AURORA’S POST GRADUATE COLLEGE(MBA)

(Autonomous)
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade

Department of Computer Application

Cyber Security
Team Project
A project on

“A Process Control Block Simulation (PCB).”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Masters Of Computer Applications

In Year 2024-2025
By

MCA 1ST YEAR SEC -B1(AURR)

LEARNING GROUP -06

Pemmadi Venkat (1302-24-862-061)

Tabrez Uddin (1302-24-862-062)
Bhavana (1302-24-862-063)
 Declaration by the Student

To whom So-Ever I may concern

We,
Pemmadi Venkat (1302-24-862-061) TabrezUddin (1302-24-862-062)
Bhavana (1302-24-862-063). here by declare that the work done by US on

“Keylogging (Spyware): Software to record user activity, basically.”

is a record of original work for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS.

Pemmadi Venkat (1302-24-862-061)

Tabrez Uddin (1302-24-862-062)
Bhavana (1302-24-862-063)

Signature of the students:

DATE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Would like to Express deep gratitude and respect to all those people behind the
scene who guided, inspired in the completion of this project work.

I wish to convey my sincere thanks to Head of department of Computer Science

Mr. MOHAMMED ISMAIL and project guide Ms. Bhargavi Seetha for giving me
guidance during this project work.

Last but no least I am Very thankful to the faculty members of my college and friends
for their suggestions and help me successfully completing this project.

Pemmadi Venkat (1302-24-862-061)

Tabrez Uddin (1302-24-862-062)
Bhavana (1302-24-862-063)
 INDEX

S.No Title Page

.

1 Chapter – 1 : Introduction 1
- Understanding the PCB
-Importance of PCB in Operating Systems
-Role of PCB in Process Management

2 Chapter – 2 :Components of a PCB 2

- Process Identification (Process ID, PID)
- Process State Information
- Program Counter (PC)
- CPU Registers & Context

3 Chapter – 3 :Process Life Cycle and PCB Interaction 3

- States of a Process
- PCB Role in Context Switching
- Process Scheduling and PCB
4 Chapter – 4 :Simulation of a PCB in an Operating System 4

-Purpose of a PCB Simulation

-Creating a PCB in a Simulation
-Process Creation and PCB Initialization

5 Chapter – 5 :PCB Simulation - Process Execution and Context 5

Switching
-Process Execution in PCB Simulation
-Context Switching in PCB Simulation
-Example of Context Switching in Python
Simulation

6 6
Chapter – 6 : Termination of Processes and PCB Cleanup

-Process Termination
-PCB Cleanup and Resource Management
- Simulation of Process Termination
7 Chapter – 7 : Conclusion 7

References
 CHAPTER-1:
INTRODUCTION:

Introduction to Process Control Block (PCB)

1.1 Understanding the PCB

A Process Control Block (PCB) is a data structure maintained by
the operating system (OS) to store information about a process.
It acts as the process descriptor and contains all necessary
details to manage process execution.

1.2 Importance of PCB in Operating Systems

The PCB is essential for multitasking and process management. It
enables the OS to switch between processes
efficiently, ensuring smooth execution. Without a PCB,
the system wouldn't be able to track the state of
processes, leading to execution failure
.
1.3 Role of PCB in Process Management
Each process in an OS has a unique PCB that stores its execution
status. The OS refers to PCBs for scheduling, resource
allocation, and context switching. When a process moves
between states (new, ready, running, waiting, terminated), the
OS updates its PCB.
 CHAPTER-2:

Components of a PCB
A PCB consists of various elements, including:

2.1 Process Identification (Process ID, PID)

Every process has a unique
Process ID (PID), which distinguishes
it from other processes. The OS uses this PID to track and
manage processes.

2.2 Process State Information

The process staterepresents the execution status of a process,
which can be:
• New – Process is being created.
•
Ready – Process is waiting to be assigned to the CPU.
• Running – Process is currently executing.
• Waiting (Blocked) – Process is waiting for an I/O event.
• Terminated – Process has completed execution.
•

2.3 Program Counter (PC)

The program counter stores the address of the next instruction to
be executed. When a process is interrupted, the OS saves the
current value of the program counter in the PCB.

2.4 CPU Registers & Context

CPU registers, including:
The PCB stores the values of the
• General-purpose registers
• Stack pointer
• Instruction register
• Condition codes
These values are crucial for context switching.
 CHAPTER-3:

Process Life Cycle and PCB Interaction

3.1 States of a Process

A process moves through multiple states during execution. The PCB
helps the OS track and update these state transitions.
3.2 PCB Role in Context Switching
Context switchingoccurs when the OS switches from one process to
another. The PCB plays a vital role by storing the execution context of
the current process and restoring the context of the new process.

3.3 Process Scheduling and PCB

The PCB contains scheduling information such as:
• Priority level – Determines execution order.
• CPU burst time – Used in scheduling decisions.
• Time quantum (for time-sharing systems) – Defines time

allocated to a process before switching.

 CHAPTER-4:

Simulation of a PCB in an Operating System

4.1 Purpose of a PCB Simulation
A PCB simulation helps understand how an OS manages processes. It
mimics the real-world execution of processes and demonstrates PCB
updates during process transitions.

4.2 Creating a PCB in a Simulation

To simulate a PCB, we represent a process using a data structure, such
as a struct in C or a class in Python. Example PCB structure in Python:
Python
C class PCB:

def init (self, pid, state, program_counter, priority):

self.pid = pid
self.state = state
self.program_counter = program_counter
self.priority = priority

# Creating a PCB instance

process1 = PCB(1, "Ready", 100, 2)
print(vars(process1))
4.3 Process Creation and PCB Initialization
During process creation, the OS:
1. Allocates a PCB for the process.
2. Assigns a unique PID.
3. Sets the initial state to "New".
4. Stores program counter and memory details.
 CHAPTER-5:

PCB Simulation - Process Execution and Context Switching

5.1 Process Execution in PCB Simulation

The OS schedules processes based on their priority and CPU burst time.
When a process starts executing, the OS updates the PCB’s state from
Ready → Running
5.2 Context Switching in PCB Simulation
If a running process is interrupted, the OS performs a
context switch:
1. Saves theprogram counter and CPU registersof the current
process in its PCB.
2. Loads the saved state of the next process into the CPU.
3. Updates process states in their respective PCBs.

5.3 Example of Context Switching in Python Simulation

def context_switch(process1, process2):
process1.state = "Waiting"
process2.state = "Running"
print(f"Switching from Process {process1.pid} to Process
{process2.pid}")
p1 = PCB(1, "Running", 200, 2)
p2 = PCB(2, "Ready", 300, 1)
context_switch(p1, p2)
print(vars(p1))
print(vars(p2))
 CHAPTER-6:

Termination of Processes and PCB Cleanup

6.1 Process Termination
When a process finishes execution, the OS:
• Updates the PCB state to "Terminated".
• Deallocates resources assigned to the process.
• Removes the PCB from the process table.

6.2 PCB Cleanup and Resource Management

The OS ensures proper cleanup of:

• Memory allocations – Frees stack, heap, and code segment.

• I/O resources – Closes open files and network connections.
• Process Table – Removes PCB entry from OS process tracking.

6.3 Simulation of Process Termination

def terminate_process(process):
process.state = "Terminated"
print(f"Process {process.pid} has been terminated.")

terminate_process(p1)
print(vars(p1))
 CHAPTER-7:

Conclusion
The Process Control Block (PCB) is a critical data structure in an
operating system that stores essential process information, enabling
efficient process management. It maintains details such as process
ID, state, program counter, CPU registers, memory allocation, and
I/O status, allowing the OS to manage multiple processes
seamlessly.
Through PCB simulation, we demonstrated how processes transition
through
OS different states, how context switching occurs, and how the
schedules, executes, and terminates processes. The simulation also
highlighted the significance of resource management, process
scheduling, and memory allocation in modern operating systems.

Enhancing PCB simulations with real-time scheduling algorithms,

multi-
level queues, and graphical representations can further improve
process
management efficiency. Understanding the role of PCBs is essential
for
designing robust and optimized operating systems, ensuring
smooth
multitasking, faster execution, and better resource utilization.

Suggested Readings:
1. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B Galvin and Greg Gagne, Operating
System Concepts, 9th edition,
Wiley, 2016. Page No. 101-110, 116-123.
2. Andrew S Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems, 4th edition,
Pearson, 2016. Page No. 85 - 94
Process Control Block
Simul&tion
Welcome to this presentation on Process Control Block Simulation. We will
explore the key aspects of process control blocks, a fundamental component
of operating systems.

By

Pemmadi venkat(1302-24-862-061)
Tabrez uddin(1302- 24-862-062)
Bhavana(1302-24-862-063)
Introduction to Process Control Blocks
Core Concept Process M&n&gement
A Process Control Block (PCB) is a data structure that stores the The PCB acts as a container that holds the process's state, resources,
essential information about a process. It is used by the and other details, enabling the operating system to efficiently manage
operating system to manage and control each active process in the execution and resource allocation of processes.
the system.
Components of & Process Control Block

Process ID (PID) Process State (Running, Ready, Waiting, etc.)

2

CPU Registers Memory Management Information

I/O Status Information Accounting Information (CPU time, I/O time)

Process St&te Tr&nsitions
New

Ready
2

Running

Waiting

Terminated
CPU Scheduling &nd Process
Control Blocks
CPU Scheduling
The CPU scheduler utilizes the PCB to make decisions about
which process to allocate to the CPU.

Process Selection
The scheduler examines the PCB to determine the process's
2
priority, state, and other relevant information.
Memory M&n&gement &nd
Process Control Blocks

The PCB contains information about the process's memory requirements

and the location of its memory segments.

Virtu&l Memory
In virtual memory systems, the PCB tracks the mapping between virtual and
physical addresses.
I/O M&n&gement &nd
Process Control Blocks

The PCB holds details about the I/O The operating system manages the
devices used by the process, such as process's I/O operations,
the device type, I/O status, and coordinating the process with the I/O
pending I/O requests. devices and managing data transfer.
Concluding Rem&rks &nd
Future Directions
Process Control Blocks are an integral part of modern operating systems,
facilitating efficient process management and resource allocation. Future
directions in this field include incorporating new technologies like cloud
computing and artificial intelligence to enhance process management
capabilities.