21CSC202J-Operating Systems Lab

OPERATING SYSTEM
Ex.No:1 INSTALLATION

Ubuntu installation guidelines in windows

Installing Ubuntu in windows 10- 64 bit

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Select Turn Windows features On or Off

Select Windows subsystem for linux then press Ok

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Now restart the PC to apply the changes

Choose Microsoft Store and search for Ubuntu and Install it

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Click on Install

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Now Launch the Ubuntu

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Username : Any meaningful

name Password: any name

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Finally you will get the prompt on successful installation of Ubuntu in windows 10 64 bit
Ex. No. 1a BASIC LINUX COMMANDS Date :

a) Basics
1. echo SRM  to display the string SRM
2. clear  to clear the screen
3. date  to display the current date and time
4. cal 2003  to display the calendar for the year 2003
cal 6 2003  to display the calendar for the June-2003
5. passwd  to change password

b) Working with Files

1. ls  list files in the present working directory
ls –l  list files with detailed information (long list)
ls –a  list all files including the hidden files

2. cat > f1  to create a file (Press ^d to finish typing)

3. cat f1  display the content of the file f1

4. wc f1  list no. of characters, words & lines of a file f1

wc –c f1  list only no. of characters of file f1
wc –w f1  list only no. of words of file f1
wc –l f1  list only no. of lines of file f1

5. cp f1 f2  copy file f1 into f2

6. mv f1 f2  rename file f1 as f2

7. rm f1  remove the file f1

8. head –5 f1  list first 5 lines of the file f1

tail –5 f1  list last 5 lines of the file f1

c) Working with Directories

1. mkdir elias  to create the directory elias
2. cd elias  to change the directory as elias
3. rmdir elias  to remove the directory elias

4. pwd  to display the path of the present working directory

5. cd  to go to the home directory

cd ..  to go to the parent directory
cd -  to go to the previous working directory
cd /  to go to the root directory
d) File name substitution
1. ls f?  list files start with ‘f’ and followed by any one character

2. ls *.c  list files with extension ‘c’

3. ls [gpy]et  list files whose first letter is any one of the character g, p
or y and followed by the word et

4. ls [a-d,l-m]ring  list files whose first letter is any one of the character
from a to d and l to m and followed by the word ring.

e) I/O Redirection
1. Input redirection
wc –l < ex1  To find the number of lines of the file ‘ex1’

2. Output redirection
who > f2  the output of ‘who’ will be redirected to file f2

3. cat >> f1  to append more into the file f1

f) Piping
Syntax : Command1 | command2

Output of the command1 is transferred to the command2 as input. Finally

output of the command2 will be displayed on the monitor.

ex. cat f1 | more  list the contents of file f1 screen by screen

head –6 f1 |tail –2  prints the 5th & 6th lines of the file f1.

g) Environment variables
1. echo $HOME  display the path of the home directory

2. echo $PS1  display the prompt string $

3. echo $PS2  display the second prompt string ( > symbol by default )

4. echo $LOGNAME  login name

5. echo $PATH  list of pathname where the OS searches for an

executable file
h) File Permission
-- chmod command is used to change the access permission of a file.

Method-1
Syntax : chmod [ugo] [+/-] [ rwxa ] filename

u : user, g : group, o : others

+ : Add permission - : Remove the permission
r : read, w : write, x : execute, a : all permissions

ex. chmod ug+rw f1

adding ‘read & write’ permissions of file f1 to both user and group
members.

Method-2
Syntax : chmod octnum file1

The 3 digit octal number represents as follows

 first digit -- file permissions for the user
 second digit -- file permissions for the group
 third digit -- file permissions for others

Each digit is specified as the sum of following

4 – read permission, 2 – write permission, 1 – execute permission

ex. chmod 754 f1

it change the file permission for the file as follows

 read, write & execute permissions for the user ie; 4+2+1 = 7

 read, & execute permissions for the group members ie; 4+0+1 = 5

 only read permission for others ie; 4+0+0 = 4

Ex. No. 1b FILTERS and ADMIN COMMANDS Date :

FILTERS

1. cut
 Used to cut characters or fileds from a file/input

Syntax : cut -cchars filename

-ffieldnos filename

 By default, tab is the filed separator(delimiter). If the fileds of the files are separated by
any other character, we need to specify explicitly by –d option

cut -ddelimitchar -ffileds filname

2. grep
 Used to search one or more files for a particular pattern.

Syntax : grep pattern filename(s)

Lines that contain the pattern in the file(s) get displayed

pattern can be any regular expressions
More than one files can be searched for a pattern

-v option displays the lines that do not contain the pattern

-l list only name of the files that contain the pattern
-n displays also the line number along with the lines that matches the pattern

3. sort
 Used to sort the file in order

Syntax : sort filename

Sorts the data as text by default

Sorts by the first filed by default

-r option sorts the file in descending order

-u eliminates duplicate lines
-o filename writes sorted data into the file fname
-tdchar sorts the file in which fileds are separated by dchar
-n sorts the data as number
+1n skip first filed and sort the file by second filed numerically

4. Uniq
 Displays unique lines of a sorted file
Syntax : uniq filename
-d option displays only the duplicate lines
-c displays unique lines with no. of occurrences.

5. diff
 Used to differentiate two files

Syntax : diff f1 f2
compare two files f1 & f2 and prints all the lines that are differed between f1
& f2.

Q1. Write a command to cut 5 to 8 characters of the file f1.

$

Q2. Write a command to display user-id of all the users in your system.
$

Q3. Write a command to check whether the user judith is available in your system or not.
(use grep)
$

Q4. Write a command to display the lines of the file f1 starts with SRM.
$

Q5. Write a command to sort the file /etc/passwd in descending order

$

Q6. Write a command to display the unique lines of the sorted file f21. Also display the
number of occurrences of each line.
$

Q7. Write a command to display the lines that are common to the files f1 and f2.
$