2/20/2025

GIS CUSTOMIZATION
(MET607)
Lecture No. 2

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal

Incharge Graduate Programs/ Assistant Professor

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 25TH FEBRUARY 2025

Write a program in C++, Java and Python to perform the

followings:
Write a code of your interest, where the data
types and math operators discussed in this
lecture should be utilized in a single code.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 1
 2/20/2025

PYTHON PROGRAMMING BASICS

PYTHON BASICS Dissecting Your Program
Entering Expressions into the Interactive Comments
Shell
The print() Function
The Integer, Floating-Point, and String
Data Types The input() Function
String Concatenation and Replication Printing the User’s Name
Storing Values in Variables The len() Function
Assignment Statements The str(), int(), and float() Functions
Variable Names Summary
Your First Program Practice Questions

PYTHON BASICS
The Python programming language has a wide range of syntactical (syntax)
constructions, standard library functions, and Interactive Development
Environment (IDE) features.
You just need to learn enough to write some handy little programs.
You will, however, have to learn some basic programming concepts before
you can do anything.
Like a wizard (a step-by-step guide) in training, you might think these concepts
seem mysterious and tedious, but with some knowledge and practice, you’ll be
able to command your computer like a magic wand and perform incredible
feats.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 2
 2/20/2025

PYTHON BASICS
This lecture has a few examples that encourage you to type into the interactive
shell, also called the REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print Loop), which lets you run (or
execute) Python instructions one at a time and instantly shows you the
results.
Using the interactive shell is great for learning what basic Python instructions
do, so give it a try as you follow along.
You’ll remember the things you do much better than the things you only read.

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
You can run the interactive shell by launching the IDLE editor, which you should
have downloaded when going through the setup instructions in the previous
lecture.
On Windows, open the Start menu, type “IDLE,” and open the GUI app.
On macOS, open your Applications folder and doubleclick IDLE.
Click the New button and save an empty file as blank.py.
When you run this blank file by clicking the Run button or pressing F5, it will
open the interactive shell, which will open as a new pane that opens at the
bottom of the IDLE editor’s window.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 3
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ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
You should see a >>> prompt in the interactive shell.
Enter 2 + 2 at the prompt to have Python do some simple math. The window
should now look like this:

In Python, 2 + 2 is called an expression, which is the most basic kind of

programming instruction in the language. Expressions consist of values (such as
2) and operators (such as +), and they can always evaluate (that is, reduce)
down to a single value. That means, you can use expressions anywhere in
Python code that you could also use a value.

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
In the previous example, 2 + 2 is evaluated down to a single value, 4.
A single value with no operators is also considered an expression, though it
evaluates only to itself, as shown here:

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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 2/20/2025

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
You can use plenty of other operators in Python expressions, too.
For example, following table lists all the math operators in Python.

Will only work with python 3

Math Operators from Highest to

Lowest Precedence

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
The order of operations (also called precedence) of Python math operators is
similar to that of mathematics.
The ** operator is evaluated first; the *, /, //, and % operators are
evaluated next, from left to right; and the + and - operators are evaluated
last (also from left to right).
You can use parentheses to override the usual precedence if you need to.
Whitespace in between the operators and values doesn’t matter for Python
(except for the indentation at the beginning of the line), but a single space is
convention.

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
Enter the following expressions into the interactive shell:

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
In each case, you as the programmer must enter the expression, but Python
does the hard part of evaluating it down to a single value.
Python will keep evaluating parts of the expression until it becomes a single
value, as shown here:

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
These rules for putting operators and values together to form expressions
are a fundamental part of Python as a programming language, just like the
grammar rules that help us communicate. Here’s an example:
This is a grammatically correct English sentence.
This grammatically is sentence not English correct a.
The second line is difficult to parse because it doesn’t follow the rules of
English.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
Similarly, if you enter a bad Python instruction, Python won’t be able to
understand it and will display a SyntaxError error message, as shown here:

ENTERING EXPRESSIONS INTO THE

INTERACTIVE SHELL
You can always test to see whether an instruction works by entering it into
the interactive shell.
Don’t worry about breaking the computer: the worst that could happen is that
Python responds with an error message.
Professional software developers get error messages while writing code all
the time.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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 2/20/2025

THE INTEGER, FLOATING-POINT, AND

STRING DATA TYPES
Remember that expressions are just values combined with operators, and
they always evaluate down to a single value.
A data type is a category for values, and every value belongs to exactly
one data type.
The most common data types in Python are listed in following table.
The values -2 and 30, for example, are said to be integer values.
The integer (or int) data type indicates values that are whole numbers.
Numbers with a decimal point, such as 3.14, are called floating-point
numbers (or floats).

THE INTEGER, FLOATING-POINT, AND

STRING DATA TYPES
Note that even though the value 42 is an integer, the value 42.0 would be a
floating point number.

Common Data Types

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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 2/20/2025

THE INTEGER, FLOATING-POINT, AND

STRING DATA TYPES
Python programs can also have text values called strings, or strs
(pronounced “stirs”). Always surround your string in single quote (')
characters (as in 'Hello' or 'Goodbye cruel world!') so Python knows where
the string begins and ends.
You can even have a string with no characters in it, '', called a blank string
or an empty string.
If you ever see the error message SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string
literal, you probably forgot the final single quote character at the end of the
string, such as in this example:

STRING CONCATENATION AND

REPLICATION
The meaning of an operator may change based on the data types of the
values next to it.
For example, + is the addition operator when it operates on two integers or
floating-point values.
However, when + is used on two string values, it joins the strings as the
string concatenation operator.
Enter the following into the interactive shell:

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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STRING CONCATENATION AND

REPLICATION
The expression evaluates down to a single, new string value that combines
the text of the two strings.
However, if you try to use the + operator on a string and an integer value,
Python will not know how to handle this, and it will display an error message.

STRING CONCATENATION AND

REPLICATION
The error message can only concatenate str (not "int") to str means that
Python thought you were trying to concatenate an integer to the string
'Alice’.
Your code will have to explicitly convert the integer to a string because
Python cannot do this automatically (Converting data types will be explained
in “Dissecting Your Program” when we talk about the str(), int(), and float()
functions.)
The *operator multiplies two integer or floating-point values.
But when the *operator is used on one string value and one integer value, it
becomes the string replication operator.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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 2/20/2025

STRING CONCATENATION AND

REPLICATION
Enter a string multiplied by a number into the interactive shell to see this in
action.

STRING CONCATENATION AND

REPLICATION
The expression evaluates down to a single string value that repeats the
original string a number of times equal to the integer value.
String replication is a useful trick, but it’s not used as often as string
concatenation.
The *operator can be used with only two numeric values (for multiplication), or
one string value and one integer value (for string replication).

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 12
 2/20/2025

STRING CONCATENATION AND

REPLICATION
Otherwise, Python will just display an error message, like the following:

It makes sense that Python wouldn’t understand these expressions: you can’t
multiply two words, and it’s hard to replicate an arbitrary string a fractional
number of times.

STORING VALUES IN VARIABLES

A variable is like a box in the computer’s memory where you can store a
single value.
If you want to use the result of an evaluated expression later in your
program, you can save it inside a variable.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
You’ll store values in variables with an assignment statement.
An assignment statement consists of a variable name, an equal sign
(called the assignment operator), and the value to be stored.
If you enter the assignment statement spam = 42, then a variable
named spam will have the integer value 42 stored in it.
Think of a variable as a labeled box that a value is placed in, as you
can see in the following figure.

spam = 42 is like telling the program,

“The variable spam now has the integer
value 42 in it.”

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
For example, enter the following into the interactive shell:

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
A variable is initialized (or created) the first time a value is stored in it ➊.
After that, you can use it in expressions with other variables and values ➋.
When a variable is assigned a new value ➌, the old value is forgotten, which
is why spam evaluated to 42 instead of 40 at the end of the example.
This is called overwriting the variable. Enter the following code into the
interactive shell to try overwriting a string:

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
Just like the following box, the spam variable in this example stores 'Hello'
until you replace the string with 'Goodbye'.

When a new value is assigned to a variable, the old one is

forgotten.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 15
 2/20/2025

VARIABLE NAMES
A good variable name describes the data it contains. Imagine that you moved to
a new house and labeled all of your moving boxes as Stuff.
But in your programs, a descriptive name will help make your code more
readable.
Though you can name your variables almost anything, Python does have some
naming restrictions. Table on next slide has examples of legal variable names.
You can name a variable anything as long as it obeys the following three rules:
It can be only one word with no spaces.
It can use only letters, numbers, and the underscore (_) character.
It can’t begin with a number.

VARIABLE NAMES

Valid and Invalid Variable Names

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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VARIABLE NAMES
Variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that spam, SPAM, Spam, and sPaM are
four different variables.
Though Spam is a valid variable you can use in a program, it is a Python convention
to start your variables with a lowercase letter.
Consistency with the style guide is important. But most importantly: know when to
be inconsistent—sometimes the style guide just doesn’t apply. When in doubt, use
your best judgment.

YOUR FIRST PROGRAM

While the interactive shell is good for running Python instructions one at a time, to write
entire Python programs, you’ll type the instructions into the file editor.
The file editor is similar to text editors such as Notepad or TextMate, but it has some features
specifically for entering source code.
To open a new file in IDLE, click the New button on the top row.
The window that appears should contain a cursor awaiting your input, but it’s different from the
interactive shell, which runs Python instructions as soon as you press ENTER.
The file editor lets you type in many instructions, save the file, and run the program. Here’s
how you can tell the difference between the two:
The interactive shell window will always be the one with the >>> prompt.
The file editor window will not have the >>> prompt.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 17
 2/20/2025

YOUR FIRST PROGRAM

Now it’s time to create your first program! When the file editor window opens,
enter the following into it:

YOUR FIRST PROGRAM

Once you’ve entered your source code, save it so that you won’t have to
retype it each time you start IDLE. Click the Save button, enter hello.py the File
Name field, and then click Save.
You should save your programs every once in a while as you type them. That
way, if the computer crashes or you accidentally exit, you won’t lose the code.
As a shortcut, you can press CTRL-S on Windows and Linux or -S on macOS to
save your file.
Once you’ve saved, let’s run our program. Press the F5 key. Your program
should run in the interactive shell window. Remember, you have to press F5 from
the file editor window, not the interactive shell window. Enter your name when
your program asks for it.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 18
 2/20/2025

YOUR FIRST PROGRAM

The program’s output in the interactive shell should look something like this:

YOUR FIRST PROGRAM

When there are no more lines of code to execute, the Python program terminates;
that is, it stops running (You can also say that the Python program exits)
You can close the file editor by clicking the X at the top of the window. To reload a
saved program, select File▸Open... from the menu.
You can choose hello.py and click the Open button. Your previously saved hello.py
program should open in the file editor window.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 19
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

With your new program open in the file editor, let’s take a quick tour of the
Python instructions it uses by looking at what each line of code does.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

COMMENTS
The following line is called a comment.

Python ignores comments, and you can use them to write notes or remind yourself
what the code is trying to do. Any text for the rest of the line following a hash mark
(#) is part of a comment.
Sometimes, programmers will put a # in front of a line of code to temporarily remove
it while testing a program. This is called commenting out code, and it can be useful
when you’re trying to figure out why a program isn’t working. You can remove the #
later when you are ready to put the line back in.
Python also ignores the blank line after the comment. You can add as many blank
lines to your program as you want. This can make your code easier to read, like
paragraphs in a book.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 20
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE PRINT() FUNCTION
The print() function displays the string value inside its parentheses on the screen.

The line print('Hello, world!') means “Print out the text in the string 'Hello, world!'.”
When Python executes this line, you say that Python is calling the print() function and
the string value is being passed to the function. A value that is passed to a function
call is an argument. Notice that the quotes are not printed to the screen. They just
mark where the string begins and ends; they are not part of the string value.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE PRINT() FUNCTION
When you write a function name, the opening and closing parentheses at
the end identify it as the name of a function.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 21
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE INPUT() FUNCTION
The input() function waits for the user to type some text on the keyboard and
press ENTER.

This function call evaluates to a string equal to the user’s text, and the line of
code assigns the myName variable to this string value.
You can think of the input() function call as an expression that evaluates to
whatever string the user typed in. If the user entered 'Al', then the expression
would evaluate to myName = 'Al'.
If you call input() and see an error message, like NameError: name 'Al' is not
defined, the problem is that you’re running the code with Python 2 instead of
Python 3.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

PRINTING THE USER’S NAME
The following call to print() actually contains the expression 'It is good to meet
you, ' + myName between the parentheses.

Remember that expressions can always evaluate to a single value.

If 'Al' is the value stored in myName on line ➌, then this expression evaluates to
'It is good to meet you, Al’.
This single string value is then passed to print(), which prints it on the screen.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 22
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE LEN() FUNCTION
You can pass the len() function a string value (or a variable containing a
string), and the function evaluates to the integer value of the number of
characters in that string.

Enter the following into the interactive shell to try this:

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE LEN() FUNCTION
Just like those examples, len(myName) evaluates to an integer. It is then
passed to print() to be displayed on the screen. The print() function allows you
to pass it either integer values or string values, but notice the error that
shows up when you type the following into the interactive shell:

The print() function isn’t causing that error, but rather it’s the expression you
tried to pass to print().

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE LEN() FUNCTION
You get the same error message if you type the expression into the interactive
shell on its own.

Python gives an error because the + operator can only be used to add two
integers together or concatenate two strings. You can’t add an integer to a
string, because this is ungrammatical in Python. You can fix this by using a
string version of the integer instead, as explained in the next section.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
If you want to concatenate an integer such as 29 with a string to pass to print(),
you’ll need to get the value '29', which is the string form of 29.
The str() function can be passed an integer value and will evaluate to a string value
version of the integer, as follows:

Because str(29) evaluates to '29', the expression 'I am ' + str(29) + ' years old.'
evaluates to 'I am ' + '29' + ' years old.', which in turn evaluates to 'I am 29 years
old.'. This is the value that is passed to the print() function.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 24
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
The str(), int(), and float() functions will evaluate to the string, integer, and
floating-point forms of the value you pass, respectively. Try converting some
values in the interactive shell with these functions and watch what happens.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
The previous examples call the str(), int(), and float() functions and pass them values
of the other data types to obtain a string, integer, or floating-point form of those
values.
The str() function is handy when you have an integer or float that you want to
concatenate to a string. The int() function is also helpful if you have a number as a
string value that you want to use in some mathematics.
For example, the input() function always returns a string, even if the user enters a
number. Enter spam = input() into the interactive shell and enter 101 when it waits
for your text.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 25
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
The value stored inside spam isn’t the integer 101 but the string '101'. If you
want to do math using the value in spam, use the int() function to get the integer
form of spam and then store this as the new value in spam.

Now you should be able to treat the spam variable as an integer instead of a
string.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
Note that if you pass a value to int() that it cannot evaluate as an integer,
Python will display an error message.

The int() function is also useful if you need to round a floating-point number
down.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 26
 2/20/2025

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
You used the int() and str() functions in the last three lines of your program to
get a value of the appropriate data type for the code.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
The myAge variable contains the value returned from input(). Because the
input() function always returns a string (even if the user typed in a number), you
can use the int(myAge) code to return an integer value of the string in myAge.
This integer value is then added to 1 in the expression int(myAge) + 1.
The result of this addition is passed to the str() function:
str(int(myAge) + 1)
The string value returned is then concatenated with the strings 'You will be'
and ' in a year.' to evaluate to one large string value. This large string is
finally passed to print() to be displayed on the screen.

DISSECTING (BREAKING) YOUR PROGRAM

THE STR(), INT(), AND FLOAT() FUNCTIONS
Let’s say the user enters the string '4' for myAge. The string '4' is converted to an
integer, so you can add one to it. The result is 5. The str() function converts the
result back to a string, so you can concatenate it with the second string, 'in a year.',
to create the final message. These evaluation steps would look something like the
following:

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
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SUMMARY
You can compute expressions with a calculator or enter string concatenations
with a word processor.
You can even do string replication easily by copying and pasting text.
But expressions, and their component values—operators, variables, and
function calls—are the basic building blocks that make programs.
Once you know how to handle these elements, you will be able to instruct
Python to operate on large amounts of data for you.
It is good to remember the different types of operators (+, -, *, /, //, %, and
** for math operations, and + and * for string operations) and the three data
types (integers, floating-point numbers, and strings) introduced in this lecture.

SUMMARY
We discussed about different functions as well.
The print() and input() functions handle simple text output (to the screen) and
input (from the keyboard).
The len() function takes a string and evaluates to an int of the number of
characters in the string.
The str(), int(), and float() functions will evaluate to the string, integer, or
floating-point number form of the value they are passed.
In the next lecture, you’ll learn how to tell Python to make intelligent decisions
about what code to run, what code to skip, and what code to repeat based on
the values it has. This is known as flow control, and it allows you to write
programs that make intelligent decisions.

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 29
 2/20/2025

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following are operators, and which are values?

2. Which of the following is a variable, and which is a string?

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
3. Name three data types.
4. What is an expression made up of? What do all expressions do?
5. This lecture introduced assignment statements, like spam = 10. What is the
difference between an expression and a statement?
6. What does the variable bacon contain after the following code runs?

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 30
 2/20/2025

THANK YOU

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Iqbal (Assistant Professor)

Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
[email protected] 31