Unit 1:

Thermodynamic Properties evaluation for design

Part A
1. Define bubble point and dew point temperature
2. Define the criteria for chemical equilibria.
3. What are flash calculation.
4. Define the criteria for chemical equilibria.
5. Define Dalton’s law and Raoults law.
6. Mention any two thermodynamics properties of gases.
7. Illustrate the antoine equation to determine the vapour pressure

Part B
1. The vapour pressure of acetone (1) and acetonitrile (2) can be evaluated by the antoine equation
s 2940.46
ln P1=14.5463−
T −35.93
s 2945.47
ln P2=14.2724−
T −49.15
Assuming that the solution formed by these are ideal, calculate
i) x1 and y1 at 327 K and 65 kpa ii) T and y1 at 65 kpa and x1 = 0.4
iii) P and y1 at 327 K and x1 = 0.4 iv) T and x1 at 65 kpa and y1 = 0.4 refer: K A narayanan

2. A hydrocarbon mixture contains 25 % (mol) propane, 40 % (mol) n-butane and 35% (mol) n-pentane at
1447.14 kpa. Assume ideal behaviour and calculate i) bubble point and dew point temperature and there
composition liquid and vapour composition ii) The temperature and the composition of the liquid and
vapour in equilibrium when 45 % (mol) of the initial mixture is vapourised.refer: K A narayanan

3. A mixture contains 45% mol methanol (A), 30% mol ethanol and rest n-propanol (C) .Liquid solution
may be assumed to be ideal and perfect gas law is valid for the vapor phase. Calculate at a total pressure
of 101.3 kpa. The bubble point and vapour composition
The dew point and the liquid composition
The vapor pressures of the pure liquids are given below. refer: K A narayanan

Temp, K 333 343 353 363

PAs kpa 81.97 133.29 186.61 266.58
PBs kpa 49.32 73.31 106.63 166.61
PCs kpa 39.32 62.65 93.90 133.29

4. Explain the effect of pressure and temperature on vapor liquid equilibrium for ideal solution.
refer: K A narayanan
5. Estimate the specific heat capacity of urea, CH4N2O.
Refer Coulson book page no :323
 6. Calculate the density of a mixture of methanol and water at 20oC, composition 40 per cent w/w
methanol. Density of water at 20 oC 998.2 kg/m3 Density of methanol at 20 oC 791.2 kg/m3.
Refer Coulson book page no :311
7. How do you calculate the VLE data for ideal and non-ideal mixture?
Refer ludwig book page no : 2

Unit 2 :Heat exchanger design

Part A

1. What are the selection of fluids for tube and shell side in shell and tube heat exchanger?
2. Define Effectiveness factor.
3. What is the condensation and write its types.
4. What is the condensation and it types?
5. Why using floating head and baffles in heat exchanger?
6. What are the flow arrangement of heat exchanger? and mention the mean difference temperature (ΔT)
of flow.
7. Write the significance of NTU method of heat exchanger.
8. What is the role of baffles?

Part B

1. A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20°C to 50°C by hot
water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 80°C and leaves at 40°C. The total length of
the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m 2°C on the
glycerin (shell) side and 160 W/ m2 °C on the water (tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the
heat exchanger. (i) before any fouling occurs and (ii) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m 2°C/
W occurs onthe outer surfaces of the tubes.
2. What is the heat exchanger design consideration? Write it types and draw any two heat exchanger.
3. What is the design consideration of the double pipe heat exchanger? Write it types and draw any one
heat exchanger.
4. What are the types of heat exchanger? Draw the Heat Exchanger.
5. Saturated steam leaves a steam turbine at a flow rate of 1.5 kg/s and a pressure of 0.51 bars. The vapour
is to be completely condensed to saturated liquid in a shell and tube heat exchanger which uses water as
the coolant. The water enters the thin – walled tube at 17°C and leaves at 57°C. if the overall heat
transfer coefficient of 200 W/m2 K, determine the required heat exchanger surface area and water flow
rate. After extended operation, fouling causes the overall heat transfer coefficient to decrease to 100
 W/m2 K. For the same water inlet temperature and flow rate, What is the new vapour flow rate required
for complete condensation?
6. Explain the condenser types and applications.
7. A Steam condenser consisting of a square array of 900 horizontal tubes each 6mm in diameter. The tubes
are exposed to saturated steam at a pressure of 0.18 bar and the tube surface temperature is maintained at
23°C, Calculate (a) heat transfer co-efficient (b) the rate at which steam is condensed.
8. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 3 bar condenses on the surface of a vertical tube of height 1m. The
tube surface temperature is kept at 110°C. Calculate the following (i) thickness of the condensate film
(ii) Local heat transfer co-efficient at a distance of 0.25m.
9. A shell and tube heat exchanger must be designed to heat 2.5 kg/s of water from 15 to 85°C. The heating
is to be accomplished by passing hot engine oil, which is available at 160 °C , through the shell side of
the exchanger. The oil is known to provide an average convection coefficient of h 0 = 400 W/m2 K on the
outside of the tubes. Ten tubes pass the water through the shell. Each tube is thin walled, of diameter
25mm, and makes eight passes through the shell. If the oil leaves the exchanger at 100°C, what is flow
rate? How long must the tube be to accomplish the desired heating?

Unit 3 Evaporator Design

Part A
1. What is the boiling point elevation (BPE)?
2. What is the performance of evaporation (POE)?
3. Define duhring rule.
4. Define Evaporation. What are types of Evaporator.
5. Define Performance and economy.
6. Define drying.
Part B

1. What is evaporator? What are the types and write any two types.
2. A Single effect evaporator operates at 101.325 kpa pressure is used to concentrate 5000 kg/hrof 10 %
KCl solution to 40 % in the product steam is available at 303.975 kpa. Overall heat transfer coefficient is
1750 W/m2 °C. Design a suitable evaporator for this process by using the following data. Feed
temperature is 40 °C, outer diameter of tube is 40 mm, inner diameter of tube is 36 mm, height of the
tube is 2m.
3. A triple-effect evaporator is concentrating a solution that has no appreciableboiling point elevation. The
temperature of steam to the first effect is 381.3 K(108.3 °C) and boiling point of the solution is the last
effect is 324.7 K (51.7 °C).The overall heat transfer coefficients in first, second and third-effect are
2800,2200 and 1100 W/m2K respectively. At what temperatures will the solution boilin the first and
second effects?
 4. 14.4 tonnes per hour (4 kg/s) of a liquor containing 10% solids is fed at 294 K (21 °C) to the first effect
of a triple-effect unit. Thick liquor containing 50% solids is to be withdrawn from the third effect, which
is at a pressure of 13.172 kPa. The liquor will be assumed to have a specific heat of 4.18 kJ/(kg K) and
to have no B.P.R. Dry saturated steam at pressure of 205 kN/m2 is fed to the heating element of first
effect. Assume heat transfer coefficients of 3.10, 2.00 and 1.10 kW/(m2.K) for the first, second and third
effects respectively. If the three units are to have equal areas, find heat transfer area of each effect steam
consumption and steam economy.
5. Lye containing 7% glycerin by weight is to be concentrated in a triple effect evaporator to obtain a crude
containing 40% glycerin. Feed rate of lye is 10000 kg/h. Based on the following data, calculate: a) Steam
economy b) Area of calendria heating surface for each evaporator assuming all three effect have equal
area and c) Condenser water required.
6. Glycerol solution is to be concentrated from 7Wt% to a final concentration of 80Wt% The
feed is available at 50993 Kg/Hr and 27°C. Steam is supplied at 103.66Kpa (Abs.) to the first effectand a
vacuum of 74.2(Abs.) mm of Hg is maintained in the last effect. Heat losses by radiation andby
entertainment are neglected. Condensate are assumed to enter each effect at its saturationtemperature.
7. A 5% aqueous solution of a high molecular weight solute has to be concentrated to 40% in a forward-
feed double effect evaporator at the rate of 8000kg/hr. The feed temperature is 40°C. Saturated steam at
3.5 kg/cm2ia available for heating. A Vacuum of 600 mmHg is maintained in the second effect.
Calculate the area requirements, if calendric of equal area used. The overall heat transfer coefficients
are550and 370 kcal/hr m2 °C in the first and last effect respectively. The specific heat of the
concentration liquor is 0.87 kcal/kg °C.
8. Define drying. Write types,working, principal, advantage and disadvantage.

Unit 4 :Column design

Part A
1. Define distillation and absorption.
2. Define reflux ratio.
3. Define Absorption
4. Differentiate between the Absorption and Adsorption.
5. Give the example of random packing.
6. What are the types of reflux in distillation column?
7. Define extraction.
8. Difference between absorption and absorption.

Part B
1. It is desired to adsorb 95 % of acetone from feed mixture of acetone and air containing 2 mol % of
acetone using a liquid flow rate is 20 % more than the minimum. Gas flow rate is 450 kg/hr. The gas
mixtures enters at 25°C and 1 atm. The equilibrium relation is y* = 2.5 x. Find (i)flow rate water (ii)
height of the column(iii) no of plates if it is a plate column.
2. A mixture containing benzene and toluene with 40% benzene and 60% toluene is to be separated in a
fractional column to give product containing 96% benzene and bottom product containing 95% toluene
feed is a mixture of 2/3 vapor and 1/3 liquid. Find out the no of theoretical stages, required if reflux ratio
of 1.5 times the minimum is used. Data: αAB = 2.5.
 3. A continuous distillation column is to be designed to separate 2.5 kg/s of a mixture of 60% toluene and
40% benzene so as to given an overhead of 97% benzene and waste of 98% toluene. A reflux ratio of 3.5
kmol of reflux per kmol of product is to be used. The molal latent heat of benzene and toluene may be
taken as 30 kj/kmol. The feed is liquid at 295K. A plate spacing of 0.46cm and 76mm bubble cap having
slot area of 3665mm3 on 108 mm triangular pitch would be used.
4. A 50 mole % methanol-water mixture is separated at atm pressure in a continuous distillation yielding a
distillate containing 95 mole% methanol and a bottom product containing 95 mol% water. Feed is liquid
at boiling point.(i) determine the minimum reflux ratio (ii) Use the Mccube- thiele method to determine
the no of plates.
5. 95 % of SO2 in 8% (mole basis) SO 2 air mixture is required by the fresh water in packed absorption
tower. The flow rates of gas and water are 5000 kg/hr and 10,00,000 kg/hr respectively. Calculate the
height and diameter of tower. Equilibrium data for SO2 –air- water system are as follows
% weight SO2 in
solution 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 1.5
Partial pressure
(mmHg) 3.2 8.5 14.1 26 39 59 92
Height of gas film transfer unit is 0.7m, height of liquid film transfer unit is 0.7 m. slope is
35 flooding velocity is 0.87 kg/m2 sec, operating velocity is 66 % flooding velocity.

6. Acetone is to be recovered from an aqueous waste stream by continuous distillation. The feed will
contain 10 per cent w/w acetone. Acetone of at least 98 per cent purity is wanted, and the aqueous
effluent must not contain more than 50 ppm acetone. The feed will be at 20°C. Estimate the number
of ideal stages required.

x, 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
liqui 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
d
y, 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
vapo 38 30 71 91 03 12 20 26 37 38
ur 1 1 6 6 4 4 1 9 6 7

0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

0.845 0.8532 0.8615 0.8712 0.8817 0.8950 0.9118 0.9335 0.9627
5
COULSON -507.
7. A column is to be designed to separate a mixture of ethylbenzene and styrene. The feed will contain
0.5 mol fraction styrene, and a styrene purity of 99.5 per cent is required, with a recovery of 85 per
cent. Estimate the number of equilibrium stages required at a reflux ratio of 8. Maximum column
bottom pressure 0.20 bar. COULSON -513.
8. Sulphur dioxide produced by the combustion of sulphur in air is absorbed in water. Pure SO 2 is then
recovered from the solution by steam stripping. Make a preliminary design for the absorption column. The
feed will be 5000 kg/h of gas containing 8 per cent v/v SO 2. The gas will be cooled to 20°C. A 95 per cent
recovery of the sulphur dioxide is required.
 per 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5
cent
w/w
Partial 1.2 3.2 5.8 8.5 14.1 26 39 59 92
press.
gas
mmHg
COULSON – 604.
9. 1000 kg/hr of a mixture containing 42 mole % heptane and 58 mole % ethyl benzene is to be
fractionated to a distillate containing 97 mole % heptanes and residue containing 99 mole percent ethyl
benzene using a total condenser and feed at its saturated liquid condition.

X 0 0.1 0.18 0.25 0.49 0.65 0.79 0.91 1

Y 0 0.3 0.43 0.51 0.73 0.83 0.9 0.96 1
Calculate the following:
(i) Minimum reflux ratio
(ii) Minimum no of stages at total reflux
(iii) No of stages at reflux ratio 2.5
10. An air-ammonia mixture containing 5 % ammonia by volume is absorbed in water in a packed
column operated at 293 K (20℃ ) and 101.325 kpa pressure so as t recover 98 % ammonia. If the inert gas
mass velocity to the column is 1200 kg/(m 2 . h) calculate the mass velocity of water to this column if the
column is operated at 1.25 time the minimum liquid rate to the column. Also calculate the composition of
liquid leaving the column corresponding to this condition. REFER GHAVANE
11. Explain the principle, working, advantage and disadvantage of a centrifugal pump with a neat
diagram.
12. A distillation column in a continuous mode of operation is designed to separate 30,000 kg/hr of a
solution of benzene and toluene containing 0.4 mass fraction of benzene into an overhead product containing
0.97 mass fraction of benzene and a bottom product containing 0.98 mass fraction of toluene. A reflux ratio
of 3.5 kg of reflux per kg of product is to be used. The feed will be liquid at its boiling point and the reflux
will be returned to the column. a) Determine the quantity of top and bottom product. b) Using the McCabe
Thiele method, determine the number of theoretical plates needed.
x, y : mole fraction of A in liquid and vapour phase respectively.
X 0.01 0.075 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.37 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.77
3 1 1 8 0 9 5 9 3
Y 0.03 0.161 0.28 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.67 0.75 0.83 0.89
1 1 3 6 1 8 7 1 7

Unit 5 Pump, fan and compressor

Part A
1. Differentiate between the Pump and Compressor.
2. What is the fan? And it types.
3. What are the Pump types and it application.
4. List out the losses in pipelines
5. Types of the fans and fan used in the industrial applications.
6. Point out the different types of centrifugal compressor.

Part B
1. Explain the characteristics and performance analysis of centrifugal pump with necessary sketches.
2. A pipeline connecting two tanks contains four standard elbows, a plug valve that is fully open and a
gate valve that is half open. The line is commercial steel pipe, 25 mm internal diameter, length 120 m.
The properties of the fluid are: viscosity 0.99 mNM-2s, density 998 kg/m3. Calculate the total pressure
drop due to friction when the flow rate is 3500 kg/h.

3. Classify compressors. Explain the neat sketch working application and limitation for two compressor.

4. What are the types of pump? Explain two pump with heat sketch.

5. What is fan? Write it types and fan Performance Evaluation and Efficient System Operation.

6. Compressor performance analysis and characteristics analysis.

7. Explain the principle, working, advantage and disadvantage of a centrifugal pump with a neat diagram.