additional features and
pipelines as the project evolves.

Let me know if you need further details or if you'd like to expand this setup
with additional features!