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Stat Part-2 Ch-2 Notes

This document covers the concepts of random variables, including discrete and continuous types, and their probability distributions. It explains key definitions, examples, and properties of Bernoulli trials and binomial distributions, along with formulas for mean and variance. Additionally, it provides tips for solving related statistical problems.

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11 views2 pages

Stat Part-2 Ch-2 Notes

This document covers the concepts of random variables, including discrete and continuous types, and their probability distributions. It explains key definitions, examples, and properties of Bernoulli trials and binomial distributions, along with formulas for mean and variance. Additionally, it provides tips for solving related statistical problems.

Uploaded by

sejaltrivedi23101985
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS : PART-2 : CHAPTER-2 :

RANDOM VARIABLE AND DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

1. Random Variable with Example


Definition: A random variable is a function that assigns a real number to each outcome of a sample space of a
random experiment. It is denoted by X.
Example:
• Tossing a fair coin three times. Let X be the number of heads. The sample space
U = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}. Here, X can take values 0,1,2,3.

2. Discrete Random Variable with Example


Definition: A discrete random variable is a random variable that can take on a finite or countably infinite
number of distinct values.
Example:
• Number of defective items in a batch of 10 items. X can take values 0,1,2,…,10.

3. Continuous Random Variable with Example


Definition: A continuous random variable is a random variable that can take on any value within a given
interval.
Example:
• The height of a randomly selected student in a class. X can take any value within a range, say 150 cm to
180 cm.

4. Discrete Probability Distribution with Examples and Its Rules about Sums
Definition: A discrete probability distribution lists all possible values of a discrete random variable and their
corresponding probabilities.
Example:
• A fair six-sided die is rolled. Let X be the number rolled. The probability distribution is:
X P(x)
1 1/6
2 1/6
3 1/6
4 1/6
5 1/6
6 1/6
Rules:
1. 0≤P(X)≤1 for all X.
2. ∑P(X)=1.

5. Mean and Variance in Discrete Probability Distribution


Mean (Expected Value): E(X) = ∑X⋅P(X)
Variance: V(X) = E(X2)−[E(X)]2 = ∑X2⋅P(X) – [∑X⋅P(X)]2.
6. Dichotomous Experiments with Example
Definition: A dichotomous experiment is an experiment with only two possible outcomes, often labeled as
success (S) and failure (F).
Example:
• Tossing a coin: Success (S) = Heads, Failure (F) = Tails.

7. Bernoulli Trials with Example


Definition: Bernoulli trials are a sequence of independent dichotomous experiments where the probability of
success p remains constant.
Example:
• Tossing a coin 5 times. Each toss is a Bernoulli trial with p=0.5 for getting head.

8. Properties of Bernoulli Trials


1. The probability of success p remains constant.
2. Each trial is independent.
3. There are only two outcomes: success or failure.

9. Binomial Distribution with Example and Rules about Sums


Definition: A binomial distribution describes the number of successes in a fixed number of independent
Bernoulli trials.
Formula: P(X) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 𝑥 ∙ 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥

10. Mean and Variance in Binomial Distribution


Mean: E(X)=np
Variance: V(X)=npq

11. Properties of Binomial Distribution


1. Discrete distribution.
2. Parameters: n (number of trials), p (probability of success).
3. Mean: np.
4. Variance: npq.
5. Symmetric if p=0.5, positively skewed if p<0.5, negatively skewed if p>0.5.

12. Some Effective Tips for Solving Sums


1. Identify the Type of Random Variable: Determine if it is discrete or continuous.
2. Understand the Distribution: Recognize the distribution (e.g., discrete, binomial).
3. Use Formulas: Apply the appropriate formulas for mean, variance, and probability.
4. Symmetry: Use symmetry properties of the normal distribution to simplify calculations.
5. Practice: Regular practice with different types of problems will improve understanding and speed.

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