1.

Which of the following is NOT included in the

Kingdom Plantae?
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Cyanobacteria
d) Gymnosperms
Answer: c) Cyanobacteria
Explanation: Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green
algae, belong to the Kingdom Monera, not Plantae.

2. Which classification system used morphological

characters such as leaf shape and color?
a) Natural system
b) Artificial system
c) Phylogenetic system
d) Modern system
Answer: b) Artificial system
Explanation: Artificial classification relied on superficial
morphological features and did not consider natural
relationships.

3. Who proposed the Five Kingdom classification?

a) Linnaeus
b) Bentham and Hooker
c) Whittaker
d) Eichler
Answer: c) Whittaker
Explanation: R.H. Whittaker proposed the Five Kingdom
classification in 1969.

4. Which of the following groups is NOT part of the

plant kingdom?
a) Fungi
b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes
d) Angiosperms
Answer: a) Fungi
Explanation: Fungi were once classified under Plantae but
are now considered a separate kingdom due to their distinct
characteristics.

5. Which classification system considered internal

features like embryology and anatomy?
a) Artificial
b) Natural
c) Linnaean
d) Modern
Answer: b) Natural
Explanation: The natural classification system, given by
Bentham and Hooker, considered both external and internal
features.

6. What is the main reproductive structure in

angiosperms?
a) Leaves
b) Stem
c) Flowers
d) Roots
Answer: c) Flowers
Explanation: Angiosperms reproduce through flowers,
which contain reproductive organs.

7. Which of the following is the first land plant

group?
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes
d) Gymnosperms
Answer: b) Bryophytes
Explanation: Bryophytes are the first land plants but
require water for reproduction.

8. Which group of plants is known as the

"amphibians of the plant kingdom"?
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes
d) Gymnosperms
Answer: b) Bryophytes
Explanation: Bryophytes require water for fertilization,
similar to amphibians.
9. What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of
bryophytes?
a) Sporophyte
b) Gametophyte
c) Both are equal
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Gametophyte
Explanation: In bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant
and independent, while the sporophyte is dependent.

10. Which among the following is the most advanced

group of plants?
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Gymnosperms
d) Angiosperms
Answer: d) Angiosperms
Explanation: Angiosperms are the most evolved group,
with flowers and fruits.

11. Which of the following lacks vascular tissues?

a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes
d) Gymnosperms
Answer: b) Bryophytes
Explanation: Bryophytes lack xylem and phloem, unlike
pteridophytes and higher plants.

12. What type of life cycle is seen in pteridophytes?

a) Haplontic
b) Diplontic
c) Haplo-diplontic
d) None of these
Answer: c) Haplo-diplontic
Explanation: Pteridophytes have alternation of generations
with a dominant sporophyte.

13. What structure in pteridophytes produces spores?

a) Archegonia
b) Antheridia
c) Sporangia
d) Rhizoids
Answer: c) Sporangia
Explanation: Sporangia produce spores in pteridophytes.

14. What is the dominant phase in gymnosperms?

a) Gametophyte
b) Sporophyte
c) Both are equal
d) None of these
Answer: b) Sporophyte
Explanation: Gymnosperms have a dominant sporophytic
phase.

15. Which of the following plants bear naked seeds?

a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Gymnosperms
d) Angiosperms
Answer: c) Gymnosperms
Explanation: Gymnosperms bear seeds that are not
enclosed within fruits.

16. Which structure encloses the seeds in

angiosperms?
a) Cone
b) Fruit
c) Flower
d) Leaf
Answer: b) Fruit
Explanation: Seeds in angiosperms are enclosed in fruits.

17. Which classification system was given by

Bentham and Hooker?
a) Artificial
b) Natural
c) Phylogenetic
d) Modern
Answer: b) Natural
Explanation: Bentham and Hooker developed the natural
classification system.

18. What is the male reproductive organ in

angiosperms?
a) Pistil
b) Stamen
c) Ovule
d) Sepal
Answer: b) Stamen
Explanation: Stamen consists of the anther and filament
and produces pollen.

19. What is the female reproductive organ in

angiosperms?
a) Stamen
b) Carpel
c) Sepal
d) Petal
Answer: b) Carpel
Explanation: The carpel (pistil) includes the ovary, style,
and stigma.
20. Which among the following is the largest group of
plants?
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes
d) Angiosperms
Answer: d) Angiosperms
Explanation: Angiosperms form the largest group of plants
with over 300,000 species.

21. What type of fertilization occurs in angiosperms?

a) External
b) Internal
c) Double fertilization
d) None of these
Answer: c) Double fertilization
Explanation: Angiosperms undergo double fertilization,
forming an embryo and endosperm.

22. What is the function of xylem in vascular plants?

a) Transport of water and minerals
b) Transport of food
c) Photosynthesis
d) Reproduction
Answer: a) Transport of water and minerals
Explanation: Xylem transports water and minerals from
roots to other parts of the plant.
23. In which group of plants does fertilization occur
through water?
a) Algae
b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: These plant groups depend on water for
fertilization.

24. What is the ploidy level of the spores produced by

sporophytes?
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Triploid
d) Polyploid
Answer: a) Haploid
Explanation: Sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce
haploid spores.

25. Which of the following is a non-flowering seed

plant?
a) Pteridophyte
b) Gymnosperm
c) Angiosperm
d) Bryophyte
Answer: b) Gymnosperm
Explanation: Gymnosperms produce seeds but do not bear
flowers.

26. What type of leaves do gymnosperms usually

have?
a) Broad leaves
b) Needle-like leaves
c) Compound leaves
d) None of these
Answer: b) Needle-like leaves
Explanation: Many gymnosperms, like pine trees, have
needle-like leaves to reduce water loss.

27. Which part of a seed develops into a root?

a) Plumule
b) Radicle
c) Cotyledon
d) Testa
Answer: b) Radicle
Explanation: The radicle grows downward to form the
root.

28. What is a distinguishing feature of monocot

plants?
a) Two cotyledons
b) Net-veined leaves
c) Parallel-veined leaves
d) Secondary growth
Answer: c) Parallel-veined leaves
Explanation: Monocots have leaves with parallel venation,
unlike dicots.

29. Which of the following plants does NOT belong to

pteridophytes?
a) Ferns
b) Club mosses
c) Pine
d) Horsetails
Answer: c) Pine
Explanation: Pine is a gymnosperm, while ferns, club
mosses, and horsetails are pteridophytes.

30. Which of the following represents a dicot plant?

a) Maize
b) Wheat
c) Mango
d) Rice
Answer: c) Mango
Explanation: Mango is a dicot, while maize, wheat, and
rice are monocots.

Question 1: Match the plant groups with their

examples.
 Plant Group Example
1.
A. Algae
Spirogyra
B. Bryophytes 2. Funaria
C. Pteridophytes 3. Fern
D.
4. Cycas
Gymnosperms

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 2: Match the types of tissues with their

functions.
Tissue Function
A. Xylem 1. Conducts water
B. Phloem 2. Conducts food
C. 3. Provides mechanical
Collenchyma support
D. Parenchyma 4. Stores nutrients

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 3: Match the plant structures with their

descriptions.
Structur
Description
e
A. Root 1. Absorbs water and minerals
2. Provides support and
B. Stem
transport
C. Leaf 3. Carries out photosynthesis
D.
4. Involved in reproduction
Flower

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4
Question 4: Match the reproductive organs with their
functions.
Reproductive
Function
Organ
A. Antheridium 1. Produces male gametes
2. Produces female
B. Archegonium
gametes
C. Ovule 3. Develops into seed
D. Sporangium 4. Produces spores

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 5: Match the plant life cycles with their

characteristics.
Life Cycle Characteristic
A. Haplontic 1. Dominant gametophyte
B. Diplontic 2. Dominant sporophyte
3. Alternation of
C. Haplo-diplontic
generations
D. Asexual
4. No gamete formation
reproduction

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 6: Match the plant classifications with their

characteristics.
Classification Characteristic
A. Monocots 1. One cotyledon
2. Two
B. Dicots
cotyledons
C.
3. Naked seeds
Gymnosperms
D. Angiosperms 4. Enclosed seeds

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4
Question 7: Match the scientists with their
contributions.
Scientist Contribution
A. Linnaeus 1. Artificial classification
B. Bentham &
2. Natural classification
Hooker
C. Whittaker 3. Five-kingdom system
4. Phylogenetic
D. Eichler
classification

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 8: Match the plant hormones with their

functions.
Plant
Function
Hormone
A. Auxin 1. Cell elongation
2. Stem elongation and seed
B. Gibberellin
germination
C. Cytokinin 3. Cell division
D. Abscisic
4. Inhibits growth
acid

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 9: Match the plant adaptations with their

environments.
Adaptation Environment
A.
1. Aquatic plants
Hydrophytes
B. Xerophytes 2. Desert plants
C. Halophytes 3. Saline conditions
4. Moderate water
D. Mesophytes
conditions
Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 10: Match the plant parts with their

modifications.
Plant
Modification
Part
A. Root 1. Storage (e.g., carrot)
B. Stem 2. Tendrils (e.g., grapevine)
C. Leaf 3. Spines (e.g., cactus)
4. Attracts pollinators (e.g., bright
D. Flower
petals)

Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4
1. Which classification system is most widely accepted
today?
A) Artificial system
B) Natural system
C) Phylogenetic system
D) Numerical taxonomy
✅ Answer: C) Phylogenetic system
Explanation: The phylogenetic classification system is
based on evolutionary relationships and assumes that
organisms in the same taxa share a common ancestor.

2. What is the basis of numerical taxonomy?

A) Fossil evidence
B) Observable characteristics
C) Evolutionary history
D) DNA sequencing
✅ Answer: B) Observable characteristics
Explanation: Numerical taxonomy assigns numerical
codes to all observable characters, which are then analyzed
using computers to classify organisms.

3. Which of the following is NOT a method used in

modern taxonomy?
A) Cytotaxonomy
B) Chemotaxonomy
C) Astrology
D) Numerical taxonomy
✅ Answer: C) Astrology
Explanation: Modern taxonomy includes cytotaxonomy
(based on chromosome structure), chemotaxonomy (based
on chemical composition), and numerical taxonomy (using
observable characteristics). Astrology is unrelated to
biological classification.

4. What does cytotaxonomy study?

A) Evolutionary history
B) Chemical composition of plants
C) Chromosome structure and behavior
D) Fossil records
✅ Answer: C) Chromosome structure and behavior
Explanation: Cytotaxonomy is a classification method that
considers chromosome number, structure, and behavior to
classify organisms.
5. Chemotaxonomy classifies organisms based on
their:
A) DNA sequences
B) Fossil records
C) Chemical composition
D) Morphology
✅ Answer: C) Chemical composition
Explanation: Chemotaxonomy uses the chemical
constituents (such as secondary metabolites) of organisms
to classify them and resolve taxonomic confusions.

6. Which of the following helps resolve classification

difficulties when fossil evidence is lacking?
A) Chemotaxonomy
B) Astrology
C) Only traditional classification
D) None of the above
✅ Answer: A) Chemotaxonomy
Explanation: When fossil evidence is missing,
chemotaxonomy and other modern methods help classify
organisms based on their chemical composition.

7. Which tool has made numerical taxonomy easier?

A) Fossil analysis
B) Computers
C) DNA sequencing
D) Microscopes
✅ Answer: B) Computers
Explanation: Numerical taxonomy assigns numerical
values to characteristics, which are then processed using
computers to analyze large datasets efficiently.

8. What is the primary pigment found in algae?

A) Carotenoids
B) Xanthophylls
C) Chlorophyll
D) Anthocyanins
✅ Answer: C) Chlorophyll
Explanation: Algae are chlorophyll-bearing organisms that
carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll as their primary
pigment.

9. Which classification system was first used for

plants?
A) Phylogenetic system
B) Artificial system
C) Natural system
D) Chemotaxonomy
✅ Answer: B) Artificial system
Explanation: Early plant classification systems, like
Linnaeus’ system, were artificial and based on a few
morphological traits.
10. What is a major limitation of artificial
classification systems?
A) They consider evolutionary history
B) They are based on genetic traits
C) They consider only a few observable characters
D) They use chemical properties
✅ Answer: C) They consider only a few observable
characters
Explanation: Artificial systems often relied on superficial
traits like flower color and leaf shape, ignoring genetic and
evolutionary relationships.

11. What is the primary basis of natural classification

systems?
A) Evolutionary relationships
B) Single morphological traits
C) Random grouping
D) Chemical composition
✅ Answer: A) Evolutionary relationships
Explanation: Natural classification systems classify
organisms based on natural affinities, including internal and
external features, reflecting evolutionary history.

12. Which taxonomic method uses chromosome

structure for classification?
A) Phylogenetic classification
B) Numerical taxonomy
C) Cytotaxonomy
D) Artificial classification
✅ Answer: C) Cytotaxonomy
Explanation: Cytotaxonomy analyzes chromosome
number, structure, and behavior to classify organisms
accurately.

13. Why is numerical taxonomy advantageous?

A) It is based on evolutionary history
B) It assigns equal importance to all characters
C) It relies only on fossil evidence
D) It ignores minor characteristics
✅ Answer: B) It assigns equal importance to all characters
Explanation: Numerical taxonomy considers all
observable traits equally, reducing bias in classification.

14. Which of the following does NOT belong to

modern classification approaches?
A) Chemotaxonomy
B) Cytotaxonomy
C) Numerical taxonomy
D) Binomial nomenclature
✅ Answer: D) Binomial nomenclature
Explanation: Binomial nomenclature is a naming system,
not a classification method. Modern classification includes
chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy, and numerical taxonomy.

15. Which classification system primarily considers

external morphology?
A) Artificial classification
B) Natural classification
C) Phylogenetic classification
D) Chemotaxonomy
✅ Answer: A) Artificial classification
Explanation: Artificial systems rely on external traits like
flower shape, ignoring evolutionary and genetic
relationships.

16. What is the main drawback of numerical

taxonomy?
A) It is too simple
B) It does not use computers
C) It gives equal importance to all characters, even
insignificant ones
D) It ignores fossil evidence
✅ Answer: C) It gives equal importance to all characters,
even insignificant ones
Explanation: Since all traits are weighted equally, some
unimportant traits may influence classification.
17. Which classification system is most suitable for
extinct species with no DNA data?
A) Numerical taxonomy
B) Chemotaxonomy
C) Fossil-based classification
D) Cytotaxonomy
✅ Answer: C) Fossil-based classification
Explanation: Fossil evidence helps classify extinct species
when no DNA or cytological data is available.

18. What type of classification is most useful for

studying medicinal plants?
A) Cytotaxonomy
B) Chemotaxonomy
C) Numerical taxonomy
D) Artificial classification
✅ Answer: B) Chemotaxonomy
Explanation: Chemotaxonomy is useful in medicinal plant
studies as it classifies plants based on their chemical
composition and active compounds.

19. Which classification system was developed with

the help of computers?
A) Artificial classification
B) Numerical taxonomy
C) Cytotaxonomy
D) Natural classification
✅ Answer: B) Numerical taxonomy
Explanation: Numerical taxonomy processes large
amounts of character data using computers, making
classification more efficient.

20. Why do taxonomists use multiple classification

methods?
A) To make classification easier
B) To ensure more accurate grouping of organisms
C) To replace all traditional methods
D) To classify extinct species only
✅ Answer: B) To ensure more accurate grouping of
organisms
Explanation: By combining different approaches like
numerical taxonomy, cytotaxonomy, and chemotaxonomy,
classification becomes more accurate and reliable.

Question 1: Match the Classification Methods with

Their Basis
Classification Method Basis
A. Numerical Taxonomy 1. Observable characteristics
2. Chromosome structure and
B. Cytotaxonomy
behavior
C. Chemotaxonomy 3. Chemical composition of organisms
D. Phylogenetic
4. Evolutionary relationships
Classification

✅ Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4
Question 2: Match the Scientists with Their
Contributions
Scientist Contribution
A. Linnaeus 1. Artificial classification
B. Bentham &
2. Natural classification
Hooker
3. Five-kingdom
C. Whittaker
classification
D. Darwin 4. Theory of evolution

✅ Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 3: Match the Classification System with Its

Features
Classification System Feature
A. Artificial System 1. Based on few morphological traits
B. Natural System 2. Based on natural affinities
3. Based on evolutionary
C. Phylogenetic System
relationships
D. Numerical
4. Uses computational analysis
Taxonomy

✅ Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 4: Match the Taxonomic Tools with Their

Purpose
Taxonomic Tool Purpose
A. Herbarium 1. Preserved plant specimens
B. Botanical
2. Living plant collections
Garden
3. Preserved animal and plant
C. Museum
specimens
D. Keys 4. Identification of organisms
✅ Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

Question 5: Match the Plant Groups with Their

Characteristics
Plant Group Characteristic
A. Algae 1. Chlorophyll-bearing, aquatic organisms
2. Non-vascular, require water for
B. Bryophytes
reproduction
C. Pteridophytes 3. First vascular plants, produce spores
D.
4. Produce naked seeds
Gymnosperms

✅ Answer: A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4

1. What is the primary characteristic of algae?

a) They are heterotrophic organisms
b) They are autotrophic organisms
c) They are multicellular only
d) They are always found in soil
Answer: b) They are autotrophic organisms
Explanation: Algae are autotrophic, meaning they can
produce their own food through photosynthesis, as
mentioned in the passage.

2. Where do algae predominantly grow?

a) Deserts
b) Aquatic environments
c) High altitudes
d) Urban areas
Answer: b) Aquatic environments
Explanation: Algae are mainly aquatic organisms, living in
both freshwater and marine environments.

3. Algae can be found in which of the following

habitats?
a) Only marine environments
b) Moist stones, soils, and wood
c) Only freshwater environments
d) Dry deserts
Answer: b) Moist stones, soils, and wood
Explanation: Algae can grow in a variety of habitats,
including moist stones, soils, and wood.

4. What is a characteristic of the algae species

Volvox?
a) They form filamentous colonies
b) They form colonial structures
c) They are unicellular
d) They are always red
Answer: b) They form colonial structures
Explanation: Volvox is a colonial alga, as stated in the
passage.

5. Which of the following algae forms is described as

filamentous?
a) Ulothrix
b) Volvox
c) Laminaria
d) Porphyra
Answer: a) Ulothrix
Explanation: Ulothrix is mentioned as a filamentous form
of algae in the passage.

6. What is the primary method of vegetative

reproduction in algae?
a) Binary fission
b) Budding
c) Fragmentation
d) Binary fusion
Answer: c) Fragmentation
Explanation: Vegetative reproduction in algae happens
through fragmentation, where a fragment develops into a
new thallus.

7. Which of the following is the most common type of

spore used in algae reproduction?
a) Zygospore
b) Zoospore
c) Conidia
d) Ascospores
Answer: b) Zoospore
Explanation: Zoospores are the most common type of spore
in algae, and they are flagellated and motile.

8. What does sexual reproduction in algae involve?

a) Division of a single cell
b) Fusion of two gametes
c) Asexual budding
d) Creation of a new spore
Answer: b) Fusion of two gametes
Explanation: Sexual reproduction in algae occurs through
the fusion of two gametes.

9. Which of the following types of gametes are found

in isogamous reproduction in algae?
a) Large, motile male gamete and a small, non-motile
female gamete
b) Two gametes of similar size and flagellated
c) Two non-flagellated gametes of different sizes
d) Two non-flagellated gametes of similar size
Answer: b) Two gametes of similar size and flagellated
Explanation: In isogamous reproduction, the gametes are of
similar size and are flagellated, as seen in Ulothrix.

10. Which algae undergoes oogamous reproduction?

a) Ulothrix
b) Spirogyra
c) Volvox
d) Polysiphonia
Answer: c) Volvox
Explanation: Volvox undergoes oogamous reproduction,
where the male gamete is motile and the female gamete is
larger and non-motile.
11. Which type of algae is known for forming massive
plant bodies?
a) Green algae
b) Red algae
c) Brown algae
d) Blue-green algae
Answer: c) Brown algae
Explanation: Some marine brown algae, such as kelps,
form massive plant bodies.

12. Which algae species is used in food preparation?

(a) moss
b) Laminaria
c) Spirogyra
d) Ulothrix
Answer: b) Laminaria
Explanation: Laminaria is used as food, along with other
species of marine algae.

13. Which of the following algae produces the

hydrocolloid "carrageen"?
a) Laminaria
b) Fucus
c) Gracilaria
d) Porphyra
Answer: c) Gracilaria
Explanation: Gracilaria, a red algae, produces carrageen,
a hydrocolloid used commercially.
14. Which product is derived from Gelidium and
Gracilaria algae?
a) Agar
b) Carrageen
c) Algin
d) Gelatin
Answer: a) Agar
Explanation: Agar is a commercial product derived from
Gelidium and Gracilaria, used for growing microbes and in
ice cream and jelly preparations.

15. What is a unique feature of Chlorella?

a) It is a red algae species
b) It is rich in proteins and used as a food supplement
c) It grows only in marine habitats
d) It forms large colonies
Answer: b) It is rich in proteins and used as a food
supplement
Explanation: Chlorella is a unicellular alga rich in proteins
and is used as a food supplement, even by space travelers.

16. Which of the following classes of algae is green in

color?
a) Chlorophyceae
b) Phaeophyceae
c) Rhodophyceae
d) Myxophyceae
Answer: a) Chlorophyceae
Explanation: Chlorophyceae is the class of green algae.

17. The brown algae belong to which class?

a) Chlorophyceae
b) Phaeophyceae
c) Rhodophyceae
d) Cyanophyceae
Answer: b) Phaeophyceae
Explanation: Brown algae belong to the class
Phaeophyceae.

18. Which of the following algae species has a frond,

stipe, and holdfast?
a) Fucus
b) Laminaria
c) Volvox
d) Ulothrix
Answer: b) Laminaria
Explanation: Laminaria has a frond, stipe, and holdfast.

19. What feature is associated with the algae species

Fucus?
a) Stipe only
b) Air bladder, midrib frond, and holdfast
c) Flagellated spores
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Air bladder, midrib frond, and holdfast
Explanation: Fucus has air bladders, a midrib frond, and a
holdfast.

20. Which algae species has a main axis and

branches?
a) Polysiphonia
b) Volvox
c) Ulothrix
d) Laminaria
Answer: a) Polysiphonia
Explanation: Polysiphonia has a main axis and branches.

21. What is the function of algae in the environment?

a) They contribute to carbon dioxide fixation
b) They provide oxygen through photosynthesis
c) They are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Algae play a crucial role in carbon dioxide
fixation, oxygen production through photosynthesis, and
serve as primary producers in aquatic food webs.

22. Which of the following is true about the

reproduction of algae?
a) It is always asexual
b) It is always sexual
c) Both vegetative and sexual forms of reproduction occur
d) It involves only binary fission
Answer: c) Both vegetative and sexual forms of
reproduction occur
Explanation: Algae reproduce both vegetatively (via
fragmentation) and sexually (through gamete fusion).

23. What is one commercial use of algae in the food

industry?
a) Use in oil production
b) Production of medicines
c) Ice-cream and jelly preparation
d) Manufacturing of plastics
Answer: c) Ice-cream and jelly preparation
Explanation: Agar from algae is used in ice cream and jelly
preparations.

24. What is the role of zoospores in algae

reproduction?
a) They are involved in asexual reproduction
b) They participate in sexual reproduction
c) They produce gametes
d) They are non-motile
Answer: a) They are involved in asexual reproduction
Explanation: Zoospores are involved in asexual
reproduction in algae and are motile, helping the algae
spread.

25. Which algae are responsible for photosynthesis

that contributes to the oxygen levels in aquatic
environments?
a) Green algae
b) Brown algae
c) Red algae
d) All algae
Answer: d) All algae
Explanation: All types of algae, through photosynthesis,
help increase oxygen levels in their environment.

26. What is an example of an anisogamous

reproduction in algae?
a) Volvox
b) Ulothrix
c) Spirogyra
d) Eudorina
Answer: d) Eudorina
Explanation: Eudorina exhibits anisogamous reproduction,
where the two gametes are dissimilar in size.

27. In which of the following does a large non-motile

female gamete fuse with a smaller motile male
gamete?
a) Spirogyra
b) Volvox
c) Polysiphonia
d) Fucus
Answer: b) Volvox
Explanation: Volvox undergoes oogamous reproduction,
with a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller,
motile male gamete.
28. Which algae species is known to be unicellular?
a) Volvox
b) Ulothrix
c) Chlorella
d) Polysiphonia
Answer: c) Chlorella
Explanation: Chlorella is a unicellular algae that is used as
a food supplement.

29. Which of the following is used in the preparation

of cosmetics?
a) Algin from brown algae
b) Agar from red algae
c) Carrageen from green algae
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b
Explanation: Algin from brown algae and agar from red
algae are both used commercially, including in cosmetics.

30. What is the primary advantage of algae’s ability

to perform photosynthesis?
a) They can survive without water
b) They provide oxygen and food to aquatic ecosystems
c) They contribute to pollution reduction
d) They help in plant reproduction
Answer: b) They provide oxygen and food to aquatic
ecosystems
Explanation: Through photosynthesis, algae contribute to
oxygen production and serve as the basis of food cycles in
aquatic ecosystems.

1. Which of the following statements about algae is NOT

true?
a) Algae are autotrophic organisms.
b) Algae are mainly terrestrial organisms.
c) Algae reproduce through fragmentation, spores, and
gametes.
d) Algae are important primary producers in aquatic
ecosystems.
Answer: b) Algae are mainly terrestrial organisms
Explanation: Algae are predominantly aquatic organisms,
not mainly terrestrial.

2. Which of the following statements about algae's

reproduction is NOT accurate?
a) Algae can reproduce sexually through the fusion of
gametes.
b) Algae reproduce asexually through fragmentation and
spores.
c) Algae only reproduce through sexual reproduction.
d) Algae can reproduce by both vegetative and sexual
methods.
Answer: c) Algae only reproduce through sexual
reproduction
Explanation: Algae reproduce through both vegetative
(fragmentation) and sexual methods, not exclusively
sexually.
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
green algae (Chlorophyceae)?
a) They are found in both freshwater and marine
environments.
b) They can form large, massive plant bodies.
c) They are autotrophic and photosynthetic.
d) They include unicellular and colonial forms like Volvox.
Answer: b) They can form large, massive plant bodies
Explanation: Green algae do not form large, massive plant
bodies. This characteristic is more common in brown algae
(e.g., kelp).

4. Which of the following is NOT a commercial product

derived from algae?
a) Algin from brown algae
b) Agar from red algae
c) Carrageen from green algae
d) Gelatin from red algae
Answer: c) Carrageen from green algae
Explanation: Carrageen is derived from red algae, not
green algae.

5. Which of the following is NOT true about zoospores?

a) They are involved in asexual reproduction.
b) They are motile and flagellated.
c) They are used for gamete fusion in sexual reproduction.
d) They give rise to new plants upon germination.
Answer: c) They are used for gamete fusion in sexual
reproduction
Explanation: Zoospores are used in asexual reproduction,
not sexual reproduction.

6. Which of the following statements about algae's role

in the environment is incorrect?
a) Algae contribute to the fixation of carbon dioxide.
b) Algae are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
c) Algae help in increasing dissolved oxygen in their
environment.
d) Algae consume oxygen and reduce the oxygen levels in
aquatic environments.
Answer: d) Algae consume oxygen and reduce the
oxygen levels in aquatic environments
Explanation: Algae, through photosynthesis, increase the
dissolved oxygen levels, not reduce them.

7. Which of the following statements about the class

Phaeophyceae (brown algae) is incorrect?
a) Brown algae include species like Laminaria and Fucus.
b) Brown algae are rich in proteins.
c) Brown algae are mainly marine.
d) Brown algae are classified as green algae.
Answer: d) Brown algae are classified as green algae
Explanation: Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are distinct
from green algae (Chlorophyceae).

8. Which of the following is NOT a type of sexual

reproduction in algae?
a) Isogamy
b) Anisogamy
c) Oogamy
d) Binary fission
Answer: d) Binary fission
Explanation: Binary fission is a form of asexual
reproduction, not sexual reproduction.

9. Which of the following is NOT true about red algae

(Rhodophyceae)?
a) Red algae contain pigments like phycobilins.
b) They are primarily found in marine environments.
c) They produce agar, which is used commercially.
d) They are exclusively found in freshwater habitats.
Answer: d) They are exclusively found in freshwater
habitats
Explanation: Red algae are primarily marine and not
exclusively freshwater organisms.

10. Which of the following algae species does NOT have

a filamentous form?
a) Ulothrix
b) Spirogyra
c) Volvox
d) Rhodophyceae
Answer: c) Volvox
Explanation: Volvox is a colonial alga, not filamentous.
Match the algae species to their characteristics.
Algae
Characteristics
Species
1. Volvox a) Reproduces by flagellated gametes
b) Forms large, massive plant bodies in marine
2. Fucus
environments
3. Gracilaria c) Unicellular, used in food supplements
4. Porphyra d) Produces agar, used in food and microbial growth

Answer Key:
Algae
Characteristics
Species
1. Volvox a) Reproduces by flagellated gametes
b) Forms large, massive plant bodies in marine
2. Fucus
environments
3. Gracilaria d) Produces agar, used in food and microbial growth
4. Porphyra c) Unicellular, used in food supplements

Match the type of algae to its key features.

Algae Type Features
1. Green Algae a) Contain pigments like phycobilins
b) Include species like Laminaria and
2. Brown Algae
Fucus
3. Red Algae c) Includes Volvox, Spirogyra, and Ulothrix
4. d) Produce carrageen and agar, often
Phaeophyceae marine

Answer Key:
Algae Type Features
1. Green Algae c) Includes Volvox, Spirogyra, and Ulothrix
b) Include species like Laminaria and
2. Brown Algae
Fucus
3. Red Algae a) Contain pigments like phycobilins
4. d) Produce carrageen and agar, often
Phaeophyceae marine

Match the type of algae to its reproductive method.

 Algae
Reproduction Method
Species
1. Ulothrix a) Fragmentation and zoospores
2. Eudorina b) Isogamous fusion of gametes
c) Oogamous, fusion of large female gamete and small male
3. Volvox
gamete
4. Spirogyra d) Non-flagellated, non-motile gametes in sexual reproduction

Answer Key:
Algae
Reproduction Method
Species
1. Ulothrix a) Fragmentation and zoospores
2. Eudorina b) Isogamous fusion of gametes
c) Oogamous, fusion of large female gamete and small male
3. Volvox
gamete
4. Spirogyra d) Non-flagellated, non-motile gametes in sexual reproduction

Match the algae species to the food products they

contribute to.
Algae
Food Products
Species
1. Gelidium a) Ice cream and jelly
2. Gracilaria b) Used in microbial growth media
c) Used as food, especially in marine
3. Porphyra
cuisines
4. Chlorella d) Food supplement, even for space travelers

Answer Key:
Algae
Food Products
Species
1. Gelidium a) Ice cream and jelly
2. Gracilaria b) Used in microbial growth media
c) Used as food, especially in marine
3. Porphyra
cuisines
4. Chlorella d) Food supplement, even for space travelers

Match the algae class to its general characteristics.

Algae Class Characteristics
1.
a) Known for producing agar and carrageen
Chlorophyceae
b) Typically found in marine environments, e.g.,
2. Phaeophyceae
Laminaria
3. Rhodophyceae c) Mostly green algae with colonial forms like Volvox
4.
d) Include algae that are rich in proteins like Chlorella
Chlorophyceae

Answer Key:
Algae Class Characteristics
1.
c) Mostly green algae with colonial forms like Volvox
Chlorophyceae
b) Typically found in marine environments, e.g.,
2. Phaeophyceae
Laminaria
3. Rhodophyceae a) Known for producing agar and carrageen
4.
d) Include algae that are rich in proteins like Chlorella
Chlorophyceae

1. Which of the following is the main pigment found

in Chlorophyceae (green algae)?
a) Phycobilins
b) Chlorophyll a and b
c) Carotenoids
d) Xanthophylls
Answer: b) Chlorophyll a and b
Explanation: The dominant pigments in green algae are
chlorophyll a and b, which give them their grass-green
color.

2. What is the function of pyrenoids in

Chlorophyceae?
a) They store lipids.
b) They contain starch and protein.
c) They produce chlorophyll.
d) They help in reproduction.
Answer: b) They contain starch and protein
Explanation: Pyrenoids are found in the chloroplasts of
Chlorophyceae and store starch and protein.

3. What is the typical structure of the chloroplasts in

Chlorophyceae?
a) They are spherical and unorganized.
b) They have a reticulate, spiral, or plate-like shape.
c) They have no defined shape.
d) They are oval and only perform photosynthesis.
Answer: b) They have a reticulate, spiral, or plate-like
shape
Explanation: Chlorophyceae chloroplasts can have diverse
shapes such as reticulate, spiral, or plate-like depending on
the species.

4. How do green algae typically store their food?

a) As lipids in vacuoles.
b) As oil droplets and pyrenoids.
c) As starch in the cytoplasm.
d) As cellulose in the cell wall.
Answer: b) As oil droplets and pyrenoids
Explanation: Green algae often store food in the form of oil
droplets and in pyrenoids, which contain starch.

5. Which of the following is NOT a common form of

vegetative reproduction in Chlorophyceae?
a) Fragmentation
b) Formation of zoospores
c) Binary fission
d) Budding
Answer: d) Budding
Explanation: Vegetative reproduction in Chlorophyceae
usually occurs by fragmentation or the formation of
different types of spores, not by budding.

6. Asexual reproduction in green algae typically

involves the production of which of the following?
a) Non-flagellated gametes
b) Flagellated zoospores
c) Non-motile spores
d) Buds
Answer: b) Flagellated zoospores
Explanation: Asexual reproduction in green algae involves
the formation of flagellated zoospores in zoosporangia.

7. Which of the following types of sexual

reproduction can be found in Chlorophyceae?
a) Isogamous
b) Anisogamous
c) Oogamous
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Green algae can exhibit isogamous,
anisogamous, or oogamous forms of sexual reproduction.

8. What is the primary structural component of the

cell wall in Chlorophyceae?
a) Pectin
b) Cellulose
c) Chitin
d) Lignin
Answer: b) Cellulose
Explanation: The cell walls of Chlorophyceae are made
primarily of cellulose, with an outer layer of pectose.

9. Which of the following is a commonly found green

alga?
a) Laminaria
b) Chlamydomonas
c) Fucus
d) Polysiphonia
Answer: b) Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Chlamydomonas is a commonly found green
alga, along with Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Chara.

10. The green color of Chlorophyceae is primarily

due to the presence of which pigments?
a) Carotenoids
b) Phycocyanin
c) Chlorophyll a and b
d) Phycoerythrin
Answer: c) Chlorophyll a and b
Explanation: The green color of Chlorophyceae is due to
the dominant presence of chlorophyll a and b.

1. In green algae, which of the following statements is

true regarding pyrenoids?
a) Pyrenoids are involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll.
b) They are located in the mitochondria of the cells.
c) Pyrenoids play a role in storing proteins and starch.
d) They are only present in red algae, not in green algae.
Answer: c) Pyrenoids play a role in storing proteins and
starch
Explanation: Pyrenoids in green algae are located in
chloroplasts and primarily store starch and proteins.
2. Which of the following is true about the sexual
reproduction of Chlamydomonas?
a) It reproduces only by isogamy.
b) Its sexual reproduction is always oogamous.
c) It shows both isogamous and oogamous reproduction
depending on environmental conditions.
d) It lacks sexual reproduction and only reproduces
asexually.
Answer: c) It shows both isogamous and oogamous
reproduction depending on environmental conditions
Explanation: Chlamydomonas can exhibit both isogamy
and oogamy depending on the environmental cues.

3. What feature distinguishes Chlorophyceae from

other algae classes like Phaeophyceae and
Rhodophyceae?
a) Chlorophyceae have chlorophyll a and b, whereas
Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae have other pigments.
b) Chlorophyceae only occur in marine environments,
while other algae types are mostly freshwater.
c) The storage bodies in Chlorophyceae are made of
cellulose, while in other algae types they are made of
starch.
d) Chlorophyceae have a complex multicellular structure
that distinguishes them from other algae.
Answer: a) Chlorophyceae have chlorophyll a and b,
whereas Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae have other
pigments
Explanation: Chlorophyceae contain chlorophyll a and b,
which gives them their green color, unlike Phaeophyceae
(brown algae) and Rhodophyceae (red algae), which
contain other pigments such as fucoxanthin and
phycoerythrin.

4. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of

the cell wall of Chlorophyceae?
a) It is made primarily of chitin, like fungi.
b) It is composed of cellulose and pectose.
c) It contains a thick layer of lignin for strength.
d) It is composed of a single-layered membrane.
Answer: b) It is composed of cellulose and pectose
Explanation: The cell wall of green algae is made up of
cellulose with an outer layer of pectose, which provides
structural support.

5. Which of the following is true about zoospores in

Chlorophyceae?
a) Zoospores are produced through asexual reproduction
and are non-motile.
b) They are always flagellated and motile.
c) They are formed during sexual reproduction to facilitate
gamete fusion.
d) They are produced only in the presence of specific
environmental stress conditions.
Answer: b) They are always flagellated and motile
Explanation: Zoospores are flagellated and motile and are
produced during asexual reproduction in Chlorophyceae.
6. Which of the following structures in green algae
typically contains both starch and protein?
a) Chloroplast
b) Pyrenoid
c) Cell wall
d) Flagellum
Answer: b) Pyrenoid
Explanation: Pyrenoids, found in the chloroplasts of green
algae, are responsible for storing starch and proteins.

7. In green algae, which type of chloroplast shape is

typically seen in Volvox?
a) Spiral
b) Discoid
c) Plate-like
d) Reticulate
Answer: c) Plate-like
Explanation: The chloroplasts in Volvox are typically plate-
like in shape, which aids in photosynthesis.

8. What is the main function of pyrenoids in green

algae?
a) To store lipids for energy reserves.
b) To store and synthesize starch.
c) To produce reproductive cells.
d) To synthesize chlorophyll pigments.
Answer: b) To store and synthesize starch
Explanation: Pyrenoids are responsible for storing and
synthesizing starch in the chloroplasts of green algae.
9. How does the sexual reproduction in Ulothrix differ
from that in Volvox?
a) Ulothrix exhibits isogamous reproduction, while Volvox
exhibits oogamous reproduction.
b) Both reproduce asexually and do not undergo sexual
reproduction.
c) Volvox undergoes binary fission, while Ulothrix does not.
d) Ulothrix undergoes anisogamy, whereas Volvox
undergoes isogamy.
Answer: a) Ulothrix exhibits isogamous reproduction,
while Volvox exhibits oogamous reproduction
Explanation: Ulothrix undergoes isogamous reproduction
with similar-sized gametes, while Volvox undergoes
oogamous reproduction with a large, non-motile female
gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.

10. In terms of storage, which of the following

substances is typically found in green algae?
a) Starch and oil droplets
b) Starch and cellulose
c) Proteins and lipids
d) Oils and cellulose
Answer: a) Starch and oil droplets
Explanation: Green algae typically store food in the form of
starch and oil droplets

1. Which of the following is not true about the green

algae (Chlorophyceae)?
a) They contain chlorophyll a and b.
b) They lack a rigid cell wall.
c) They can store starch and proteins in pyrenoids.
d) They can reproduce sexually by oogamy.
Answer: b) They lack a rigid cell wall
Explanation: Green algae have a rigid cell wall made of
cellulose and pectose.

2. Which of the following does not contribute to the

green color of Chlorophyceae?
a) Chlorophyll a
b) Chlorophyll b
c) Carotenoids
d) Phycobilins
Answer: d) Phycobilins
Explanation: Phycobilins are pigments found in red algae,
not green algae. Green algae get their color from
chlorophyll a and b.

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of

green algae’s chloroplasts?
a) They have a discoid shape.
b) They are involved in starch synthesis.
c) They contain pyrenoids.
d) They lack pigment molecules.
Answer: d) They lack pigment molecules
Explanation: Green algae chloroplasts contain pigments
such as chlorophyll a and b, which are responsible for their
green color.
4. Which of the following is not a form of vegetative
reproduction in Chlorophyceae?
a) Fragmentation
b) Formation of zoospores
c) Binary fission
d) Budding
Answer: d) Budding
Explanation: Vegetative reproduction in green algae
typically occurs through fragmentation or zoospore
formation, not through budding.

5. Which of the following algae undergoes isogamous

sexual reproduction?
a) Volvox
b) Spirogyra
c) Ulothrix
d) Chlamydomonas
Answer: c) Ulothrix
Explanation: Ulothrix undergoes isogamous sexual
reproduction, where the gametes are similar in size.

These questions explore advanced concepts related to the

characteristics, reproduction, and biology of
Chlorophyceae, providing a deeper understanding of this
group of green algae.
1. Match the green algae species with their
characteristics:
Column A Column B
A)
1) Unicellular, flagellated, commonly used in research
Chlamydomonas
B) Volvox 2) Colonial, spherical, exhibits oogamous reproduction
3) Filamentous, reproduces through fragmentation and
C) Ulothrix
zoospores
D) Spirogyra 4) Filamentous, reproduces through conjugation

Answer:
• A) Chlamydomonas – 1) Unicellular, flagellated,
commonly used in research
• B) Volvox – 2) Colonial, spherical, exhibits oogamous
reproduction
• C) Ulothrix – 3) Filamentous, reproduces through
fragmentation and zoospores
• D) Spirogyra – 4) Filamentous, reproduces through
conjugation
2. Match the reproductive types with their
corresponding algae:
Column A Column B
A) Isogamy 1) Ulothrix
B) Anisogamy 2) Volvox
3)
C) Oogamy
Chlamydomonas
D)
4) Spirogyra
Conjugation

Answer:
• A) Isogamy – 1) Ulothrix
• B) Anisogamy – 3) Chlamydomonas
 • C) Oogamy – 2) Volvox
• D) Conjugation – 4) Spirogyra
3. Match the green algae with their food storage
products:
Column A Column B
1) Store food as starch and protein in
A) Green algae
pyrenoids
B)
2) Store food as starch and lipids
Chlamydomonas
C) Volvox 3) Store food primarily as starch
D) Spirogyra 4) Store food in oil droplets and starch

Answer:
• A) Green algae – 1) Store food as starch and protein in
pyrenoids
• B) Chlamydomonas – 2) Store food as starch and lipids
• C) Volvox – 3) Store food primarily as starch
• D) Spirogyra – 4) Store food in oil droplets and starch
4. Match the reproductive structures to their
description:
Column A Column B
A) Zoospores 1) Flagellated, motile, produced during asexual reproduction
2) Non-flagellated, involved in sexual reproduction in green
B) Gametes
algae
C) Pyrenoids 3) Store starch and proteins in the chloroplasts of algae
D)
4) Method of vegetative reproduction in many green algae
Fragmentation

Answer:
• A) Zoospores – 1) Flagellated, motile, produced during
asexual reproduction
 • B) Gametes – 2) Non-flagellated, involved in sexual
reproduction in green algae
• C) Pyrenoids – 3) Store starch and proteins in the
chloroplasts of algae
• D) Fragmentation – 4) Method of vegetative
reproduction in many green algae
5. Match the green algae with their forms:
Column A Column B
A)
1) Colonial, spherical, exhibits sexual reproduction
Chlamydomonas
B) Spirogyra 2) Filamentous, forms long chains of cells
C) Volvox 3) Unicellular, flagellated
4) Filamentous, reproduces by fragmentation and
D) Ulothrix
zoospores

Answer:
• A) Chlamydomonas – 3) Unicellular, flagellated
• B) Spirogyra – 2) Filamentous, forms long chains of
cells
• C) Volvox – 1) Colonial, spherical, exhibits sexual
reproduction
• D) Ulothrix – 4) Filamentous, reproduces by
fragmentation and zoospores
These matching questions test the understanding of specific
characteristics, reproductive methods, and food storage
mechanisms of green algae.

You said:
Plant body of chlorophceae may be Different shape of
chloroplast Pyrenoid located in And contains Mcq on above
points
ChatGPT said:

Here are some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on

the points you've provided:

1. The plant body of Chlorophyceae may be:

a) Unicellular only
b) Colonial or filamentous
c) Multicellular and non-flagellated
d) Only multicellular
Answer: b) Colonial or filamentous
Explanation: Chlorophyceae can have different forms,
including unicellular, colonial, or filamentous bodies.

2. The chloroplast in Chlorophyceae may be:

a) Spherical in shape
b) Plate-like, discoid, spiral, or reticulate
c) Only discoid in shape
d) Non-pigmented
Answer: b) Plate-like, discoid, spiral, or reticulate
Explanation: The chloroplasts in Chlorophyceae are highly
variable in shape and may include plate-like, discoid,
spiral, or reticulate forms.

3. The pyrenoid in Chlorophyceae is located in:

a) Mitochondria
b) Chloroplasts
c) Cytoplasm
d) Nucleus
Answer: b) Chloroplasts
Explanation: The pyrenoid, which is involved in storing
starch and proteins, is located within the chloroplasts of
Chlorophyceae.

4. The pyrenoid in Chlorophyceae contains:

a) Lipids and proteins
b) Starch and proteins
c) Chlorophyll pigments
d) Carbohydrates and lipids
Answer: b) Starch and proteins
Explanation: The pyrenoid in Chlorophyceae contains
starch and proteins, playing a role in food storage within
the chloroplasts.
Algin, present in the cell wall of brown algae, is a:
a) Protein
b) Lipid
c) Gelatinous polysaccharide
d) Nucleic acid
Answer: (c) Gelatinous polysaccharide
Explanation: Algin is a gelatinous polysaccharide that
forms a flexible, moisture-retaining coating on the cell wall
of brown algae.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of algin?
a) It is found in the cell wall of brown algae
b) It provides flexibility and moisture retention
c) It is used in food industries
d) It is a proteinaceous compound
Answer: (d) It is a proteinaceous compound
Explanation: Algin is a polysaccharide, not a
proteinaceous compound.
Which of the following is NOT a source of algin?
a) Laminaria
b) Sargassum
c) Fucus
d) Chlamydomonas
Answer: (d) Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Chlamydomonas is a green alga and does not
contain algin

What is the outer coating of the cell wall in brown algae

composed of?
a) Pectin
b) Lignin
c) Algin
d) Chitin
Answer: (c) Algin
Explanation: The cell wall of brown algae is externally
covered by a gelatinous coating of algin.
What is the function of algin in brown algae?
a) Provides rigidity
b) Acts as a food reserve
c) Prevents desiccation and provides flexibility
d) Helps in nitrogen fixation
Answer: (c) Prevents desiccation and provides flexibility
Explanation: Algin retains moisture and gives flexibility to
the algal body, protecting it from drying out.
Algin is commercially extracted from:
a) Cyanobacteria
b) Red algae
c) Brown algae
d) Green algae
Answer: (c) Brown algae
Explanation: Brown algae are the primary source of algin,
which is widely used in various industries.
Which part of brown algae contains algin?
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nucleus
c) Cell wall
d) Chloroplast
Answer: (c) Cell wall
Explanation: Algin is present in the outer coating of the
cell wall in brown algae.
Algin is widely used in industries for:
a) Textile manufacturing
b) Ice-cream stabilizers and food thickening agents
c) Metal purification
d) Rubber production
Answer: (b) Ice-cream stabilizers and food thickening
agents
Explanation: Algin is used in food products like ice cream,
sauces, and jellies as a thickener and stabilizer.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of brown algal
zoospores?
a) Biflagellate
b) Pyriform (pear-shaped)
c) Non-motile
d) Unequal flagella
Answer: (c) Non-motile
Explanation: Zoospores of brown algae are motile, not
non-motile.
Which of the following is NOT true about the gametes of
brown algae?
a) They are pyriform
b) They have two laterally attached flagella
c) They are completely immotile
d) They may unite in water or within the oogonium
Answer: (c) They are completely immotile
Explanation: The gametes of brown algae are motile, not
immotile.

What is the composition of the vegetative cell wall in

brown algae?
a) Chitin
b) Cellulose
c) Lignin
d) Protein
Answer: (b) Cellulose
Explanation: The vegetative cells of brown algae have a
cellulosic wall.
The cellulosic wall of brown algae is externally covered by:
a) Cutin
b) Lignin
c) Algin
d) Suberin
Answer: (c) Algin
Explanation: A gelatinous coating of algin covers the cell
wall externally.
The zoospores of brown algae are:
a) Uniflagellate
b) Biflagellate
c) Multiflagellate
d) Non-motile
Answer: (b) Biflagellate
Explanation: Brown algae produce biflagellate zoospores
for asexual reproduction.
The shape of zoospores in brown algae is:
a) Spherical
b) Pyriform (pear-shaped)
c) Rod-shaped
d) Spiral
Answer: (b) Pyriform (pear-shaped)
Explanation: Zoospores of brown algae are pear-shaped.
How are the flagella arranged in the zoospores of brown
algae?
a) Two equal flagella at one end
b) Two unequal laterally attached flagella
c) One anterior and one posterior flagellum
d) One centrally attached flagellum
Answer: (b) Two unequal laterally attached flagella
Explanation: The biflagellate zoospores have two laterally
attached flagella of unequal length.
In brown algae, gamete union may occur:
a) In soil
b) In air
c) In water or within the oogonium
d) Inside the antheridium
Answer: (c) In water or within the oogonium
Explanation: Gametes may fuse in water or inside the
oogonium (in oogamous species).
What is the shape of gametes in brown algae?
a) Circular
b) Spiral
c) Pyriform (pear-shaped)
d) Rectangular
Answer: (c) Pyriform (pear-shaped)
Explanation: The gametes of brown algae are pear-shaped
(pyriform).
The flagella of brown algae gametes are:
a) Equal in size
b) Absent
c) Two and laterally attached
d) Radially arranged
Answer: (c) Two and laterally attached
Explanation: The gametes of brown algae bear two
laterally attached flagella.
1. Brown algae are primarily found in which type of
habitat?
a) Freshwater
 b) Marine
c) Terrestrial
d) Estuarine
Answer: (b) Marine
Explanation: Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are
predominantly marine organisms.
2. Which of the following is a simple, branched,
filamentous form of brown algae?
a) Fucus
b) Laminaria
c) Ectocarpus
d) Sargassum
Answer: (c) Ectocarpus
Explanation: Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown algae,
while others are more complex.
3. What is the maximum height that some kelps can
reach?
a) 10 meters
b) 50 meters
c) 100 meters
d) 150 meters
Answer: (c) 100 meters
Explanation: Some kelps, like Macrocystis, can grow
up to 100 meters in height.
4. The brown color of Phaeophyceae is due to which
pigment?
a) Chlorophyll a
b) Phycocyanin
c) Fucoxanthin
d) Phycoerythrin
 Answer: (c) Fucoxanthin
Explanation: Fucoxanthin, a type of xanthophyll,
gives brown algae their characteristic color.
5. The storage food in brown algae is mainly in the form
of:
a) Starch
b) Mannitol or laminarin
c) Glycogen
d) Cellulose
Answer: (b) Mannitol or laminarin
Explanation: Brown algae store food as complex
carbohydrates like mannitol and laminarin.
6. The cell wall of Phaeophyceae is covered externally
by:
a) Chitin
b) Lignin
c) Algin
d) Pectin
Answer: (c) Algin
Explanation: Algin is a gelatinous substance present
on the outer layer of brown algae cell walls.
7. The centrally located structure/ structures in the
protoplast of brown algae is/are ?
a) Plastid
b) Vacuole and nucleus
c) Nucleus
d) Mitochondria
Answer: (b) Vacuole and nucleus
Explanation: The protoplast of brown algae contains
plastids, a vacuole, and a nucleus.
8. The part of the brown algae that attaches to the
substratum is called:
a) Stipe
b) Holdfast
c) Rhizoid
d) Frond
Answer: (b) Holdfast
Explanation: The holdfast is responsible for anchoring
the algae to surfaces.
9. The leaf-like photosynthetic structure in brown algae is
called:
a) Blade
b) Frond
c) Lamina
d) Stipe
Answer: (b) Frond
Explanation: The frond functions as the main site of
photosynthesis in brown algae.
10.Which method of vegetative reproduction is found in
brown algae?
a) Binary fission
b) Budding
c) Fragmentation
d) Conjugation
Answer: (c) Fragmentation
Explanation: Brown algae reproduce vegetatively by
fragmentation, where broken parts grow into new
individuals.
11.Asexual reproduction in brown algae occurs through:
a) Zoospores
 b) Conidia
c) Akinetes
d) Endospores
Answer: (a) Zoospores
Explanation: Brown algae reproduce asexually using
biflagellate zoospores.
12.The zoospores of brown algae are:
a) Uniflagellate
b) Non-motile
c) Biflagellate and pear-shaped
d) Ciliated
Answer: (c) Biflagellate and pear-shaped
Explanation: The zoospores of brown algae are
motile, biflagellate, and pyriform (pear-shaped).
13.Sexual reproduction in brown algae may be:
a) Isogamous
b) Anisogamous
c) Oogamous
d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above
Explanation: Brown algae exhibit all three types of
sexual reproduction.
14.In oogamous species of brown algae, fertilization
occurs:
a) In water
b) Within the oogonium
c) Inside antheridium
d) On the stipe
Answer: (b) Within the oogonium
 Explanation: In oogamous brown algae, the egg is
retained in the oogonium, where fertilization occurs.
15.The motile gametes of brown algae bear:
a) One flagellum
b) Two flagella
c) Three flagella
d) No flagella
Answer: (b) Two flagella
Explanation: Brown algae gametes are biflagellate
and pear-shaped.
16.Which of the following is NOT a common example of
brown algae?
a) Ectocarpus
b) Spirogyra
c) Fucus
d) Laminaria
Answer: (b) Spirogyra
Explanation: Spirogyra is a green alga, not a brown
alga.
17.The stipe in brown algae is analogous to which plant
organ?
a) Root
b) Stem
c) Leaf
d) Flower
Answer: (b) Stem
Explanation: The stipe is similar to a stem as it
supports the frond and connects to the holdfast.
18.The gelatinous substance extracted from brown algae is
commercially used for:
a) Paper production
b) Ice-cream stabilizers
c) Plastic synthesis
d) Metal purification
Answer: (b) Ice-cream stabilizers
Explanation: Algin from brown algae is used as a
thickening agent in food products like ice cream.
19.The genus Sargassum is commonly associated with:
a) Deep-sea regions
b) Floating seaweed masses
c) Freshwater ponds
d) Coral reefs
Answer: (b) Floating seaweed masses
Explanation: Sargassum forms large floating masses,
especially in the Sargasso Sea.
20.The life cycle of brown algae is generally:
a) Haplontic
b) Diplontic
c) Haplo-diplontic
d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Haplo-diplontic
Explanation: Brown algae usually exhibit an
alternation of generations, making their life cycle
haplo-diplontic.

21.Which of the following is NOT a feature of brown

algae?
 a) Presence of fucoxanthin
b) Storage of food as starch
c) Biflagellate zoospores
d) Presence of cellulosic cell wall
Answer: (b) Storage of food as starch
Explanation: Brown algae store food as laminarin or
mannitol, not starch.
22.Which of the following is NOT a reproductive method
in brown algae?
a) Vegetative fragmentation
b) Budding
c) Sexual reproduction
d) Asexual reproduction by zoospores
Answer: (b) Budding
Explanation: Brown algae do not reproduce by
budding.
23.Which of the following is NOT an example of brown
algae?
a) Laminaria
b) Sargassum
c) Fucus
d) Chlamydomonas
Answer: (d) Chlamydomonas
Explanation: Chlamydomonas is a green alga, not a
brown alga.
24.Which of the following is NOT found in brown algae?
a) Algin
b) Mannitol
c) Phycoerythrin
d) Fucoxanthin
 Answer: (c) Phycoerythrin
Explanation: Phycoerythrin is a red pigment found in
red algae, not brown algae.
25.Which of the following is NOT a part of the brown
algal body?
a) Holdfast
b) Stipe
c) Frond
d) Rhizome
Answer: (d) Rhizome
Explanation: Brown algae do not have a rhizome; they
have a holdfast instead.

Which of the following algae has cell walls containing

poly-sulphate esters?
• A) Chlorophyceae
• B) Phaeophyceae
• C) Rhodophyceae
• D) Bacillariophyceae
Answer: C) Rhodophyceae

Which of the following divisions of algae has 2 to 8 equal

apical flagella?
• A) Phaeophyceae
• B) Chlorophyceae
• C) Rhodophyceae
• D) Cyanophyceae
Answer: B) Chlorophyceae
In which division of algae are the flagella unequal and
located laterally?
• A) Chlorophyceae
• B) Rhodophyceae
• C) Phaeophyceae
• D) Euglenophyceae
Answer: C) Phaeophyceae
Which division of algae is characterized by the absence
of flagella?
• A) Chlorophyceae
• B) Rhodophyceae
• C) Phaeophyceae
• D) Xanthophyceae
Answer: B) Rhodophyceae

What is the primary characteristic of Rhodophyceae?

• A) Presence of cellulose, pectin, and poly sulphate
esters
• B) 2 to 8 apical flagella
• C) Two unequal lateral flagella
• D) Presence of chlorophyll a and b
Answer: A) Presence of cellulose, pectin, and poly
sulphate esters
Which of the following algae divisions has two equal
apical flagella?
• A) Phaeophyceae
• B) Chlorophyceae
• C) Rhodophyceae
 • D) Xanthophyceae
Answer: B) Chlorophyceae

1. Why are members of Rhodophyceae commonly

called red algae?
• A) Due to the presence of chlorophyll a
• B) Due to the predominance of the red pigment r-
phycoerythrin
• C) Because they live in cold environments
• D) Because of the presence of carotenoids
Answer: B) Due to the predominance of the red pigment
r-phycoerythrin
Explanation: The red color of Rhodophyceae is primarily
due to the presence of r-phycoerythrin, which gives them
their characteristic red hue, especially when combined with
other pigments like chlorophyll.

2. Where are the majority of red algae found?

• A) Freshwater lakes and rivers
• B) Coastal regions of cold climates
• C) Marine environments, especially in warmer areas
• D) Deserts and arid regions
Answer: C) Marine environments, especially in warmer
areas
Explanation: The majority of red algae are marine and
thrive in warmer marine environments, typically found in
tropical and subtropical regions.
3. Red algae can be found in which of the following
locations?
• A) Only in shallow waters with high sunlight
penetration
• B) Only in deep oceanic zones
• C) Both in well-lighted regions and at great depths
with low light
• D) Only on land
Answer: C) Both in well-lighted regions and at great
depths with low light
Explanation: Red algae are adapted to grow in a range of
light conditions, from shallow, well-lit regions to deeper
waters where less light penetrates.

4. What is the general characteristic of the thalli of

most red algae?
• A) They are unicellular
• B) They are multicellular and sometimes have complex
body organization
• C) They are colonial
• D) They do not have a structured body
Answer: B) They are multicellular and sometimes have
complex body organization
Explanation: Most red algae have multicellular thalli, and
some species exhibit a high degree of complexity in their
body organization.

5. What form of food storage is found in

Rhodophyceae?
 • A) Starch in the form of amylopectin
• B) Glycogen
• C) Floridean starch
• D) Oil bodies
Answer: C) Floridean starch
Explanation: Red algae store their food primarily as
floridean starch, which is structurally similar to glycogen
and amylopectin but unique to red algae.

6. What is floridean starch similar to in terms of

structure?
• A) Simple sugars
• B) Amylopectin and glycogen
• C) Cellulose
• D) Fats and oils
Answer: B) Amylopectin and glycogen
Explanation: Floridean starch is chemically similar to
amylopectin and glycogen, which are also used by other
organisms for energy storage.

7. Which of the following is true about the structure

of floridean starch?
• A) It is a linear chain of glucose molecules
• B) It has a structure similar to cellulose
• C) It is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in
structure
• D) It is a simple sugar
Answer: C) It is very similar to amylopectin and
glycogen in structure
Explanation: Floridean starch resembles amylopectin and
glycogen, as it is a highly branched glucose polymer,
serving as a storage form of energy.

8. How do red algae typically reproduce vegetatively?

• A) By binary fission
• B) By spore formation
• C) By fragmentation
• D) By budding
Answer: C) By fragmentation
Explanation: Red algae often reproduce vegetatively
through fragmentation, where parts of the thallus break off
and develop into new individuals.

9. What type of reproduction do red algae typically

undergo?
• A) Only asexual reproduction
• B) Only sexual reproduction
• C) Asexual reproduction by non-motile spores and
sexual reproduction by non-motile gametes
• D) Vegetative reproduction only
Answer: C) Asexual reproduction by non-motile spores
and sexual reproduction by non-motile gametes
Explanation: Red algae reproduce both asexually through
non-motile spores and sexually with non-motile gametes, in
line with their generally non-motile nature.

10. What is unique about the sexual reproduction in

Rhodophyceae?
 • A) It is isogamous
• B) It involves motile gametes
• C) It is oogamous and involves complex post-
fertilization developments
• D) It occurs only through binary fission
Answer: C) It is oogamous and involves complex post-
fertilization developments
Explanation: Sexual reproduction in Rhodophyceae is
oogamous, where large non-motile eggs are fertilized by
smaller non-motile sperm, often with intricate post-
fertilization processes.

11. Which of the following is a common member of

the Rhodophyceae group?
• A) Chlorella
• B) Polysiphonia
• C) Ulva
• D) Spirulina
Answer: B) Polysiphonia
Explanation: Polysiphonia, along with Porphyra,
Gracilaria, and Gelidium, are some of the common genera
found in the Rhodophyceae division.

Matching Question 1: Pigmentation and Food Storage in Rhodophyceae

Column A (Characteristic) Column B (Options)

1. Predominant pigment in red
A. Floridean starch
algae
2. Food storage form in red algae B. r-phycoerythrin
3. Type of sexual reproduction C. Oogamous
 D. Similar to amylopectin and
4. Type of starch in red algae
glycogen

Answer:
1 - B) r-phycoerythrin
2 - A) Floridean starch
3 - C) Oogamous
4 - D) Similar to amylopectin and glycogen

Matching Question 2: Reproduction and Habitat

Column A (Characteristic) Column B (Options)

1. Mode of vegetative reproduction A. Non-motile spores
2. Habitat of red algae B. Tropical and subtropical marine areas
C. Well-lit regions close to the surface and great
3. Depth range of red algae in oceans
depths
4. Type of spores in asexual
D. Fragmentation
reproduction

Answer:
1 - D) Fragmentation
2 - B) Tropical and subtropical marine areas
3 - C) Well-lit regions close to the surface and great
depths
4 - A) Non-motile spores
Matching Question 3: with reference to red algae Structural Features and
Composition

Column A (Characteristic) Column B (Options)

1. Composition of the cell wall A. Cellulose, pectin, and poly-sulphate esters
2. Structure of floridean starch B. Similar to amylopectin and glycogen
3. Common types of thalli in C. Multicellular with complex body
Rhodophyceae organization
4. Location of storage for floridean starch D. Cytoplasm of red algae cells
Answer:
1 - A) Cellulose, pectin, and poly-sulphate esters
2 - B) Similar to amylopectin and glycogen
3 - C) Multicellular with complex body organization
4 - D) Cytoplasm of red algae cells

Matching Question 4: General Features of Rhodophyceae

Column A (Characteristic) Column B (Options)

1. Food storage molecule in red algae A. Floridean starch
2. Type of post-fertilization
B. Complex, involving multiple stages
development
C. Well-lit regions close to the surface and great
3. Habitat of most red algae
depths
4. Habitat for red algae D. Tropical and subtropical marine areas

Answer:
1 - A) Floridean starch
2 - B) Complex, involving multiple stages
3 - C) Well-lit regions close to the surface and great
depths
4 - D) Tropical and subtropical marine areas

Matching Question 5: Reproductive Strategies

Column A (Characteristic) Column B (Options)

1. Mode of sexual reproduction A. Oogamous
2. Mode of asexual reproduction B. Non-motile spores
3. Type of gametes in sexual C. Non-motile
reproduction gametes
4. Mode of vegetative reproduction D. Fragmentation

Answer:
1 - A) Oogamous
2 - B) Non-motile spores
3 - C) Non-motile gametes
4 - D) Fragmentation

Matching Question 6: Common Members and Distribution

Column A (Characteristic) Column B (Options)

A. Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria,
1. Common members of Rhodophyceae
Gelidium
2. Habitat of red algae B. Tropical and subtropical marine areas
3. Type of spores in asexual
C. Non-motile spores
reproduction
D. Deep oceanic waters and shallow water
4. Type of habitat for red algae
areas

Answer:
1 - A) Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium
2 - B) Tropical and subtropical marine areas
3 - C) Non-motile spores
4 - D) Deep oceanic waters and shallow water areas

Matching Type Questions (1:1 Match)

Match the terms in Column A with the correct
descriptions in Column B:
Column A Column B
1. Bryophytes A) Male sex organ that produces sperm
2. Antheridium B) Non-vascular plants found in moist, shaded areas
3. C) The haploid phase of bryophytes that produces
Gametophyte gametes
4.
D) Female sex organ where fertilization occurs
Archegonium

Answers and Explanations:

1 - B: Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that commonly
grow in moist, shaded areas. These include mosses and
liverworts.
2 - A: The antheridium is the male reproductive organ in
bryophytes, where sperm (antherozoids) are produced.
3 - C: The gametophyte is the haploid phase of bryophytes,
and it is responsible for producing gametes (sperm and egg
cells) for reproduction.
4 - D: The archegonium is the female reproductive organ in
bryophytes, where fertilization occurs, and the egg is
formed.

Matching Type Questions (1:1 Match)

Match the terms in Column A with the correct
descriptions in Column B:
Column A Column B
1. Sphagnum A) Moss that forms peat used as fuel and retains water
B) Hair-like structures that anchor bryophytes to the
2. Rhizoids
substrate
3. Zygote C) Result of the fusion of sperm and egg
4.
D) Diploid stage that is attached to the gametophyte
Sporophyte

Answers and Explanations:

1 - A: Sphagnum moss is known for its ability to form peat,
which can be used as a fuel source. It also retains a
significant amount of water, making it an important species
in wetland ecosystems.
2 - B: Rhizoids are hair-like structures that anchor
bryophytes (like mosses and liverworts) to the substrate, but
unlike true roots, they do not absorb nutrients.
3 - C: The zygote is formed when the sperm from the
antheridium fertilizes the egg in the archegonium. It is the
result of sexual reproduction in bryophytes.
4 - D: The sporophyte is the diploid stage of the bryophyte
life cycle. It is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition
and is attached to it.

Matching Type Questions (1:1 Match)

Match the terms in Column A with the correct
descriptions in Column B:
Column A Column B
1. Meiosis A) Process that reduces chromosome number in cells to form spores
B) First organisms to colonize rocks and contribute to soil
2. Mosses
formation
3. Gametes C) Reproductive cells that fuse during fertilization
4.
D) Non-vascular plants that require water for reproduction
Bryophytes

Answers and Explanations:

1 - A: Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid spores,
which are crucial for the sexual reproduction of bryophytes.
2 - B: Mosses, along with lichens, are the first organisms to
colonize bare rocks, initiating soil formation by breaking
down rocks and contributing to ecological succession.
3 - C: Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that
fuse during fertilization to form a zygote, which eventually
develops into a new organism.
4 - D: Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that require water
for fertilization since their sperm cells need to swim to the
egg in the archegonium.
Matching Type Questions (1:1 Match)
Match the terms in Column A with the correct
descriptions in Column B:
Column A Column B
A) Male reproductive cells in bryophytes that swim towards the
1. Antherozoids
egg
2. Sporophyte B) Diploid phase of the plant that produces spores
3.
C) Haploid plant body that produces gametes
Gametophyte
4.
D) Female reproductive structure where fertilization takes place
Archegonium

Answers and Explanations:

1 - A: Antherozoids are the male gametes (sperm) produced
by the antheridium, and they are biflagellate (with two tails)
so that they can swim through water to reach the
archegonium.
2 - B: The sporophyte is the diploid phase of the bryophyte
life cycle. It develops from the zygote and produces spores
via meiosis, which grow into new gametophytes.
3 - C: The gametophyte is the haploid stage of the
bryophyte, which produces gametes (sperm and eggs) for
sexual reproduction.
4 - D: The archegonium is the female reproductive organ in
bryophytes, where fertilization occurs. It contains the egg
cell that is fertilized by the sperm from the antheridium.

Matching Type Questions (1:1 Match)

Match the terms in Column A with the correct
descriptions in Column B:
 Column A Column B
1.
A) These plants lack vascular tissues like xylem and phloem
Bryophytes
2. Sphagnum B) Provides peat, which is used as fuel and for packing materials
C) Typically grow in dense clumps or mats on the ground or on
3. Mosses
trees
4. Liverworts D) Flattened, thalloid bodies with a distinctive lobed appearance

Answers and Explanations:

1 - A: Bryophytes are non-vascular plants, meaning they
lack specialized tissues like xylem and phloem that are
found in vascular plants.
2 - B: Sphagnum moss forms peat, which can be used as
fuel or packing material. It has great water-holding
capacity.
3 - C: Mosses often grow in dense clumps or mats,
typically in moist environments, and they can be found on
the ground, trees, or rocks.
4 - D: Liverworts are non-vascular plants with flattened,
lobed bodies, known as thalloid, which distinguishes them
from mosses.

Matching Type Questions (1:1 Match)

Match the terms in Column A with the correct
descriptions in Column B:
Column A Column B
1. Meiosis A) Reduction division that forms haploid spores
2. B) Female reproductive organ in bryophytes where fertilization
Archegonium occurs
3. Rhizoids C) Hair-like structures that anchor bryophytes to their substrate
4. Zygote D) Result of sperm and egg fusion in bryophytes
Answers and Explanations:
1 - A: Meiosis is the process by which the sporophyte
produces haploid spores, which will eventually grow into
new gametophytes.
2 - B: The archegonium is the female sex organ of
bryophytes, where fertilization occurs and an egg is formed.
3 - C: Rhizoids are structures that anchor bryophytes to the
substrate but do not absorb nutrients like roots.
4 - D: The zygote is formed when the sperm fertilizes the
egg in the archegonium, and it will grow into a sporophyte.

MCQs with Answers and Explanations

1. Bryophytes are primarily found in which type of

environment?
A) Desert
B) Moist shaded areas
C) Coastal regions
D) Drylands
Answer: B) Moist shaded areas
Explanation: Bryophytes commonly grow in damp,
shaded localities, especially in hilly regions, as they
require moisture for reproduction.
2. Bryophytes are called the 'amphibians of the plant
kingdom' because they:
A) Can live in soil but need water for reproduction
B) Can live in both water and soil
C) Have amphibious roots
D) Grow only in aquatic conditions
Answer: A) Can live in soil but need water for
 reproduction
Explanation: Bryophytes are termed 'amphibians'
because, although they can grow on land, they rely on
water for their sexual reproduction process.
3. What is the main characteristic feature of
bryophytes' plant body?
A) Differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves
B) Thallus-like, prostrate or erect
C) Leaves arranged alternately on a stem
D) Possess vascular tissues
Answer: B) Thallus-like, prostrate or erect
Explanation: The plant body of bryophytes is typically
thallus-like (undifferentiated), and it can be either
prostrate or erect, attached to the substratum by
rhizoids.
4. What structures do bryophytes use for attachment
to the substrate?
A) Roots
B) Rhizoids
C) Stomata
D) Lenticels
Answer: B) Rhizoids
Explanation: Bryophytes lack true roots; they use
unicellular or multicellular rhizoids to anchor
themselves to the substrate.
5. What type of plant body does a bryophyte produce?
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Prothallus
D) Vegetative body
 Answer: B) Gametophyte
Explanation: In bryophytes, the main plant body is
haploid and is called the gametophyte, which produces
gametes.
6. Which of the following is true about the sex organs
of bryophytes?
A) They are unisexual
B) They are multicellular
C) The male sex organ is called an archegonium
D) The female sex organ is called an antheridium
Answer: B) They are multicellular
Explanation: The sex organs in bryophytes are
multicellular; the male organ is the antheridium, and
the female organ is the archegonium.
7. What is the function of an antheridium in
bryophytes?
A) To produce a single egg
B) To produce spores
C) To produce biflagellate antherozoids
D) To produce gametophytes
Answer: C) To produce biflagellate antherozoids
Explanation: The antheridium is the male sex organ,
and it produces biflagellate antherozoids (sperm).
8. Which structure is flask-shaped and produces a
single egg in bryophytes?
A) Antheridium
B) Archegonium
C) Sporophyte
D) Rhizoid
Answer: B) Archegonium
 Explanation: The archegonium is the female sex organ
in bryophytes, and it is flask-shaped, producing a
single egg.
9. Where does fertilization occur in bryophytes?
A) In the gametophyte
B) In the rhizoid
C) In water
D) In the soil
Answer: C) In water
Explanation: Fertilization occurs when the
antherozoids (sperm) are released into water, where
they swim to the archegonium and fuse with the egg.
10.What does the zygote of bryophytes produce?
A) A multicellular gametophyte
B) A multicellular sporophyte
C) A new gamete
D) A haploid spore
Answer: B) A multicellular sporophyte
Explanation: The zygote develops into a multicellular
sporophyte, which is diploid.
11.What is the difference between gametophyte and
sporophyte in bryophytes?
A) The gametophyte is diploid, and the sporophyte is
haploid
B) The gametophyte produces spores, and the
sporophyte produces gametes
C) The gametophyte is the photosynthetic plant body,
while the sporophyte is dependent on it
D) Both are free-living
Answer: C) The gametophyte is the photosynthetic
 plant body, while the sporophyte is dependent on it
Explanation: The gametophyte is the photosynthetic,
haploid phase of the plant, while the sporophyte is
diploid, not free-living, and depends on the
gametophyte for nourishment.
12.What is the function of meiosis in the sporophyte of
bryophytes?
A) To produce gametes
B) To produce haploid spores
C) To produce the zygote
D) To form the antheridium
Answer: B) To produce haploid spores
Explanation: In the sporophyte, some cells undergo
meiosis to produce haploid spores, which can
germinate to form gametophytes.
13.Bryophytes are of little economic importance,
except for which of the following?
A) They provide timber
B) They form peat used as fuel
C) They are used for medicinal purposes
D) They are grown for ornamental purposes
Answer: B) They form peat used as fuel
Explanation: Some mosses, such as Sphagnum, form
peat that has long been used as fuel and packing
material.
14.Which moss is commonly used for packing material
due to its ability to hold water?
A) Funaria
B) Sphagnum
C) Polytrichum
 D) Bryum
Answer: B) Sphagnum
Explanation: Sphagnum moss has a high capacity to
retain water, making it useful as packing material and
for fuel.
15.Which of the following is a major ecological role of
bryophytes?
A) They reduce soil erosion by forming dense mats
B) They enhance soil fertility
C) They are major pollinators
D) They are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
Answer: A) They reduce soil erosion by forming dense
mats
Explanation: Bryophytes help reduce the impact of
rainfall and prevent soil erosion by forming dense mats
on the soil.
16.Bryophytes are classified into which two groups?
A) Ferns and Gymnosperms
B) Liverworts and Mosses
C) Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
D) Algae and Lichens
Answer: B) Liverworts and Mosses
Explanation: Bryophytes are divided into two main
groups: liverworts and mosses.
17.What role do bryophytes play in plant succession?
A) They act as decomposers
B) They serve as pioneer species on bare rocks or soil
C) They help in nitrogen fixation
D) They are competitive dominant species
Answer: B) They serve as pioneer species on bare
 rocks or soil
Explanation: Bryophytes are often the first organisms
to colonize bare rocks or soil, facilitating plant
succession.
18.What is the shape of the female sex organ in
bryophytes?
A) Cylindrical
B) Club-shaped
C) Flask-shaped
D) Oval-shaped
Answer: C) Flask-shaped
Explanation: The archegonium, the female sex organ
in bryophytes, is flask-shaped.
19.Which of the following structures is absent in
bryophytes?
A) Vascular tissue
B) Rhizoids
C) Gametes
D) Spores
Answer: A) Vascular tissue
Explanation: Bryophytes lack vascular tissues like
xylem and phloem, which differentiate them from
higher plants.
20.In bryophytes, the fertilization process requires:
A) Wind
B) Water
C) Pollinators
D) Soil nutrients
Answer: B) Water
Explanation: Fertilization in bryophytes depends on
 water to facilitate the movement of the antherozoids to
the archegonium.
21.Which part of the bryophyte is responsible for
producing gametes?
A) Sporophyte
B) Rhizoid
C) Gametophyte
D) Spore
Answer: C) Gametophyte
Explanation: The gametophyte is responsible for
producing the gametes (sperm and egg) in bryophytes.
22.What is the primary function of rhizoids in
bryophytes?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Anchoring the plant to the substrate
C) Reproduction
D) Water storage
Answer: B) Anchoring the plant to the substrate
Explanation: Rhizoids function to anchor the
bryophyte to the substrate, as they do not have true
roots.
23.Which of the following is true regarding
bryophytes' dependence on water?
A) They require water for photosynthesis
B) Water is needed for fertilization and sperm motility
C) Water helps them grow in dry conditions
D) They use water for seed dispersal
Answer: B) Water is needed for fertilization and sperm
motility
Explanation: Bryophytes require water to enable the
 movement of the sperm (antherozoids) to the
archegonium for fertilization.
24.Which of the following is NOT a feature of
bryophytes?
A) Presence of vascular tissue
B) Lack of true roots, stems, and leaves
C) Multicellular sex organs
D) Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
Answer: A) Presence of vascular tissue
Explanation: Bryophytes lack vascular tissue, which
distinguishes them from higher plants.
25.Which of the following bryophytes is used in fuel
production?
A) Bryum
B) Sphagnum
C) Funaria
D) Polytrichum
Answer: B) Sphagnum
Explanation: Sphagnum moss is used in fuel
production, as it forms peat, which is a source of fuel.

Liverworts
1. What type of habitat is preferred by liverworts?
a) Dry and arid regions
b) Moist, shady habitats
c) Open grasslands
d) Deep oceans
Answer: b) Moist, shady habitats
 Explanation: Liverworts thrive in moist and shaded
environments such as stream banks, damp soil, and tree
barks.
2. Which of the following is a thalloid liverwort?
a) Funaria
b) Marchantia
c) Polytrichum
d) Sphagnum
Answer: b) Marchantia
Explanation: Marchantia is a liverwort with a
dorsiventral thalloid structure.
3. What are gemmae in liverworts?
a) Sexual structures
b) Multicellular, asexual buds
c) Leaf-like appendages
d) Root-like rhizoids
Answer: b) Multicellular, asexual buds
Explanation: Gemmae are green, multicellular,
asexual buds produced in gemma cups, which help in
vegetative propagation.
4. Where are gemmae found in liverworts?
a) Inside the rhizoids
b) Inside the capsule
c) In small receptacles called gemma cups
d) Inside the antheridia
Answer: c) In small receptacles called gemma cups
Explanation: Gemmae develop inside gemma cups
and help in vegetative reproduction.
5. How does a liverwort reproduce asexually?
a) By rhizoids
b) By gemmae and fragmentation
c) By spores only
d) By seeds
Answer: b) By gemmae and fragmentation
Explanation: Liverworts reproduce asexually through
fragmentation of the thallus or by gemmae.
6. Which of the following structures are present in the
sporophyte of liverworts?
a) Protonema
b) Gemma cups
c) Foot, seta, and capsule
d) Rhizoids and leaves
Answer: c) Foot, seta, and capsule
Explanation: The sporophyte of liverworts is
differentiated into a foot, seta, and capsule, where
meiosis occurs to form spores.
7. What is the primary role of spores in liverworts?
a) Sexual reproduction
b) Water absorption
c) Gametophyte formation
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: c) Gametophyte formation
Explanation: Spores germinate to form free-living
gametophytes, which are the dominant stage in the
liverwort life cycle.
8. What type of reproductive organs do liverworts
produce?
a) Ovaries and anthers
 b) Flowers
c) Antheridia and archegonia
d) Pistils and stamens
Answer: c) Antheridia and archegonia
Explanation: Liverworts produce male (antheridia)
and female (archegonia) reproductive structures for
sexual reproduction.
9. What type of fertilization occurs in liverworts?
a) Wind pollination
b) Insect pollination
c) Water-dependent fertilization
d) Self-fertilization
Answer: c) Water-dependent fertilization
Explanation: Liverworts require water for fertilization
as the motile sperm swim to the egg in the
archegonium.
10.Which of the following is NOT a liverwort?
a) Marchantia
b) Riccia
c) Funaria
d) Porella
Answer: c) Funaria
Explanation: Funaria is a moss, while Marchantia,
Riccia, and Porella are liverworts.

Mosses
11.What is the predominant stage in the life cycle of a
moss?
a) Sporophyte
 b) Gametophyte
c) Embryo
d) Zygote
Answer: b) Gametophyte
Explanation: In mosses, the gametophyte is the
dominant stage, and it consists of protonema and leafy
stages.
12.Which of the following is the first stage in the
gametophyte of mosses?
a) Leafy stage
b) Rhizoid stage
c) Protonema stage
d) Capsule stage
Answer: c) Protonema stage
Explanation: The protonema stage develops directly
from spores and is a filamentous, branched structure.
13.How do mosses reproduce vegetatively?
a) By forming flowers
b) By seeds
c) By fragmentation and budding in the protonema
d) By sporophytes
Answer: c) By fragmentation and budding in the
protonema
Explanation: Mosses reproduce vegetatively through
fragmentation and budding in the secondary
protonema.
14.What structure helps mosses attach to the soil?
a) Roots
b) Rhizoids
c) Gemmae
 d) Leaves
Answer: b) Rhizoids
Explanation: Mosses have multicellular, branched
rhizoids that anchor them to the soil.
15.What structures are present in the sporophyte of
mosses?
a) Gemmae and leaves
b) Foot, seta, and capsule
c) Rhizoids and antheridia
d) Leafy gametophyte
Answer: b) Foot, seta, and capsule
Explanation: The sporophyte of mosses consists of a
foot, seta, and capsule, which produces spores.
16.Where does spore formation occur in mosses?
a) In the gemma cups
b) In the antheridia
c) Inside the capsule of the sporophyte
d) In the rhizoids
Answer: c) Inside the capsule of the sporophyte
Explanation: Meiosis occurs in the capsule, leading to
spore formation.
17.What is the function of the peristome in mosses?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Gamete production
c) Spore dispersal
d) Water absorption
Answer: c) Spore dispersal
Explanation: The peristome in mosses regulates the
release of spores for reproduction.
 18.Which of the following is NOT a moss?
a) Funaria
b) Polytrichum
c) Sphagnum
d) Riccia
Answer: d) Riccia
Explanation: Riccia is a liverwort, while Funaria,
Polytrichum, and Sphagnum are mosses.
19.How do mosses reproduce sexually?
a) By seeds
b) By antheridia and archegonia
c) By budding
d) By spore fusion
Answer: b) By antheridia and archegonia
Explanation: Mosses reproduce sexually by producing
male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) organs.
20.Which of the following mosses is used as a peat moss?
a) Polytrichum
b) Sphagnum
c) Funaria
d) Marchantia
Answer: b) Sphagnum
Explanation: Sphagnum is used as peat moss due to
its water-holding capacity and economic importance.

MCQs on Marchantia (Liverworts)

1. How is the thallus of Marchantia structured?

a) Radial and erect
b) Dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate
 c) Cylindrical and free-floating
d) Thread-like and branched
Answer: b) Dorsiventral and closely appressed to
the substrate
Explanation: The thallus of Marchantia is flattened
and grows parallel to the surface, adhering closely to
the substrate.
2. What is the characteristic arrangement of leaf-like
appendages in leafy liverworts?
a) In three rows on the stem-like structure
b) In two rows on the stem-like structure
c) In a spiral pattern around the stem
d) In a single row along the stem
Answer: b) In two rows on the stem-like structure
Explanation: Leafy liverworts have small leaf-like
structures arranged in two rows on their stem-like axis.
3. What happens to gemmae after they detach from the
parent body?
a) They fuse to form a zygote
b) They germinate to form new individuals
c) They produce gametes
d) They decay without forming new plants
Answer: b) They germinate to form new individuals
Explanation: Gemmae are asexual reproductive
structures that detach and develop into new
gametophytes.
4. Where are spores produced in Marchantia?
a) In the gemma cups
b) In the rhizoids
c) Inside the capsule of the sporophyte
 d) In the antheridia
Answer: c) Inside the capsule of the sporophyte
Explanation: After meiosis, spores are produced in the
capsule, which is a part of the sporophyte.
5. How does sexual reproduction occur in Marchantia?
a) Through gemmae
b) Through antheridia and archegonia
c) By binary fission
d) Through budding
Answer: b) Through antheridia and archegonia
Explanation: Marchantia reproduces sexually by
forming male (antheridia) and female (archegonia)
reproductive structures.
6. Where are male and female sex organs found in
Marchantia?
a) Always on the same thallus
b) Either on the same or different thalli
c) Inside the rhizoids
d) Inside gemma cups
Answer: b) Either on the same or different thalli
Explanation: Marchantia can be either monoecious
(male and female organs on the same thallus) or
dioecious (on separate thalli).
7. What happens to the spores formed in the capsule?
a) They directly form the sporophyte
b) They germinate to form free-living gametophytes
c) They remain dormant forever
d) They develop into rhizoids
Answer: b) They germinate to form free-living
gametophytes
 Explanation: Spores undergo germination to develop
into the haploid gametophyte stage, which is the
dominant stage in liverworts.

What is the first stage of the moss gametophyte?

a) Leafy stage
b) Sporophyte stage
c) Protonema stage
d) Capsule stage
Answer: c) Protonema stage
Explanation: The protonema stage is the initial phase of
the moss gametophyte, developing directly from a spore.
What develops from the secondary protonema?
a) Rhizoids
b) Sporophyte
c) Leafy stage
d) Gemma cups
Answer: c) Leafy stage
Explanation: The leafy stage arises as a lateral bud from
the secondary protonema and forms the mature
gametophyte.
How are the leaves arranged in the leafy stage of mosses?
a) In two rows
b) In a single row
c) In a whorl
d) Spirally arranged
Answer: d) Spirally arranged
Explanation: In mosses, the leaves are arranged in a spiral
manner around the upright slender axis.
What structure helps mosses attach to the soil?
a) Roots
b) Rhizoids
c) Protonema
d) Sporophyte
Answer: b) Rhizoids
Explanation: Mosses lack true roots and instead have
multicellular, branched rhizoids that anchor them to the
substrate.
How do mosses reproduce vegetatively?
a) By spores
b) By fragmentation and budding in the secondary
protonema
c) By fertilization of gametes
d) By forming seeds
Answer: b) By fragmentation and budding in the
secondary protonema
Explanation: Mosses reproduce vegetatively through
fragmentation and budding, mainly in the secondary
protonema stage.
Where are the sex organs of mosses located?
a) At the base of rhizoids
b) Inside the sporophyte
c) At the apex of leafy shoots
d) Within the gemma cups
Answer: c) At the apex of leafy shoots
Explanation: The antheridia (male) and archegonia
(female) reproductive structures develop at the tips of the
leafy shoots.
1. Which of the following statements about Marchantia is
NOT correct?
a) The thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to
the substrate.
b) The gemmae are involved in asexual reproduction.
c) Spores germinate to form a sporophyte.
d) Male and female sex organs can be on the same or
different thalli.
Answer: c) Spores germinate to form a sporophyte.
Explanation: Spores germinate to form a
gametophyte, not a sporophyte. The sporophyte arises
after fertilization of the egg.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT correct
about mosses?
a) The first stage of the moss gametophyte is the
protonema stage.
b) The leafy stage develops from the secondary
protonema.
c) Mosses have true roots for absorption.
d) The sex organs are produced at the apex of leafy
shoots.
Answer: c) Mosses have true roots for absorption.
Explanation: Mosses do not have true roots; they have
rhizoids, which help in anchoring but not in absorption
like roots.
3. Which of the following statements regarding
reproduction in liverworts is NOT correct?
a) Liverworts reproduce asexually by gemmae.
b) Gemmae are produced inside antheridia.
c) Sexual reproduction occurs through antheridia and
 archegonia.
d) The sporophyte consists of foot, seta, and capsule.
Answer: b) Gemmae are produced inside
antheridia.
Explanation: Gemmae are not produced in antheridia;
they develop in gemma cups on the thallus and help in
asexual reproduction.
4. Which of the following is NOT true about the
sporophyte of mosses?
a) It consists of a foot, seta, and capsule.
b) It is the dominant stage in the life cycle.
c) Spores are formed inside the capsule after meiosis.
d) The sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for
nutrition.
Answer: b) It is the dominant stage in the life cycle.
Explanation: In mosses, the gametophyte is the
dominant stage, while the sporophyte is dependent and
short-lived.
5. Which of the following is NOT true about vegetative
reproduction in mosses?
a) It occurs through fragmentation.
b) It involves budding in the secondary protonema.
c) It occurs through the production of gemmae.
d) It helps in the formation of new gametophytes.
Answer: c) It occurs through the production of
gemmae.
Explanation: Mosses do not produce gemmae;
gemmae are specific to liverworts like Marchantia.
Mosses reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation and
budding.
Matching-Type Questions

Q1. Match the following structures with their respective

functions:
Structure Function
A) Gemmae 1) Produces spores after meiosis
B) 2) Helps in vegetative reproduction in
Antheridia liverworts
C)
3) Produces male gametes
Protonema
D) Capsule 4) Initial stage of moss gametophyte

Answer: A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

Explanation:
• Gemmae (A) help in asexual reproduction in
liverworts.
• Antheridia (B) produce male gametes (sperm) in
both mosses and liverworts.
• Protonema (C) is the first stage of moss
gametophyte, arising from spores.
• Capsule (D) is part of the sporophyte, where meiosis
occurs to produce spores.
Q2. Match the following bryophyte groups with their
examples:
Bryophyte
Example
Group
A) Liverworts 1) Funaria
2)
B) Mosses
Marchantia
C) Peat Moss 3) Sphagnum
4)
D) Hornworts
Anthoceros

Answer: A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

Explanation:
• Marchantia is a liverwort (A-2).
• Funaria is a moss (B-1).
• Sphagnum is a peat moss used for water retention
(C-3).
• Anthoceros is a hornwort, which has a unique
sporophyte (D-4).
Q3. Match the following life cycle stages with their
descriptions:
Life Cycle
Description
Stage
A) Gametophyte 1) Develops from a fertilized egg
B) Sporophyte 2) The dominant stage in mosses
C) Zygote 3) Forms gametes (sperm/egg)
4) Haploid structure that germinates into
D) Spore
gametophyte

Answer: A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

Explanation:
• Gametophyte is the dominant haploid stage in mosses
(A-2).
• Sporophyte forms after fertilization of gametes
(B-1).
• Zygote is a diploid structure that grows into a
sporophyte (C-3).
• Spores are haploid and germinate to form the
gametophyte (D-4).
Q4. Match the following reproductive methods with
their organisms:
 Reproductive Method Organism
A) Gemmae formation 1) Marchantia
B) Budding in
2) Funaria
protonema
3) Both mosses and
C) Spore production
liverworts
D) Fragmentation 4) Mosses and liverworts

Answer: A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

Explanation:
• Gemmae formation is specific to Marchantia (A-1).
• Budding in protonema occurs in Funaria, a moss
(B-2).
• Spore production occurs in both mosses and
liverworts (C-3).
• Fragmentation is a method of vegetative reproduction
found in both mosses and liverworts (D-4).
Q5. Match the following structures with their respective
plant group:
Structure Found in
A) Gemma cups 1) Liverworts
B) Peristome teeth 2) Mosses
3) Both mosses and
C) Rhizoids
liverworts
D) Foot, seta, 4) Both mosses and
capsule liverworts

Answer: A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

Explanation:
• Gemma cups are present only in liverworts (A-1).
• Peristome teeth help in spore dispersal in mosses
(B-2).
• Rhizoids are found in both mosses and liverworts for
anchorage (C-3).
• Foot, seta, and capsule are parts of the sporophyte in
both mosses and liverworts (D-4).