2 An underground train enters a station.

© Tom Page
(a) The mass of the train and its passengers is 250 000 kg.
The total kinetic energy is 18 MJ.
(i) State the relationship between kinetic energy (KE), mass and velocity.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the velocity of the train as it enters the station.

(3)

velocity = ......................................... m/s

(iii) The driver applies the brakes to stop the train.

State what happens to the kinetic energy of the train.
(1)

... ... ..... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... ... .. .

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 (b) The diagram shows a section through the station.

street level

platform level
tunnel level

(i) The passengers who use the station are carried from platform level to street
level in a lift.
Explain why these passengers gain gravitational potential energy in the lift,
even when they are below ground.
(2)

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1 The diagram shows a man pulling a child on a sledge.

(a) The acceleration of the sledge is 1.5 m/s2.

The mass of the child and sledge is 38 kg.

(i) State the equation linking force, mass and acceleration.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the force needed to produce this acceleration.

(2)

force = ............................................... N

(iii) Suggest a reason why the force exerted on the sledge by the man must be
greater than the force calculated.
(1)

... .... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .

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(b) The sledge starts from rest and accelerates at 1.5 m/s2 until its velocity is 2.8 m/s.
(i) State the relationship between acceleration, velocity and time.
(1)

(ii) Show that the time taken to reach 2.8 m/s is about 2 s.
(2)
 (c) This velocity-time graph shows the motion of the sledge as it travels down a hill.

3.5 –

3–

2.5 –
velocity 2–
in m / s
1.5 –

1–

0.5 –

0–
–

–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ti
time in

(i) Calculate the distance travelled by the sledge.

(3)

distance travelled = ............................................... m

(ii) State the equation linking average speed, distance moved and time taken.
(1)
 (b) The student obtains this data as he first adds weights to the elastic band (loading)
and as he then removes weights from the band (unloading).

Extension in cm Extension in cm
Force in N Force in N
Loading Unloading
0 0.0 0 0.0
2 2.3 1 1.4
4 5.3 3 5.0
6 9.8 7 14.8
8 15.3 9 19.1
10 20.0 10 20.0

He plots the loading data on a graph as shown.

(i) Suggest how the student could improve the quality of his data.
(2)

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(ii) Draw a curve of best fit through the loading data.

(1)
(iii) On the same axes, plot the unloading data.
(2)
(iv) Draw a curve of best fit through the unloading data.
(1)
(v) The student concludes that the band is an elastic material and that it obeys
Hooke’s law.
Discuss whether his conclusion is correct.
You should support your argument with data.
(3)

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... ... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

 21.0 –

20.0 –

19.0 –

18.0 –

17.0 –

16.0 –

15.0 –

14.0 –

13.0 –

12.0 –

11.0 –
extension
in cm 10.0 –

9.0 –

8.0 –

7.0 –

6.0 –

5.0 –

4.0 –

3.0 –

2.0 –

1.0 –

0.0 –
–

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
force in N

(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks)

 (i) Use the graph to calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon.
Give the unit.
(3)

Acceleration ... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . Unit ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .

(ii) Use the graph to calculate the height the hammer was dropped from.
(2)

Height ................................................................. m

(b) The gravitational field strength is smaller on the Moon than on the Earth.

Suggest why.
(1)

.. .. .. .. ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... . . ....... ........ ....... ........ ....... ........ ........ ....... . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . ... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .

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 (d) To find the minimum stopping distance, several different cars were tested.
Suggest how the data from the different cars should be used to give the values in
the graph.
(1)

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(e) The tests were carried out on a dry road.

If the road is icy, describe and explain what change there would be, if any, to
(i) the thinking distance
(2)

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(ii) the braking distance

(2)

. ... ... .. ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

 (ii) Use the grid to plot a graph to show the relationship between the number of
elastic bands and the difference in length.
(5)

(iii) Describe your line of best fit.

(2)

.. .. .. .. .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .. . ...... ........ ........ ....... ........ ....... ........ ....... .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . .

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