STATISTISTICAL THEORY

Tabular and Graphical Presentation

20% 20%

Population 2010 2020

China 1.338 B 1.411 B
USA 309.3 M 331.5 M
Brazil 193.7 M 208.7 M 20% 20%

Italy 59.28 M 59.44 M

20%
LEARNING GOAL
Define and illustrate the different methods of
presenting data
Identify different types of tabular and graphical
presentations
Determine the different types of graphs or diagrams
and their uses
Showing strategies in preparing a tabular and
graphical presentation
Represent a set of data using the different methods of
presenting data
 INTRODUCTION
Tabular and graphical data presentation organizes and visually depicts
information, providing a clear understanding of trends, patterns, and
relationships, making it easier to interpret complex information.

Presenting data visually, through charts and graphs, helps to "visualize

the result" by making information more accessible and understandable,
allowing to easily identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data
set, which would be much harder to see if presented only in text format.
TABULAR PRESENTATION
best for Definition
quantitative data

Population of Countries in Two Decades

Population 2010 2020 Method of presenting data using the
Population 2010 2020 statistical table
China
China
1.338
1.338 B
B 1.411 B
1.411 B A systematic organization of data in
USAUSA 309.3
309.3 MM331.5
331.5
M M columns and rows
Brazil
Brazil 193.7 M 208.7 M
193.7 M 208.7 M Condenses and clarifies information to
59.28 M 59.44 M
Italy make comparison between and among
Italy 59.28 M 59.44 M
M for Millions, B for Billions
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ data
TABULAR PRESENTATION
Parts

Population of Countries in Two Decades Table Title - consists of table number and
Population 2010 2020
Population 2010 2020
title
China 1.338 B 1.411 B Box Head - the top of the column
China 1.338 B 1.411 B
Stubs - classification or categories which are
USA
USA 309.3 331.5
309.3 M
M 331.5
M
M
found at the left side of the body of the table
Brazil 193.7193
Brazil M .7 208.7
M 208.7
M M Body - main part of the table
Your paragraph text
Italy
Italy 59.28
59.28 M 59.44
M 59.44 M M Footnotes - any statement or note inserted
M for Millions, B for Billions
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
Source Note - source of the statistics
TABULAR PRESENTATION
Strategies

Use concise and clear headings for all the columns and rows.
Use plenty of white space within and around the text.
Use abbreviations and symbols when necessary.
However, special symbols and abbreviations must be clarified in the footnote.
Use a combination of uppercase and lowercase instead of full caps.
Write the source when available.
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
Definition

Method of presenting data using graphs/charts

or diagrams
A method which enables us in studying the cause
and effect relationship between two variables
It helps in easy and quick understanding of data
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
Types
8.8%

Pie / Circle
30.7%
16.7%

Line Graph
20.2%
Chart
23.7%

Bar Graph Pictograph

LINE GRAPH
Definition

Best used to visualize

how a variable
changes over time
 LINE GRAPH
Parts

Apple Inc. Stock Price

$270
Title x-axis scale
$240
$210 Reference x-axis label
$180

Data Points
Price

y-axis scale
$150
$120
$90
$60
$30
Apple Inc.
Line y-axis label
2020 2021 2022
Year
2023 2024 2025 Legend
https://www.tradingview.com/symbols/NASDAQ-AAPL/
 LINE GRAPH
Types

Single Line Graph Multiple Line Graph

 LINE GRAPH
Strategies

Plot the data very carefully.

Use different colors and shapes (in plotting data)
for line graphs using multiple lines
Make the graph lines thicker than the axis lines.
Make use of legends in multiple line graphs.
Write the source when available.
BAR GRAPH
Definition

Used to show relationships/comparison

between groups
The length of which is proportional to the
measure of data.
They're also referred to as bar charts.
 BAR GRAPH
Parts

5-Day Pampanga Temperature Heat Index

36
Title x-axis scale
35

Reference x-axis label

34
Temperature

33
32
31
30
29
28
Categories y-axis scale
Monday

https://www.weather.com/en-
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Days
Friday

TT/weather/tenday/l/507d82e1cc99516e60862500b7064f69cbcae07b9c5171885d170acfed8b0924
Bars y-axis label
 BAR GRAPH
Types

Multiple/Compound
Vertical Bar Graph Horizontal Bar Graph
Bar Graph
 BAR GRAPH
Strategies

Limit the number of bars.

Keep the bar widths consistent.
It is ideal to use spaces between bars.
Arrange the bars based on a sequence.
Use legends as much as possible.
Write the source when available.
 CIRCLE/PIE CHART
Definition

8.8%

Best used to show parts of a

16.7%
30.7%
whole
Requiring categorical and
numerical variables, referring
to the entire thing.
20.2%

23.7%
Shows percentage effectively
 CIRCLE/PIE CHART
Parts

Leading Mode of Transportation

Private Automobile
Bicycle
4.3%
Others
2% Public Transportation
Private Motorcycle
Title
8% Tricycle

Reference
Private Automobile
Other Motor Vehicles
Bicycle
Others
Tricycle

Key/Legend
8.8%

Private Motorcycle
14.5%
Public Transportation
59.5%
Data
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1338717/philippines-most-used-modes-of-
transportation/#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20consumer%20survey,preferred%20to%2
Division
0use%20private%20motorcycles.
 CIRCLE/PIE CHART
Strategies

Use no more than seven divisions.

Move clockwise from 12:00. Start with the largest wedge going to the
smallest. However, "others" or miscellaneous items must be placed last no
matter how large they cover.
Make use of different colors for the divisions.
Label each division or make use of key/legend.
Always write or put the percentage of each division.
Write the source when available.
PICTOGRAPH
Definition

A pictograph is a visual
representation of data,
using images and symbols
called isotopes, to convey
information
 PICTOGRAPH
Parts

Total Number of Gold Medals in Asian Winter Games

Countries Medals
Title
China

South Korea
Labels
Japan

Kazakhstan
Symbols
Philippines

Uzbekistan Legend: = 2 Gold Medals

Reference
https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-winter-
games-harbin-2025-medal-table-all-medals-full-list Key/Legend
 PICTOGRAPH
Strategies

Pick a related symbol that is simple to create and can be

divided if necessary
Decide on a scale
Draw the symbols in the correct places
Double check the data to verify it is all represented accurately
 REFERENCES
1. Bar Graph. (2020). BYJU’s. https://byjus.com/maths/bar-
graph/#:~:text=Bar%20graphs%20are%20the%20pictorial,of%20data%20handling%2
0in%20statistics.
2. Graphical Representation. (2020). BYJU’s. https://byjus.com/maths/graphical-
representation/
3. OCTOMAN, Arvin C. (2020, November 18). PRESENTATION OF DATA [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U3-fu09v4M
4. Pallavi. (2022, December 9). Pictographs. Helping With Math.
https://helpingwithmath.com/pictographs/
 REFERENCES
5. Peters, K. (2024, April 6). Line Graph: Definition, types, parts,
uses, and examples. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/line-graph.asp
6. Pictograph and Interpretation of a Pictograph. (2019). BYJU’s.
https://byjus.com/maths/pictograph-examples/
7. Pie Chart. (2020). BYJU’s. ttps://byjus.com/maths/pie-chart/
8. Tabular Presentation of Data. (2019). BYJU’s.
https://byjus.com/commerce/tabular-presentation-of-data/
THANK YOU!