Straight Lines Quick Revision Distance Formula The distance between two points A(x, y,) and B(xy, 72) is given by AB i) +2 Hn) The distance of a point A(sx, y) from the origin 0 (0,0) is given by OA= x? +y? ‘Three points 4, B and C are collinear i. in same straight line, i AB + BC = AG or AC + CB = AB or BA+ AC = BC. ia Section Formulae * The coordinates of the point which divides the joining of (x; 94) and (x yy) in the ratio m:n mts mtn) internally, is ( mtn” mn Sal egeciy g (ms oe * The coordinates of the mid-point of the joining of x,, )) and (x, y,) is (4243 2 2 Area of a Triangle + A(x, 91), B (x25 ya) and C(x, 95) are the vertices of a AABC, then area of AABC. = lle 02-99) + #2 5 — 9) +45 04 — ell 1 : = glee + ears + tan) —(uys + an + 8992) # Ifthe points (x, ys), (a ya) and (2g, y) are collinear, then 41 (Yn — a) + #2 (Ya — Wa) + Ha (11 — Ya) =O. «The coordinates of centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (x), 9; ], (7a) and (x, y,), is given (2+ y+ Xy + Wt Ys EE 3 3 Locus of a Point ‘The curve described by a moving point under given geometrical conditions is called the locus of. that point. Slope or Gradient of a Line 1f is the angle of inclination of a line /, then tan is called the slope or gradient of the line J and it is denoted by m. ie. m=tan0 ‘The slope of X-axis is zero and slope of Y-axis is not defined. Slope of a Line Joining Two Points The slope ofa line passing through points P(zx,,y;) and Q(x», y)is given by m= tan ® 4 Angle between Two Lines ‘The angle @ between two lines having slopes m, and(i) Iftwo lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal em, = my (ii IPtwo lines are perpendicular to each other, then ota of the alesis - hi Note (i) If tanOis positive, then 9 will be an acute angle. (i) 1ftan8is negative, then willbe an obtuse angle. Various Forms of the Equation of a Line (i) Ifa line is at a distance @ and parallel to X-axis, then the equation of the line is y= + a (ii) Ifa line is parallel to Y-axis at a distance 6 from Y-axis, then its equation is x = 2 (ii Point-stope form ‘The equation ofa line which passes through the point (x, 9,) and has the slope mis given by y ~ y, = m(x~ x) (iv) Two points form The equation of a line passing through the points (x), y)) and (x,, y,) is given by y ~ 7, (v) Slope-intercept form The equation of line with slope m and making an intercept ¢ on Peaxis, is y= mx + (vi) Ifa line with slope m cuts the X-axis at a distance d from the origin i.e. makes x-intercept 4. Then, the equation of line is given by yem(x~d) (vii) Intercept form The equation ofa line which cuts off intercepts a and 6 respectively on the X and Y-axes is given by *+2=1 en "y cr sea ae seg TEE x-intercept * 7 intercept (viii) Normal form The equation of a straight line upon which the length of the perpendicular from the origin is p and angle made by this perpendicular to the X-axis is, is given by x cos a+ y sin o = p. General Equation of atine Any equation of the form Ax + By + C =0, where Aand B are simultaneously not zero, is called the general equation of a line. Different forms of Ax + By + C= 0 are ) Slope-intercept form y 7 £ Beo (ii) Intercept fom —*—+—_=1.070 and y-intercept is 0. Reason (R) The slope ofthe line Gx +3) -5 =0is ~2and y-intereept is 5 If the equation of line is x ~ y = 4, then Assertion (A) The normal form of same equation is xcosot + y sin ot =, where o = 315° and p = 2V2. Reason (R) The perpendicular distance of line from the origin is 32.53. Assertion (A) The distance between the lines 4x + 3y =11and 8x + 6y =15 is 7/10. Reason (R) The distance between the lines ax + by =c, and ax + by = cy is given by fa Case Based MCOs 54, Population as Year graph given below. E2010.) (1995, 97) ©} 18s 1990 1895 2000 2005 2010 Years —> Based on the above information answer the following questions. (i) The slope of line AB is (212 (o)1 1 a a2 to; ory (ii) The equation of line AB is (a) x-2y+ 1801=0 (iii) The population in year 2010 is (in crores) (a) 104.5, (b) 119.5 (c) 109.5, (d) None of these (iv) The equation of line perpendicular to line AB and passing through (1995, 97) is (c)2x+ y=1e01 (a) None of the above (v) In which year the population becomes 110 crores is (a) 2020 (v) 2019 (c) 2021 (d) 2022 55. Three girls, Rani, Mansi, Sneha are talking to each other while maintaining a social distance due to covid-19. They are standing on vertices of a triangle, whose coordinates are given. Rani (2-2) Mansi (1-7) Sneha (-1, 0) Based on the above information answer the following questions. (i) The equation of lines formed by Rani and Mansi is, (a) 3x-y=4 (c) x-3y=4 (ii) Slope of equation of line formed by Rani and Sneha is 2 _ (a) 3 (b) z (b) 3+ (a) x+ 1 (5 (iii) The equation of median of lines through Rani is (albx+4 (o)5x—4y=2 (c)4x-5) {d)None of these (iv) The equation of altitude through. Mansi is (a) 3x-2y=1 {b) 2x4 3y=5, (c) x+2y=3 {d) None of these (v) The equation of line passing through the Rani and parallel to line formed by Mansi and Sneha is (a) x-2y=4 (b) x+2y: (c) x-2y=6 (d) 2x4 y=56. Consider the AABC with vertices All, 4), B(2,~ 3) and C(- 1, ~ 2) as shown in the given figure. AD is the median and AM is the altitude through . alt) 82-9 of MM Cb 1.-3) Based on the above information answer the following questions. (i) Find the distance between A and C (a) 40 units (b) V53 units (cv units (a) V2 units (ii) Find the slope of BC. 4 1 ta-$ (w-4 3 3 i-3 (a)-2 (iii) Find the equation of median through A (a) x-13y+9=0 (b) x+ 1By-9 (c)18x-y-9=0 (4) 2x-18y+9=0 (iv) Find the equation of the altitude through A. (a) 3x-y+ (b) x+2y-; (c)x-3y+2=0 (0) 3x4 2y-2=0 (v) Find the equation of right bisector of side BC. (a) x+ 3y-3=0 (b) x-3y+ (c)3e-y-4=0 (a) x4 y— 57. Four friends Rishabh, Shubham, Vikram and Rajkumar are sitting on vertices of a rectangle, whose coordinates are given. Fishabh (1, 4) A Rajkumar (5, 4) D ¢ Vikram (5,2), 8 Shuoham (1,2) Based on the above information answer the following questions. (i) The equation formed by Shubham and Rajkumar is (a) x+2y+3=1 (b) x-2y-: (c) x-2y+ (d) None of the above (ii) The equation formed by Rishabh and Vikram is (a) x+2y+9=0 (b) x+2y~ (c) x-2y-4 (d) None of the above (iii) The intersection point of above two equations is (a)0.0) (b} (2,2) (c) (3,3) (4) (4.4) iv} Slope of equation of line formed by Rishabh and Rajkumar is (a) zero {b)1 (c)2 (d) 3 (v) Pair for the same slope is (e)Rishabh-Rajkumar and Shubham-Vikram (b)Rishabh-Rajkumar and Rajaumar-Vikrar (c)Rishabh-Rajkumarand Rishabh-Shubham (a) None of the above(ii) The equation of AB is fa) x+2y+ {b) x+2y—4=0 (c) x-2y+ {d) None of these 58. If A and B are two persons sitting at the positions (2, 3) and (6, — 5). fis a third person who is sitting between A and B such that it divides the line AB in 1: 3 ratio, uid Based on the above information, answer the following questions. (iii) Coordinates of point C are 7 7 wi) m2) (c) (33) (d) (3- } (iv) Distance between A and Cis (a) v5 {b) 25 & & ws (ale (v) Distance between C and Bis we (a) (0) 5 (i) The distance between A and B is 2 (a) 5 (b) 25 is {d) None of th (c) 3y5 (d) 45 Hal Hone mtneee: ANSWERS Multiple Choice Questions 10 2@ 230 40 50 6M 72@ &H 2M WE 1@ 2d BH AE BO B@ Z@ Bm 126) 2 21. @ 22. (d) 23. (24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. fd) 28. (a) 29. (bh) 30. (c) 31. (bo) 32. () 33. (ce). (a) 35. (dd) 36. fd) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (ce) 40. (@) Assertion-Reasoning MCQs_ 10 2@ 820 4% 6&@ 60 7%@ &@ 6 9. SL @ 52 © 53. (@ Case Based MCQs 54. (0=(0} (=O) (itd -(: (Ww) - 00); (0) (0) 56. (Cas Ct - 0); (i - (0) (Ww) -(@);0)- (©) 58. (D-@) (WY =(@); (iD =; 0) (©); 0)- (@) 55. (=O): = (0 CD -(@; (0) - (A: = 57. (=(0); (AY = (B); CY (0); (tv) -(@; (0) (@)