FOP

2.1 Operators
I. Arithmetic Operators
An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction and multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator Meaning

+ addition or unary plus

- subtraction or unary minus

* multiplication

/ division

% remainder after division( modulo division)

Example:
void main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b;
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);

c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);

c=a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);

c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

}
Output:
a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b=1

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II. Unary Operators

There are several Unary Operators in C. Unary operators take just one
operand. We have following Unary Operators in C.

Operator Meaning

+ unary plus

- subtraction or unary minus

++ Increment

-- Decrement

& Address of

! Logical negation

~ one’s complement or bitwise negation

Example:
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5;
a++;
--b;
printf("%d",a);
printf("\n%d",b);
getch();
}
Output:
6
4
Difference between pre increment and post increment:
Pre Increment Post Increment
First the increment will be done First value will assign and then
and then the value will be the increment will be done.
assign to variable.
Here ++a is pre increment Here a++ is post increment
Eg: Eg:
void main() void main()
{ {
int a =10; int a =10;
clrscr(); clrscr();

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printf("%d",++a);//pre increment printf("$d",a++);//post increment

getch(); printf("\n%d",a);
} getch();
Output: }
11 Output:
10
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III. Relational Operators

A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the
relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.
Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.
Operator Meaning Example

== Equal to 5 == 3 returns 0

> Greater than 5 > 3 returns 1

< Less than 5 < 3 returns 0

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 returns 1

>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 returns 1

<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 return 0

Example:
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;

printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, b, a == b); // true

printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, c, a == c); // false

printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, b, a > b); //false

printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, c, a > c); //false

printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, b, a < b); //false

printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, c, a < c); //true

printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, b, a != b); //false

printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, c, a != c); //true

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printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, b, a >= b); //true

printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, c, a >= c); //false

printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, b, a <= b); //true

printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, c, a <= c); //true

}
Output:
5 == 5 = 1
5 == 10 = 0
5 >5=0
5 > 10 = 0
5 <5=0
5 < 10 = 1
5 != 5 = 0
5 != 10 = 1
5 >= 5 = 1
5 >= 10 = 0
5 <= 5 = 1
5 <= 10 = 1

IV. Logical Operators

An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon
whether expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in
decision making in C programming.
Operator Meaning Example

Logial AND. True only if If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c == 5)

&&
all operands are true && (d > 5)) equals to 0.

Logical OR. True only if

If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c == 5)
|| either one operand is
|| (d > 5)) equals to 1.
true

Logical NOT. True only if If c = 5 then, expression ! (c == 5) equals to

!
the operand is 0 0.
Example:
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);

printf("(a == b) && (c > b) equals to %d \n", result);

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result = (a == b) && (c < b);

printf("(a == b) && (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);

printf("(a == b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a != b) || (c < b);

printf("(a != b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);

printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a == b);

printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);
}
Output:
(a == b) && (c > b) equals to 1
(a == b) && (c < b) equals to 0
(a == b) || (c < b) equals to 1
(a != b) || (c < b) equals to 0
!(a != b) equals to 1
!(a == b) equals to 0

V. Assignment Operator
An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most
common assignment operator is =
Operator Meaning Example

= a=b a=b

+= a += b a = a+b

-= a -= b a = a-b

*= a *= b a = a*b

/= a /= b a = a/b

%= a %= b a = a%b

VI. Conditional Operator

A conditional operator is a ternary operator, that is, it works on 3 operands.

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Conditional Operator Syntax

conditionalExpression ? expression1 : expression2

The conditional operator works as follows:

• The first expression conditionalExpression is evaluated first. This expression

evaluates to 1 if it's true and evaluates to 0 if it's false.
• If conditionalExpression is true, expression1 is evaluated.
• If conditionalExpression is false, expression2 is evaluated.

Example:
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a , b;

a = 10;
printf( "Value of b is %d\n", (a == 1) ? 20: 30 );

printf( "Value of b is %d\n", (a == 10) ? 20: 30 );

}
Output:
Value of b is 30
Value of b is 20

Operator Precedence: OR Operator Priority

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and

decides how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher
precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has a higher
precedence than the addition operator.

For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has

a higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into
7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those
with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence
operators will be evaluated first

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Category Operator Associativity Priority

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right Highest 14

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left 13

Multiplicative */% Left to right 12

Additive +- Left to right 11

Shift << >> Left to right 10

Relational < <= > >= Left to right 9

Equality == != Left to right 8

Bitwise AND & Left to right 7

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right 6

Bitwise OR | Left to right 5

Logical AND && Left to right 4

Logical OR || Left to right 3

Conditional ?: Right to left 2

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left 1

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Comma , Left to right 0

2.2 Expressions
Expressions are combination of variables, constant and operators.
Expressions are evaluated using an assignment statement of the form:

In the above syntax, variable is any valid C variable name. When the statement like
the above form is encountered, the expression is evaluated first and then the value
is assigned to the variable on the left hand side. All variables used in the expression
must be declared and assigned values before evaluation is attempted. Examples of
expressions are:

Expressions are evaluated based on operator precedence and associativity rules

when an expression contains more than one operator.

Eg.
A+B, c=d-e, a++, --d, a<b, b>a && c<d
I. Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic Expressions are combination of Constant, variable and Arithmetic
operators.
Example.
A+B, C-D, X/Y etc…
void main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b;
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);

c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);

c=a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);

c=a%b;

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printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

}
Output:
a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b=1

II. Boolean Expressions

Boolean Expressions are combination of Constant, variable and Logical Operators
Eg.
A<B && A<C, D>C || D>B etc
Example:
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);

printf("(a == b) && (c > b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) && (c < b);

printf("(a == b) && (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);

printf("(a == b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a != b) || (c < b);

printf("(a != b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);

printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a == b);

printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);
}
Output:
(a == b) && (c > b) equals to 1
(a == b) && (c < b) equals to 0
(a == b) || (c < b) equals to 1
(a != b) || (c < b) equals to 0
!(a != b) equals to 1
!(a == b) equals to 0

2.3 Evaluation and Assignment of Expressions

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Category Operator Associativity Priority

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right Highest 14

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left 13

Multiplicative */% Left to right 12

Additive +- Left to right 11

Shift << >> Left to right 10

Relational < <= > >= Left to right 9

Equality == != Left to right 8

Bitwise AND & Left to right 7

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right 6

Bitwise OR | Left to right 5

Logical AND && Left to right 4

Logical OR || Left to right 3

Conditional ?: Right to left 2

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left 1

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Comma , Left to right 0

Example:
1. a=10, b=12
C=a+b
=22
2. a=10, b=20,c=40
d=a+b*c
10+20*40
10+800
810
3. a=10,b=20,c=30,d=40
z=(a+b)-(c+d)
(30)-(70)
-40

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