4 Equations,

inequations and
Equations, inequations and formulae

formulae

This chapter at a glance

Stage 5.1/5.2
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

solve simple one- and two-step linear equations

solve simple quadratic equations of the form ax2 = c

solve equations with pronumerals on both sides

solve equations with grouping symbols

solve equations that contain a single fraction

solve equations that contain two or more fractions

write down the integer solution set for a given inequality

graph inequalities on the number line

solve simple inequations

solve word problems, geometric problems and measurement problems by
the use of equations

evaluate the subject of a formula

solve equations that arise from substitution into a formula.

108
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 109

4.1 Inverse operations

The inverse of a mathematical operation is its opposite. That is, the inverse operation ‘undoes’
what has been done. For example, the inverse of adding 2 is subtracting 2 because
x + 2 − 2 = x. Similarly, the inverse of multiplying by 7 is dividing by 7 because x × 7 ÷ 7 = x.
Inverse operations are used to solve equations and reverse the steps that were taken to change
the pronumeral into an algebraic expression.

Example 1
EG Insert the correct operations to show how the second expression was obtained from the first.
+S
a–2 p p
a m → 3m → 3m + 1 b a → a − 2 → -----------
7
- c p → --- → --- + 6
5 5

Solutions
×3 +1 −2 ÷7 a – 2 ÷5 p +6 p
a m → 3m → 3m + 1 b a → a − 2 → ------------ c p → --- → --- + 6
7 5 5

Example 2
EG Complete these arrow diagrams to show how to reduce each expression to a single
+S pronumeral.
−7 ÷2 n +5 ×4 ÷9 +1
a 2x + 7 → → b --- – 5 → → c 9(c − 1) → →
4

Solutions
−7 ÷2 n +5 n ×4 ÷9 +1
a 2x + 7 → 2x → x b --- – 5 → --- → n c 9(c − 1) → c − 1 → c
4 4

Exercise 4.1

1 Write down the operation that is the inverse of:

a adding 3 b multiplying by 2 c subtracting 8
d dividing by 5 e halving f squaring

2 Insert the correct operation to show how the second expression was obtained from the first.
t
a x → 4x b p → p+1 c n → n−4 d t → ---
3
z
e y → y−7 f h → 6h g a → a+9 h z → ------
10
110 Mathscape 9

■ Consolidation
3 Insert the correct operations to show how the second operation was obtained from the first.

a a → 5a → 5a − 2 b c → 4c → 4c + 1
k+6 q–2
c k → k + 6 → ------------ d q → q − 2 → ------------
3 7
b b s s
e b → --- → --- + 8 f s → --- → --- − 11
3 3 5 5
g g → g − 3 → 2(g − 3) h m → m + 12 → 7(m + 12)
6u –9 j
i u → 6u → ------ j j → − 9j → ---------
13 10
4 Complete these arrow diagrams to obtain only the pronumeral.
a m+5 → m b a−4 → a c 9k → k
u
d --- → u e 3y → y f n+7 → n
2
w
g b−1 → b h ---- → w i −12d → d
4
5 Insert the correct operations to obtain a single pronumeral.
a 3m + 4 → 3m → m b 2t − 5 → 2t → t
x x a a
c --- + 1 → --- → x d --- – 9 → --- → a
7 7 2 2
e–6 z–2
e ----------- → e − 6 → e f ----------- → z − 2 → z
4 11
g 2(b + 7) → b + 7 → b h 6(t − 1) → t − 1 → t
4k – 8v
i ------ → 4k → k j --------- → − 8v → v
3 9
6 Find the missing term in each of these.
−2 ×4 +7 ÷3
a n → b p → c q → d y →
−6 ×9 +1 ÷4
e r → f c → g t → h z →

7 Copy and complete each of the following arrow diagrams to show how to reduce the given
expression to a single pronumeral.
−8 ÷3 +3 ÷5
a 3n + 8 → → b 5p − 3 → →
−9 ÷4 y +2 ×3
c 9 + 4t → → d --- – 2 → →
3
a – 6 ×7 +6 ÷(−4) −1
e ------------ → → f −4(n + 1) → →
7
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 111

■ Further applications
8 Draw arrow diagrams to show how each of these expressions was obtained from a single
pronumeral.
n
a 4k b x+2 c --- d p–4
7
e 3w + 14 f 9g – 1 g 5 + 8t h 2 − 13k
s b z+3 a–9
i --- + 7 j --- – 2 k ----------- l ------------
5 4 6 11
7 ( 3v + 8 ) – 3 ( 4m – 5 )
m 2 ( q + 10 ) n – 6 ( z – 15 ) o ----------------------- p ----------------------------
9 13

4.2 One- and two-step equations

■ Linear equations
A linear equation is a number sentence in which one of the numbers has been replaced by a
pronumeral and the highest power of the pronumeral is 1. Some examples of linear equations
x
are x + 5 = 9, 3x − 4 = 8, 2x − 7 = 6x + 1 and --- + 9 = 13.
2
The solution to an equation is the value of the pronumeral which makes the statement true. For
example, the solution to the equation x + 4 = 7 is x = 3, because when x is replaced by 3 we have
3 + 4 = 7, which is a true statement. There is only one solution for any linear equation. Thus,
we are able to check whether a solution is correct by direct substitution.
To solve an equation formally, we need to isolate the pronumeral on one side and take all of the
numbers to the other side. This is done by performing inverse operations.

To solve a linear equation:

isolate the pronumeral by performing inverse operations to both sides of the
equation.

■ Quadratic equations
A quadratic equation is an equation in which the highest power of the pronumeral is 2. In
Year 9 you will only study quadratic equations of the form ax2 = c, where a and c are constants.
Whereas linear equations have only one solution, quadratic equations have either two solutions,
one solution or no solution.
Consider the quadratic equation x2 = 25. Now, 52 = 25 and (−5)2 = 25, so x could be either
5 or −5. These solutions may be written as x = ±5.
How many solutions does the equation x2 = −4 have? Why?
112 Mathscape 9

Example 1
EG Solve each of the following equations.
+S w
a x + 5 = 11 b y−7=2 c 3k = 18 d ---- = 9
2
Solutions
w
a x + 5 = 11 b y−7=2 c 3k = 18 d ---- = 9
2
−5 −5 +7 +7 ÷3 ÷3 ×2 ×2
∴x=6 ∴y=9 ∴k =6 ∴ w = 18

Example 2 Solutions
EG Solve these equations. a 5 − t = −3 b −4 − p = 8
+S −5 −5 +4 +4
a 5 − t = −3
−t = −8 −p = 12
b −4 − p = 8
÷ (−1) ÷ (−1) ÷ (−1) ÷ (−1)
∴t=8 ∴ p = −12

Example 3
EG Solve:
+S
a 3x + 10 = 22 b 5y − 2 = 38 c 9 − 8a = 3

Solutions
a 3x + 10 = 22 b 5y − 2 = 38 c 9 − 8a = 3
−10 −10 +2 +2 −9 −9
3x = 12 5y = 40 −8a = −6
÷3 ÷3 ÷5 ÷5 ÷(−8) ÷(−8)
∴x=4 ∴y =8 –6
a = ------
–8
3
∴ a = --4-

Example 4
EG Solve:
+S
a x2 = 36 b 9x2 = 121 c x2 = −9

Solutions
a x2 = 36 b 9x2 = 121 c x2 = −9
∴ x = ±6 ÷9 ÷9 There are no solutions as
there is no number that
121
x2 = --------- can be squared to give a
9
negative number.
11
∴ x = ± ------
3
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 113

Exercise 4.2

1 Solve each of these equations using a guess, check and refine approach.
m
a x + 4 = 10 b p−3=5 c 7t = 28 d ---- = 6
5
e 2n + 1 = 9 f 3k − 2 = 22 g 7h + 21 = 0 h 30 − 2y = 16

2 Determine by substitution whether the solution given in brackets is correct.

a b + 15 = 33 [b = 19] b q − 19 = 8 [q = 27] c 31 − a = 14 [a = −17]
d 4x + 9 = 5 [x = 12] e 7c + 3 = −11 [c = −2] f 8 − 5t = −12 [t = −4]
3 Solve each of these equations.
a a+4=9 b n + 21 = 40 c p − 5 = 12 d m − 15 = 63
e y+8=3 f e − 7 = −3 g g + 2 = −9 h q − 15 = −16
i 3t = 12 j 7w = 42 k −11r = 88 l −10z = −70
b k x f
m --- = 6 n ------ = 4 o --- = −5 p ------ = −9
5 12 2 –7

■ Consolidation
4 Solve the following equations.
a 3u = 2 b 2e = 7 c 8a = 4 d 15c = 12
e 12d = −9 f −16t = −24 g −27k = 21 h −18w = −30
i x+ 1
---
2
=2 j y− 1
---
4
=3 k m+ 1
---
3
= 1
---
2
l q− 1
---
2
= 1 1--4-
m 3n = 1
---
4
n 2v = 3
---
5
o 4t = −1 1--3- p −5h = −3 2--3-
r w k
q e
--- = 1
--- r --- = 3
------ s ---- = 1 1--2- t ------ = 4 1--4-
2 7 4 13 3 –2
v
u c + 0.4 = 1.2 v g − 1.3 = 0.7 w 0.9b = 2.7 x ------- = 0.7
0.8
5 Solve:
a 4−k=1 b −2 + y = 4 c −t − 3 = −8
d −6 + z = −7 e 5−h=8 f −9 − r = −2
g 13 = −10 + c h −9 = −a + 4 i 10 = − s − 1
j 2 − d = −14 k −13 = −7 − b l 11 − w = 30

6 Solve these equations.

a 3x + 2 = 14 b 2p + 5 = 19 c 7e + 9 = 30
d 6a − 1 = 5 e 4g − 7 = 25 f 9s − 4 = 59
g 3c + 10 = 4 h 11f − 1 = −23 i 12d + 17 = 5
j 11 + 2y = 11 k 3 + 4j = 15 l 12 + 5w = 52
m 5k + 3 = −7 n 8m − 1 = −33 o 3p − 10 = −1
p 1 − 2z = 17 q 4 − 5t = 34 r −7 − 3u = −4
114 Mathscape 9

7 Solve each of these equations, giving the solutions as fractions or mixed numerals, in
simplest form.
a 4p + 20 = 23 b 7m − 3 = 2 c 3c − 9 = 1
d 5h + 8 = 17 e 6y + 7 = 11 f 12r − 5 = 4
g 8k − 13 = 7 h 7 + 12x = 3 i 8 − 3q = 10
j 13 − 4n = 15 k 10k − 8 = 17 l −6 − 21w = 9

8 a Solve 5x − 8 = 19 by:
i using a guess, check and refine approach
ii by performing inverse operations to both sides
b Which method was easier? Why?

9 Solve these quadratic equations, giving the answers as either integers or fractions.
a x2 = 4 b x2 = 9 c x2 = 49 d x2 = 100
e 4x2 = 4 f 9x2 = 36 g 3x2 = 48 h 5x2 = 180
i 9x = 4
2 j 49x = 16
2 k 9x = 100
2 l 81x2 = 144

10 Solve, correct to 1 decimal place:

a x2 = 5 b 2x2 = 24 c 5x2 = 100 d 8x2 = 56

■ Further applications
11 Change one number in the equation:
a 4x − 1 = 6 so that the solution is x = 3
b 5 − 2x = 8 so that the solution is x = −7

12 Write down an equation whose solution is:

a x=5 b x = −3 c x= 1
---
2

4.3 Equations with pronumerals

on both sides
To solve an equation with pronumerals on both sides:

take all pronumerals to one side and all numerals to the other side by performing
inverse operations.

Example 1 Solutions
EG Solve: a 8t = 5t + 21 b 4n = 9n − 20
+S −5t −5t −9n −9n
a 8t = 5t + 21
3t = 21 −5n = −20
b 4n = 9n − 20
÷3 ÷3 ÷(−5) ÷(−5)
∴t = 7 ∴n = 4
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 115

Example 2 Solutions
EG Solve: a 7k − 13 = 3k + 35 b 14 − 9y = 3y + 26
+S −3k −3k +9y +9y
a 7k − 13 = 3k + 35
4k − 13 = 35 14 = 12y + 26
b 14 − 9y = 3y + 26
+13 +13 −26 −26
4k = 48 −12 = 12y
÷4 ÷4 ÷12 ÷12
∴ k = 12 −1 = y
∴ y = −1

Exercise 4.3

1 Solve each of these equations using the guess, check and refine approach.
a 3m = 2m + 7 b 4k + 15 = k + 21 c 9y + 5 = 4y − 10

2 Determine by substitution whether the solution given in brackets is correct.

a 5p + 28 = 12p [p = 4] b 7c − 24 = −5c [c = 2]
c 8w − 13 = 3w + 7 [w = 5] d 1 − 2h = 6h + 9 [h = −1]

3 Solve each equation by taking all of the algebraic terms to one side.
a 5k = 4k + 3 b 9m = 8 + 7m c 3s = 28 − s
d 45 − 2p = 7p e 24 + 8n = 11n f 49 − 3a = 4a
g x = 2x + 5 h 3b = 6b + 21 i 5n = 9n − 4
j 7r − 55 = 2r k 3m + 42 = −4m l 24 + 4u = −8u
m 4g + 60 = 9g n 40 − 4c = c o 64 − 5v = 3v
p 36 + 4e = e q 5d = 54 − d r −88 + 7k = −4k

■ Consolidation
4 a Solve 5y − 7 = 2y + 5 by first:
i adding 7 to both sides ii subtracting 5 from both sides
iii subtracting 2y from both sides iv subtracting 5y from both sides
b Discuss whether one approach was easier than the others.

5 Solve:
a 3x + 8 = 2x + 11 b 6p − 1 = 5p + 7 c 9a + 2 = 7a + 12
d 4m − 9 = 2m + 15 e 10y − 11 = 6y + 5 f 8t − 11 = 5t − 2
g 7k + 8 = 2k − 7 h 9w + 3 = 5w − 21 i 12q − 13 = 3q − 13
j b + 20 = 2b + 15 k 2c + 17 = 5c + 5 l 6s − 4 = 9s + 23
m 8e − 21 = 10e + 5 n 14u − 15 = 8u + 9 o 10f + 36 = 3f + 1
p 5 − 2x = 3x + 25 q 4n + 7 = 13 − 2n r 4 − 3t = 4t − 31
s 4k + 16 = 52 − 5k t 37 − 2m = 21 − 4m u 7h − 26 = −2 + 19h

6 Solve each of these equations, giving the solutions as fractions or mixed numerals, in
simplest form.
a m + 9 = 3m b 17k − 8 = 5k c 1 − 3c = c
116 Mathscape 9

d 15 − 7u = 11u e 16y = 27 − 5y f 9p − 33 = −13p

g 8t + 10 = 5t + 18 h 5z − 4 = 18 + z i 23 − 7a = 5a − 19
j 15 + 3e = 35 + 10e k −6 − 4g = 3 − 25g l 6 − 3k = 21 + k

■ Further applications
7 Change one number in the equation 5x + 6 = 2x + 21 so that the solution is:
a x=7 b x=0 c x = −4

8 a If p = 2q + 9, find values for p and q given that p is 5 more than q.

b If y = 11 − 3x, find values for x and y given that y is equal to 25 more than the product
of 4 and x.

4.4 Equations with grouping

symbols
To solve an equation with grouping symbols:

expand the expressions in grouping symbols

collect like terms if possible

solve the resulting equation by performing inverse operations.

Example 1 Solutions
EG Solve each of these a 5(e − 4) = 65 b 7(m + 6) = 4(m − 3)
+S equations. 5e − 20 = 65 7m + 42 = 4m − 12
a 5(e − 4) = 65 +20 +20 −4m −4m
5e = 85 3m + 42 = −12
b 7(m + 6) = 4(m − 3)
÷5 ÷5 −42 −42
∴ e = 17 3m = −54
÷3 ÷3
∴ m = −18

Example 2 Solution
EG Solve: 3(2x + 5) + 12 = 7 − 5(5x + 6)
+S 3(2x + 5) + 12 = 7 − 5(5x + 6) 6x + 15 + 12 = 7 − 25x − 30
6x + 27 = −25x − 23
+25x +25x
31x + 27 = −23
−27 −27
31x = −50
÷31 ÷31
∴x = −1 19
------
31
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 117

Exercise 4.4

1 In each of the following, expand the expression that contains grouping symbols, then solve
the resulting equation.
a 2(m + 3) = 16 b 3(k − 4) = 12 c 5(c + 2) = 25
d 7(4 + n) = 84 e 6(5 − t) = 48 f 9(2 − x) = 9
g 4(2y + 3) = 20 h 2(3a − 1) = 28 i 3(5w + 2) = 36
j 6(1 − 2p) = 54 k 5(3 − 4c) = 75 l 11(3 − 2m) = 121

2 Solve each of these equations.

a −2(n − 7) = 24 b −5(p + 2) = 30 c −4(y − 3) = 28
d −3(m − 8) = 6 e −8(t + 4) = 24 f −6(10 − a) = 6
g −4(2k + 5) = 12 h −7(3r − 1) = 49 i −5(4s + 3) = 105
j −2(6 − 5d) = 38 k −3(11 − 2x) = 39 l −9(8 − 3x) = 117

3 Solve each of these equations, giving the solutions as fractions or mixed numerals, in
simplest form.
a 3(a + 2) = 11 b 4(m − 2) = 15 c 5(k + 4) = 23
d 3(8y + 1) = 21 e 11(3p − 2) = 5 f 6(5 + 2z) = 8
g −4(w − 3) = 18 h −2(h + 8) = 5 i −6(g − 6) = 15
j −8(2v + 3) = 16 k −7(1 − 4x) = 13 l −12(5c + 2) = 18

4 a Solve 7(x + 3) = 35 by first:

i expanding the expression on the left-hand side
ii dividing both sides by 7
b Discuss whether one approach was easier than the other.

■ Consolidation
5 Solve:
a 4(p − 5) = 3p + 8 b 7(n − 2) = 6n + 4 c 4e − 7 = 5(e − 3)
d 5(s + 7) = 2s + 50 e 9(b + 4) = 26 + 4b f 5y − 57 = 8(y − 3)
g 7(2u + 1) = 6u + 71 h 12(3z − 2) = 20z − 72 i 5(4 − 3t) = 42 − 4t

6 Solve:
a 3(x + 4) = 2(x + 9) b 6(n − 2) = 5(n + 1) c 4(y + 2) = 3(y − 6)
d 5(g − 1) = 4(g + 4) e 7(a + 1) = 5(a + 3) f 5(r + 2) = 3(r − 2)
g 3(z + 5) = 6(z − 1) h 12(p − 3) = 7(p − 3) i 2(2w + 9) = 3(w + 10)
j 8(c + 5) = 4(3c − 1) k 9(2e − 3) = 3(e + 6) l 10(3m + 6) = 6(m + 2)

■ Further applications
7 Simplify the expressions on each side of these equations, then solve for x.
a 3(x + 2) + 2(x + 1) = 33 b 7(x − 3) + 4(x + 2) = 64
c 2(8x − 1) + 5(2x − 3) = 35 d 4(3x + 5) − 6(x + 6) = 26
e 5(x + 8) = 120 − (x + 2) f 9 − 2(x − 8) = 2(x − 4) + 1
g 23 − 4x = 16 − 3(2x + 7) h 11(2x − 3) + 4 = 35 + 2(x − 2)
i 8(3x − 2) − 2(5 − 4x) + 58 = 0 j 25x − 4(2x − 7) = 3(3x + 5) + 45
118 Mathscape 9

4.5 Equations with one fraction

To solve an equation that contains one fraction:

take all constant terms to one side by performing inverse operations

multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator

solve the resulting equation.

Example
EG Solve:
+S 3a m 11 – 4x
a ------ = 12 b ---- + 5 = 8 c ------------------ = 9
5 6 3
Solution
3a m 11 – 4x
a ------ = 12 b ---- + 5 = 8 c ------------------ = 9
5 6 3
×5 ×5 −5 −5 ×3 ×3
3a = 60 m 11 − 4x = 27
÷3 ÷3 ---- = 3 −11 −11
6
∴ a = 20 ×6 ×6 −4x = 16
∴m = 18 ÷(−4) ÷(−4)
∴ x = −4

Exercise 4.5

1 Solve:
d k y w
a --- = 3 b --- = −5 c ------ = 9 d ------ = −8
4 7 –2 –3
2x 3a 5m 4k
e ------ = 8 f ------ = 6 g ------- = 10 h ------ = 12
3 5 2 3
7w 6c 10s 8u
i – ------- = 21 j ------ = −12 k – -------- = 20 l – ------ = −24
2 7 9 3
m
2 a Solve ---- − 3 = 5 by first:
4
i adding 3 to both sides ii multiplying both sides by 4
b Discuss whether one approach was easier than the other.

■ Consolidation
3 Solve each of the following equations.
n k c a
a --- + 1 = 4 b --- + 7 = 9 c --- – 4 = 10 d --- – 2 = 5
5 8 3 9
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 119

z h p x
e --- + 8 = 4 f --- – 6 = −2 g --- – 8 = −6 h – ------ + 4 = −1
4 5 9 12
j u s d
i 5 + --- = 13 j −3 + ------ = −1 k 12 – --- = 8 l −10 − --- = −4
6 11 9 7
3a 5e 7h 9z
m ------ + 4 = 13 n ------ – 3 = 12 o 30 + ------ = 2 p 40 – ----- = 4
2 6 6 2
4 Solve these equations.
m+5 k–2 s+9 t + 15
a ------------- = 2 b ----------- = 4 c ----------- = 4 d -------------- = 2
3 5 6 4
2x – 3 3c – 1 4 – 5d 65 + 10b
e --------------- = 5 f --------------- = 7 g --------------- = 3 h --------------------- = 5
3 5 3 9
11 – 3z 7r + 1 10 + 4 f 12 – 5q
i ----------------- = 5 j --------------- = −8 k ------------------- = 6 l ------------------ = 9
7 6 7 8
5 Solve:
m+3 x–2 7+w
a ------------- + 4 = 9 b ----------- + 8 = 11 c ------------- − 1 = 5
2 5 3
2b + 7 9 + 8u t – 12
d --------------- − 2 = 7 e --------------- + 6 = 13 f ------------- + 5 = 2
3 7 7
2+a k – 19 18 – 4c
g ------------ + 7 = 3 h -------------- − 3 = −15 i ------------------ + 9 = 11
5 2 3

■ Further application
6 Solve:
3 x+7 3x – 2
a --- x = 2 b ------------ = x c 2x = ---------------
4 2 4
4x 2 1
d ------ = 2x − 1 e 3x + 11 = --- x f --- (2x − 5) = 3
5 3 2
4x – 3 5 x
g --------------- = 9 − 2x h --- (x − 4) = 3 + x i --- + x = 8
6 3 3

4.6 Equations with more than one

fraction
To solve an equation that contains more than one fraction:

multiply the expression on each side by the lowest common multiple (LCM) of
the denominators

solve the resulting equation by performing inverse operations.
120 Mathscape 9

Example 1 Solution
a a
EG Solve: --- + --- = 15
+S ×12
6 4
a a
--- + --- = 15 ×12 (The LCM of 6 and 4 is 12.)
6 4 ⎛ --- × 12⎞ + ⎛ --- × 12⎞ = 15 × 12
a a
⎝6 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
2a + 3a = 180
5a = 180
÷5 ÷5
∴ a = 36

Example 2 Solution
EG Solve: 2x x
+S ------ + 7 = --- + 8
2x x 3 2
------ + 7 = --- + 8 ×6 ×6 (The LCM of 3 and 2 is 6.)
3 2
------ × 6⎞ + ( 7 × 6 ) = ⎛ --- × 6⎞ + ( 8 × 6 )
⎛ 2x x
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
4x + 42 = 3x + 48
−3x −3x
x + 42 = 48
−42 −42
∴x = 6

Example 3 Solution
EG Solve: x+8 5 x–4 2
+S ------------ × 10 = ----------- × 10 (The LCM of 2 and 5 is 10.)
x+8 x–4 12 15
------------ = -----------
2 5 5(x + 8) = 2(x − 4)
5x + 40 = 2x − 8
−2x −2x
3x + 40 = −8
−40 −40
3x = −48
÷3 ÷3
∴ x = −16

Exercise 4.6

1 Multiply each term by the lowest common denominator, then solve the resulting equation.
x x a a t t
a --- + --- = 5 b ------ + --- = 3 c --- + ------ = 8
3 2 10 5 6 10
k k n n y y
d --- – --- = 4 e --- – --- = 3 f --- – --- = 4
3 6 6 8 3 7
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 121

3u u 2m 3m 3c 5c
g ------ + --- = 22 h ------- + ------- = 17 i ------ – ------ = 2
5 2 3 4 4 8
6h 2h 4w 5w 7e 4e
j ------ – ------ = 8 k ------- + ------- = 31 l ------ – ------ = 6
7 3 9 12 8 5

■ Consolidation
c+3 4
2 a Solve ----------- = --- by first:
14 7
i multiplying both sides by 14
ii expressing the fractions with a common denominator and equating the numerators
b Discuss whether one approach was easier than the other.

3 Solve:
a+4 1 n–5 1 y+2 3 c+7 3
a ------------ = --- b ------------ = --- c ------------ = --- d ----------- = ---
10 2 12 3 8 4 15 5
3b – 1 2 7t + 4 5 11 – 4x 7 3 – 5m
e --------------- = --- f -------------- = --- g ------------------ = --- h ---------------- = 1 1--7-
21 3 30 6 40 8 42
4 Solve:
2y y a 3a e 5e
a ------ = 11 – --- b --- = ------ + 2 c --- = ------ – 21
5 3 3 10 4 6
x x x 3t 2t t u 2u u
d --- + --- = 1 + --- e ----- + ----- = --- + 21 f --- – ------ = ------ – 5
8 6 4 8 5 4 4 5 10
5 Solve:
m+3 m+5 x+6 x–3 k–4 k+2
a ------------- = ------------- b ------------ = ----------- c ----------- = ------------
2 3 5 2 7 4
2d – 5 d – 3 3n – 2 2n + 5 5t + 2 7t – 4
d --------------- = ------------ e --------------- = --------------- f -------------- = --------------
9 6 4 3 6 5
4 – 7z 2 – 11z 9h + 4 11h + 5 3h + 7 1 + 4h
g -------------- = ----------------- h --------------- = ------------------ i --------------- = ---------------
5 7 8 10 2 11

■ Further applications
6 Solve each of these equations.
x+1 x+5 2f +3 7f –2 4b + 2 3b – 5
a ------------ + ------------ = 6 b ---------------- + --------------- = 8 c --------------- + --------------- = 7
6 4 5 8 10 4
n–7 n–1 2q + 1 q – 8 10 – 4m 6 – 4m
d ------------ − ------------ = 1 e --------------- − ------------ = 8 f ------------------- − ---------------- = 4
4 9 3 5 3 7
2 1 1 1 1 1
g --- x = --- (x − 1) h --- (2x + 3) = --- x i --- (x + 2) + --- (x − 1) = 3
5 2 3 2 4 2
122 Mathscape 9

4.7 Inequations
An inequation is a number sentence in which two quantities are not equal. An inequation is
similar to an equation except that it has an inequality sign instead of an equals sign. The most
commonly used inequality signs are:
Inequality sign Meaning
 less than

greater than
 less than or equal to
 greater than or equal to
≠ not equal to
While the equations looked at so far have a unique solution, inequations can have many
solutions. The set of all possible solutions to an inequation is called the solution set.
Consider the equation x + 2 = 5 and the inequation x + 2
5. The equation has only one
solution, x = 3. The inequation, however, has an infinite number of solutions. Some of these
solutions are x = 4, x = 5, x = 8 1--2- , x = 12.3, x = 100, because when 2 is added to each number,
the result is always greater than 5.
The solutions can be integers, fractions or decimals. If we specify that x is an integer, the
solutions for this inequality would be {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …}—all integers greater than 3. The
number 3 is not a solution because, on substituting x = 3, we note that 3 + 2 is not greater than
5. If the inequation were x + 2  5, then x = 3 would be one of the solutions.

■ Graphing solutions on the number line

The solution to an inequation can be graphed on the number line. This gives an instant picture
of what the solution actually means.

To graph the solution set of an inequality on a number line:

place the number that occurs in the solution at the centre of the number line
segment

draw a closed dot on this number if the inequality sign is  or 

draw an open dot on this number if the inequality sign is
or 

from the dot, draw an arrow along the number line in the direction indicated by
the inequality sign.

■ Solving inequations
Inequations are solved in the same way as equations—by performing inverse operations to both
sides of the inequation. The pronumeral is written on the left-hand side in the solution so that
the arrow is drawn correctly when the solution is graphed on the number line.
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 123

■ Extension
Consider the statement 6
−2, which is clearly true. Now, when both sides of this inequality
are multiplied (or divided) by −1, we have −6
2, which is not a true statement. To overcome
this problem, we need to reverse the inequality sign in the answer. In general:

When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequation by a negative number,

reverse the inequality sign.

Example 1
EG Graph each of these inequalities on a number line.
+S
a x
5 b x  −2

Solutions
a b
3 4 5 6 7 –4 –3 –2 –1 0

Example 2
EG Solve each of the following inequations.
+S a 3x + 4  22 b 6x − 7  2x + 13 c
x
11  --- − 3
2
Solutions
x
a 3x + 4  22 b 6x − 7  2x + 13 c 11  --- − 3
2
−4 −4 −2x −2x +3 +3
x
3x  18 4x − 7  13 14  ---
2
÷3 ÷3 +7 +7 ×2 ×2
∴x6 4x  20 28  x
÷4 ÷4 ∴ x  28
∴x 5

Example 3
EG Solve the inequation 3x − 1  14, where:
+S a x is a real number b x is an integer c x is a positive integer
Solutions
a 3x − 1  14 b If x is an integer (and c If x is a positive integer
+1 +1  5), then the solutions (and  5), then the
3x  15 are x = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, solutions are x = 1, 2,
÷3 ÷3 −2, … 3, 4.
∴x5
124 Mathscape 9

Example 4 (Extension)
EG Solve:
+S x
a – ---  3 b 2 − 3x  23
9
Solutions
x
a – ---  3 b 2 − 3x  23
9
−2 −2
×(−9) ×(−9)
−3x  21
∴ x  −27
÷(−3) ÷(−3)
∴ x
−7
Note the reversal of the inequality sign in these examples.

Exercise 4.7

1 Write down the integer solutions for each of these inequalities.

a x5 b x4 c x
0 d x  12
e x  −7 f x  −15 g x  −7 h x
−11

2 State the inequality that has been graphed on each of these number lines.
a b
1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4

c d
6 7 8 9 10 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

e f
–2 –1 0 1 2 11 12 13 14 15 16

g h
18 19 20 21 22 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4

3 Graph each of these inequalities on a number line.

a x
4 b x  10 c x1 d x6
e x0 f x  −7 g x
−12 h x  −30

4 Solve these inequations and graph the solutions on a number line.

a x+39 b a−41 c y−78 d 9 + k
12
e 3w  21 f 5n
25 g 6b  3 h 10u  −15
m d h p
i ----  7 j ---  2 k ---
−3 l ---  −2
4 6 8 5
5 Solve the following inequations.
a 2
y−1 b 7c+3 c −6  z − 1 d −10  g + 8
e 12  3p f 30  6q g −26
13m h −28  4t
v s b r
i 4  --- j −8  --- k 9  --- l −12
---
6 2 3 5
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 125

■ Consolidation
6 Solve:
a 3x + 1  7 b 4k − 3  17 c 2t − 9
5
d 8 + 5g  23 e 11 + 2m  19 f 7 + 3w  31
g 5q + 14
4 h 1 + 6y  −17 i 4p − 36  0
j 19  2z + 9 k 13  3a − 14 l 23
7e − 12
m 3(u + 3)
30 n 2( f − 4)  22 o −6(2 − a)  9
p 6  8 (3d − 2) q 30  5(2c + 1) r 40
12(4 + 3n)

7 Solve the following inequations.

a 2a + 12  a + 20 b 7m − 8  2m + 17 c 3h + 11
9h − 7
d 2 − 4x  23 − x e 2(5p − 3)
6p + 14 f 3(2e − 7)  5(e − 8)

8 Solve these inequations.

x 2m k
a --- + 7
10 b ------- – 2  8 c 15 + ---  8
4 3 2
t–2 3n + 7 4u – 11
d ----------  3 e ---------------
5 f ------------------  7
4 5 3
9 a Solve 2x + 5  19, where x is a positive integer
b Solve 5x + 8  33, where x is an integer
x
c Solve --- − 1  6, where x is an integer greater than 15
3
d Solve 12x + 7
9x − 5, where x is a negative integer

■ Further applications
10 Solve each of these equations, which involve the reversal of the inequality sign.
a −2a  10 b −3y  6 c −5n  −20 d −4d
−36
k w
e −m
2 f −c  −4 g – ---  10 h – ----  −5
3 6
1 1
i – --- x  9 j – --- e
−4 k 24  −3d l −50
−10s
2 3
t z f
m 32  −4g n 7  – --- o −6  – --- p −9  – ---
5 3 6
11 Solve:
a 2 − 3c  8 b 5 − 2s
17 c 14 − p  9
d 21 − 5h  11 e 7 − 4t  23 f 13 − 9g
4
g 20 − 3v  2 h 53 − 12d
5 i 10 − 7q  66
j 2(4 − 5n)  28 k 6(8 − 3r)  −24 l 5(3 − 7j)
20
m 3(5 − 2t)  4 n 2(7 − 10n)  6 o −9(3s − 1)
−27
126 Mathscape 9

4.8 Solving worded problems

To solve worded problems:

express each unknown in terms of x

form an equation and solve it

give the answer in the context of the question.

Example 1
EG Form an equation and solve it to find the number in each of these.
+S
a Nine less than 4 times a number is equal to 23.
b Thirteen is added to one-quarter of a number. The result is 19.
c Increase a number by 7, then double it. The result is 30.

Solutions
In each example, let the number be x.
x
a 4x − 9 = 23 b --- + 13 = 19 c 2(x + 7) = 30
4
+9 +9 −13 −13 2x + 14 = 30
4x = 32 x −14 −14
÷4 ÷4 --- = 6 2x = 16
4
∴x = 8 ×4 ×4 ÷2 ÷2
∴ The number is 8. ∴ x = 24 ∴x=8
∴ The number is 24. ∴ The number is 8.

Example 2 Solution
EG The sum of 3 consecutive Let the numbers be x, x + 2, x + 4.
+S odd numbers is 129. Find x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 129
the numbers. 3x + 6 = 129
−6 −6
3x = 123
÷3 ÷3
∴ x = 41
∴ x + 2 = 43
∴ x + 4 = 45
∴ The numbers are 41, 43, 45.
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 127

Example 3 Solution
EG The cost of a cricket ball is Let the cost of a tennis ball be x cents
+S 80c more than the cost of a ∴ the cost of a cricket ball is (x + 80) cents.
tennis ball. If 3 cricket balls 3(x + 80) + 4x = 1990 (NOTE: $19.90 = 1990c)
and 4 tennis balls cost 3x + 240 + 4x = 1990
$19.90, find the cost of each 7x + 240 = 1990
ball. −240 −240
7x = 1750
÷7 ÷7
∴ x = 250
∴ x + 80 = 330
∴ Each tennis ball costs $2.50 and each cricket ball costs
$3.30.

Exercise 4.8

In Q1 to Q5, form an equation and solve it to find the number.

1 a Six more than 4 times a number is equal to 18.
b Five less than twice a number is equal to 9.
c When a number is multiplied by 3, then increased by 7, the result is 43.
d Double a number, then reduce it by 9. The result is 13.
e When a number is multiplied by 5 and this is then subtracted from 60, the result is 20.

2 a A number is increased by 4 and then multiplied by 6. The result is 30.

b When 3 is subtracted from a number and this is then multiplied by 8, the result is 64.
c The difference between a number and 9 is tripled. The result is 45.

3 a If 12 is added to half of a number, the result is 25.

b A number is divided by 7, then decreased by 3. The result is 4.
c Two-thirds of a number is 18.
d Eight less than three-quarters of a number is 31.

4 a A number is added to 17 and then divided by 4. The result is 7.

b Think of a number. Double it, add 5, then divide by 3. The result is 11.
c A certain number is decreased by 4, doubled, then divided by 5. The result is 6.

5 a A number is doubled, then decreased by 9. The result is equal to 13 more than the
number.
b Eighteen less than the product of a number and 5 is equal to double the number.
c Think of a number. Double it, add 20, then divide by 4. The result is equal to 3 times
the number.
d One-third of a number is equal to 5 less than twice the number.
128 Mathscape 9

■ Consolidation
6 Form an equation and solve it to answer each of the following.
a The sum of two consecutive numbers is 151. What are the numbers?
b The sum of three consecutive numbers is 54. What are the numbers?
c The sum of four consecutive numbers is 98. What are the numbers?

7 Form an equation and solve it to find the numbers in each of these.

a The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 102. Find the numbers.
b The sum of four consecutive odd numbers is 48. Find the numbers.
c The sum of two consecutive even numbers is equal to 27 more than the odd number that
lies between them. Find the even numbers.
d The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is equal to 39 more than the sum of the even
numbers that lie between them. Find the odd numbers.
8 Form an equation and solve it to find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.
a (x – 5) cm b c
(5x + 3) cm
(2x + 7) cm

2x cm

(x + 11) cm
Perimeter = 36 cm Perimeter = 85 cm Perimeter = 104 cm

9 Form an equation, then solve it to answer each of the following problems.

a In a group of 29 men and women, there are 7 more women than men. How many people
of each gender are there?
b Annika has $9 less than Kris. If together they have $41, find the amount of money that
each girl has.
c The perimeter of a parallelogram is 56 cm and one side is 6 cm shorter than an adjacent
side. Find the lengths of the sides.
d The cost of a new tyre is $35 more than the cost of a retread. If the cost of two new tyres
and two retreads is $370, find the unit cost of each tyre.
e An isosceles trapezium has two equal sides of length 7 cm. One of the parallel sides is
5 cm longer than the other parallel side. Find the lengths of the parallel sides if the
trapezium has a perimeter of 35 cm.
f A 2.5 m length of timber is cut into 3 pieces. One piece is twice the length of the shortest
piece and the other is 30 cm longer than the shortest piece. Find, in centimetres, the
length of each piece of timber.
g Raymond is half the age of his father. The sum of their ages is 78 years. How old is each
person?
10 Form an equation, then solve it to answer each of these.
a An imported brand of sugar costs 60c more per kilogram than an Australian brand. If
2 kg of imported sugar plus 5 kg of Australian sugar costs $13.80, find the cost per
kilogram of the imported sugar.
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 129

b Jonathan is twice as old as Darren and Darren is three times as old as Bettina. The sum
of their ages is 120 years. Find the age of each person.
c At a local fruit shop, tomatoes are sold at 24c each and pears are sold at 28c each. Keryn
bought 8 more pears than tomatoes and paid the fruiterer $3.80. How many pears and
tomatoes did Keryn purchase?
5
d If the numerator and denominator in the fraction ----- - are increased by a certain number,
11
2
n, the value of the fraction would then be --3- . Find the number.
e Penny has saved $18 in 20c and 50c coins. There are 8 more 50c coins than 20c coins.
What is the total value of the 20c coins?
f An apprentice mechanic agrees to be paid $90 for each day that he comes to work and
to pay his employer $40 for each day that he does not come to work. How many days
did the apprentice work in April if his total pay for the month was $1790?

■ Further applications
11 a A woman has a daughter who is half her age and a son who is two-thirds her age.
The sum of the children’s ages is 12 years more than the age of their mother. How old
is each person?
b A man is 37 years old and his daughter is 5 years old. In how many years time will the
man be 3 times the age of his daughter?
c Anita is 4 times as old as Frank. In 5 years time Anita will only be 3 times as old as
Frank. Find their present ages.
d Six years ago, Wendy was twice the age of Thao. At present, Wendy is 30 years older
than Thao. Find the present age of each woman.

TRY THIS A prince and a king

The following problems are from a translation of a collection of Ancient Greek works.

Problem 1
‘I wish’, said the Prince, ‘for my two sons to receive the 9000 gold coins which I
possess so that the fifth part of the elder one’s share exceeds by 90 the fourth part
of what goes to the younger. Please calculate what each son shall receive.’

Problem 2
Croesus the King
blessed five bowls
weighing 10 minae in
total. Each was
10 drachmae heavier
than the one before.
How much did each
bowl weigh?
(100 drachmae = 1 mina.)
130 Mathscape 9

4.9 Evaluating the subject of a

formula
A formula is an algebraic statement that shows the relationship between various quantities.
Formulae are also known as literal equations. Most formulae are written with a single
pronumeral on the left-hand side. This pronumeral is called the subject of the formula. The
subject can be evaluated by substituting values for all of the other pronumerals in the formula.
A lot of our work in mathematics relies on memorising and using formulae. You do not need
to memorise the formulae in this exercise, or the next, although you will certainly recognise
many of them.

Example
EG a If v = u + at, find the value of v when u = 45, a = −2 and t = 10.4.
+S h
b Given that A = --- (a + b), find the value of A when h = 14.6, a = 9.7 and b = 8.5.
2
c If E = 1--2- mv2, find the value of E when m = 17.25 and v = −8.

Solutions
h 2
a v = u + at b A = --- (a + b) c E = 1--2- mv
2
= 45 − 2(10.4)
= 45 − 20.8
14.6
= ---------- (9.7 + 8.5) = 1
---
2
× 17.25 × (−8)2
2
= 24.2 = 1
× 17.25 × 64
= 7.3 × 18.2 ---
2
= 132.86 = 552

Exercise 4.9

1 a If A = lb, find the value of A when l = 7, b = 5.

b If F = ma, find the value of F when m = 8.5, a = 2.3.
c If V = lbh, find the value of V when l = 12, b = 2.5, h = 6.
d If A = 1--2- bh, find the value of A when b = 9, h = 6.45.
D
2 a Given that S = ---- , find S when D = 90, T = 5.
T
5K
b If M = ------- , find M when K = 27.
18
PRN
c Given that I = ------------ , find I if P = 200, R = 7, N = 4.
100
3 Evaluate the subject of each formula, correct to 1 decimal place.
a C = πd given that d = 21.
b C = 2πr if r = 9.2.
c A = πab when a = 12 1--2- , b = 5.
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 131

4 Find the value of the subject in each formula given that:

a P = 2L + 2B i L = 9, B = 4 ii L = 5.8, B = 11.3
b y = mx + b i m = 2, x = 7, b = 1 ii m = −3, x = 6, b = −4
c v = u + at i u = 8, a = 1.5, t = 10 ii u = 32, a = − 1--2- , t = 8

5 a If A = s2, find A when s = 8.

b If V = x3, find V when x = 12.
c If y = ax 2 + c, find y when a = 2, x = −3, c = −10.
6 a Find the value of V if V = 2gR , g = 9.8, R = 2.5.
g
b Find the value of v if v = --- , g = 9.8, k = 0.392.
k
3
cFind the value of T if T = R , R = 4.
h
7 a Given that A = --- (a + b), find the value of A when h = 16, a = 5, b = 7.
2
n
b Given that S = --- (a + l ), find the value of S when n = 17, a = 3, l = 11.
2
c Given that C = 5--9- (F − 32), find the value of C when F = 86.

■ Consolidation

8 a If E = 1--2- mv 2 , find E when m = 21, v = 0.2.

b If A = 1--2- r 2 θ , find A when r = 6, θ = 2.4.
mv 2
c If F = --------- , find F when m = 18, v = −5, r = 12.
r
v – u2
2
d If S = ---------------- , find S when v = 13, u = 7.
2
2
dv
e If h = -------- , find h correct to 2 decimal places when d = 6, v = 2.5, g = 9.8, r = 15.4.
gr
f If y = tx − at 2, find y when t = 2, x = 5, a = −3.
g If s = ut + 1--2- at 2, find s when u = 3.5, t = 8, a = −22.

9 Find the value of:

360
a D if D = --------- , when n = 5
n
y2 – y1
b m if m = ---------------- , when y 2 = 23, y 1 = 5, x 2 = 4, x 1 = −2
x2 – x1
a
c S if S = ----------- , when a = 6, r = 1--3-
1–r
m1 – m2
d T if T = ----------------------- , when m 1 = −4, m 2 = 1--2-
1 + m1 m2
132 Mathscape 9

10 Evaluate, correct to 1 decimal place:

a A when A = 4πr 2 and r = 2.75
b V when V = πr 2h and r = 1.2, h = 5
c V when V = 4--3- πr3 and r = 3 -----
12
5
-

d A when A = π(R2 − r 2) and R = 10.5, r = 6.5

e S when S = πr2 + πrs and r = 1.6, s = 2.75

11 a If S = 2(ab + bc + ca), find S when a = 3, b = 4, c = 6.

h
b Given that A = --- ( d F + 4d M + d L ) , find A when h = 4, d F = 3.3, d M = 6.7, d L = 4.1.
3
c Find the value of T if T = a + (n − 1)d when a = 7, n = 15, d = 1 1--4- .
n
d Evaluate S if S = --- [2a + (n − 1)d] given that n = 10, a = 4, d = −3.
2

■ Further applications
12 Evaluate:
a R if R = a 2 + b 2 and a = 2, b = 5
b v if v = n a 2 – x 2 and n = 3, a = 10, x = −6
l
c T if T = 2π --- and l = 32, g = 9.8 (Answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
g

d v if v = u 2 + 2as and u = 11, a = −5, s = −7.5

b2
e E if E = 1 – ----2- and a = 5, b = 3
a

13 a If A = Pr n, find correct to 2 decimal places the value of A when P = 250 000, r = 0.14,
n = 5.
b If T = ar n − 1, find T when a = 8, r = 1--2- , n = 7.
r n
c If A = P ⎛ 1 + ---------⎞ , find A correct to 2 decimal places when P = 3250, r = 17, n = 4.
⎝ 100⎠
n–1
(1 + r )
d If E = ------------------------- , find E correct to 2 decimal places when r = 0.12, n = 15.
n

TRY THIS Arm strength

In the United States, a formula is used to measure the arm strength of boys and
girls. This formula uses two exercises—dips and pull-ups.
The formula is:

Index of arm strength (AS) = (D + P) ⎛ ------- + H – 60⎞

W
⎝ 10 ⎠
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 133

where D = number of dips

P = number of pull-ups
W = mass in pounds
H = height in inches if your height is
more than 60 inches. (If your height is
less than 60 inches, use H = 60.)
NOTE: In the United States, weight is
measured in pounds instead of kilograms and
height in inches instead of centimetres.
Use the conversions 1 kg = 2.2 pounds and
1 cm = 0.394 inches to change your measures to pounds and inches.

Example
Suppose that Miss Muffett can do 4 dips and 7 pull-ups, and that she weighs
50 kg and is 160 cm tall. Using the formula, what is the measure of her arm
strength?

4.10 Equations arising from

substitution
To find the value of a pronumeral other than the subject of a formula, you need to solve the
equation.

Example
EG a If P = 2L + 2B, find the value of B when P = 42.2 and L = 12.7.
+S n
b Given that S = --- (a + l ), find the value of a when S = 630, n = 18 and l = 44.
2
c If E = 1--2- mv2, find the value of v when E = 213.6, m = 26.7 and v
0.

Solutions
a P = 2L + 2B
42.2 = 2(12.7) + 2B
42.2 = 25.4 + 2B
−25.4 −25.4
16.8 = 2B
÷2 ÷2
∴ B = 8.4
134 Mathscape 9
n
b S = --- (a + l)
2
18
630 = ------ (a + 44)
2
630 = 9(a + 44)
630 = 9a + 396
−396 −396
234 = 9a
÷9 ÷9
∴ a = 26
c E = 1--2- mv 2
213.6 = 1
---
2
× 26.7 × v 2
213.6 = 13.35v2
÷13.35 ÷13.35
16 = v 2
∴ v = 4 (v
0)

Exercise 4.10

1 a If F = ma, find m when F = 10.5, a = 7.

b If V = lbh, find b when V = 480, l = 12, h = 8.

2 If P = 2L + 2B, find the value of:

a L when P = 32, B = 6 b B when P = 46, L = 13.5
D
3 If S = ---- , find:
T
a D when S = 15, T = 6 b D when S = 25.4, T = 3.5
c T when S = 45, D = 315 d T when D = 36.256, S = 4.4
5K
4 If M = ------- , find the value of K when M = 30.
18

■ Consolidation
5 If v = u + at, find the value of:
a u when v = 50, a = 5, t = 6 b u when v = 14, a = −12, t = 8
c a when v = 167.3, u = 10.5, t = 12.8 d t when v = 9.76, u = 15.2, a = −3.4
n
6 If S = --- (a + l ), find the value of:
2
a n when S = 96, a = 5, l = 7 b l when S = −28, n = 7, a = 3
c a when S = 689, n = 26, l = 48
7 If v = 2gR , find the value of:
a g when v = 9, R = 4.05 b R when v = 12, g = 10
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 135

g
8 If v = --- , find the value of:
k
a g when v = 4, k = 0.5 b k when v = 6, g = 12

9 If E = 1--2- mv 2 , find the value of:

a m when E = 24, v = 4 b v when E = 14.4, m = 12.8 and v
0
2
mv
10 If F = --------- , find the value of:
r
a m when F = 20, v = 5, r = 20 b v when F = 49, m = 10, r = 2.5 and v
0
c r when F = 56.32, v = −12.8, m = 22
v2 – u2
11 If S = ---------------- , find the value of:
2
a v when S = 36, u = 7 and v
0 b u when S = 17.1, v = 10.4 and u
0
12 If S = ut + 1--2- at 2 , find the value of:
a u when S = 116, t = 4, a = 12 b a when S = 3.92, u = 7, t = 1.4
y2 – y1
13 If m = ---------------- , find the value of:
x2 – x1
a y2 when m = 3, y1 = 5, x2 = 8, x1 = 4
b y1 when m = −3, y2 = 13, x2 = −5, x1 = 2
c x2 when m = 3--4- , y2 = 21, y1 = 6, x1 = 4
d x1 when m = – 5--7- , y2 = −8, y1 = 2, x2 = 9
14 If V = πr2h, find the value of:
a h when V = 32π, r = 2
b r correct to 1 decimal place when V = 1170, h = 5.4 and r
0
15 If V = 4--3- πr 3, find the value of:
a r when V = 288π b r correct to 1 decimal place when V = 100
a
16 If S = ----------- , find the value of:
1–r
a a when S = 30, r = 1--4- b a when S = 50, r = −0.6
c r when S = 36, a = 12 d r when S = 28, a = 42

■ Further applications

17 If A = π(R 2 − r 2), find the value of:

a R when A = 40π, r = 3 and R
0
b R correct to 1 decimal place when A = 78.5, r = 6.5 and R
0
c r when A = 85π, R = 11 and r
0
d r correct to 1 decimal place when A = 480.3, R = 13.7 and r
0
136 Mathscape 9

n
18 If S = --- [2a + (n − 1)d], find the value of:
2
a a when S = 250, n = 10, d = 4 b d when S = −44, n = 8, a = −3
19 If T = ar n−1, find the value of:
a a when T = 175, r = 5, n = 3 b r when T = 80, a = 5, n = 5
c n when T = 56, a = 7, r = 2
m1 – m2
20 If T = ----------------------- , find the value of:
1 + m1 m2
a m1 when T = 1--8- , m2 = 5 b m2 when T = −4 1--2- , m1 = – 1--2-

TRY THIS Floodlighting by formula

The formula below is used by lighting engineers to work out how many floodlights are
needed to illuminate a given area. Many factors are taken into account, including the
size of the area and the strength of illumination required (measured in lumens per
square metre).
Different uses require different strengths of illumination. If a car park, a tennis court
and a beach park are all of the same area, which one should have the strongest
illumination?
A × L2
Number of floodlights = ----------------
B×C
where A = area
L = light intensity per square metre desired
B = light intensity emitted by one light
C = the constant factor (depends on height of poles, reflection from walls,
etc.)
1 Calculate the number of floodlights required to light a rectangular area
50 m × 30 m with an intensity of 2 lumens per square metre if the type of lights
that have been chosen emit 2000 lumens each and the constant factor is 0.26.
2 If the intensity required was dropped to 1 lumen per square metre, how many
lights would be needed?
3 If the original number of lights is to be kept (because the poles and fixtures
have already been installed) but new lights can be purchased that are less than
2000 lumens, find to the nearest lumen the output required from each light to
give 1 lumen per square metre.
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 137

0FF OCUS ON
O R K I N M I CAAL LL LYY
O C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M AATTHHEEMMAATTI C
W G

FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

BUSHFIRES

TICALLY
G MATHEMA
Introduction
The NSW bushfires of 2001/2002 reminded us all that Australia can be a dangerous place to
live. The bravery of the people fighting the fires was amazing. There were incredible stories of
how homes were saved. On television you could see shots of ‘Elvis’ the super chopper picking
up and dropping 9000 L of water at a time in areas of real danger. The way people got together
to support each other will be remembered for a long time.
In summer, the predicted temperature range for the day (and the few days ahead) is very

ON WORKIN
important when fighting bushfires. So also is the speed and direction of the wind and the
humidity of the air. In Australia temperatures are reported in degrees Celsius (or °C), the
Centigrade scale. This scale is a 100 degree scale and it replaced the 180 degree Fahrenheit
scale (°F) when Australia changed to a metric system.
Temperatures are reported daily in Australia in degrees Celsius in television weather reports,
in the newspapers and on the radio. In the United States and Britain, however, the Fahrenheit
scale is still used. When the temperature here is 40°C it is very hot. If you are used to the
FOCUS

Fahrenheit scale, this might seem cold until you convert it to 104°F. A nice summer day in
California, for example, might be 72°F.
In this activity we examine the equation that shows the connection between the Fahrenheit and
Centigrade scales.
 138 Mathscape 9

2L EARNING ACTIVITIES

If F stands for the number of degrees Fahrenheit, and C the number of degrees Celsius, the
HEMATICALLY

equation is:
9C
F = ------- + 32
5
1 Use the equation to confirm that the equivalent of 40°C is 104°F.
2 Change the subject of the formula to C.
3 Convert 59°F to °C. What time of the year might we experience such a temperature in New
South Wales?
4 What is the temperature in °F when C = 0, the temperature of melting ice? (This is called
the lower fixed point of a thermometer.)
5 What is the temperature in °F when C = 100, the temperature of boiling water? (This is
called the upper fixed point of a thermometer.)
6 The heat given out by a bushfire is very high. Calculate the equivalent of 1000°C in °F.
7 Calculate the equivalent of F = 0° in °C. How would you describe the temperature? Where
LY

in the world might you expect to experience such a temperature?

A LT

8E
I CA

XTENSION ACTIVITIES
GA TM

9C
1 Draw a graph of the equation F = ------- + 32 with the values of F on the vertical axis and C
5
F O C U S O N W O R K IHNE M

on the horizontal axis. Take the values of C from −20 to 100. Label the axes and write a
title for your graph.
2 What do you notice about the graph?
MAT

3 Highlight the part of the graph where C < 0. For what values of F is C < 0?

E L ET’S
WORKING

COMMUNICATE

9C
1 Explain to your classmate the meaning of the equation F = ------- + 32. You may like to reread
5
the introduction.
2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two temperature scales. Why do countries
like the United States and Britain continue to use both scales today?
ON

%R EFLECTING
FOCUS

Reflect on how important a role mathematics has played in the fighting of bushfires by
providing and predicting weather patterns. Look at your daily newspaper or television weather
reports to see what mathematical information is provided.
 Chapter 4: Eq ua t io n s, in equ at io n s an d fo rmu lae 139

1 What is the difference between an equate verb 1. to regard, treat, or represent as equal
equation and an inequation? or connected: He equates money with happiness.
2 List 2 words that mean the same thing as | The decrease in the incidence of lung cancer equates
inverse. with a decrease in the number of smokers.
3 What is the difference between solve and 2. to be the same in number, value, etc.: The cost of
a home mortgage equates to about 25 per cent of an
substitute? average income.
4 Define formula for a new mathematics
dictionary. Why is the skill of equating important to
5 Read the Macquarie Learners Dictionary science and medicine?
entry for equate:

VIEW
1 Solve each of the following equations. 7 Expand and simplify the expressions on
a k + 6 = 19 b m − 8 = 14 each side of these equations, then solve
a for x.
c 5t = 65 d --- = 17
4 a 5(x + 3) + 2(x + 2) = 54
e 12 − j = 4 f 7 = −3 + b b 9(x − 4) + 3(5 − x) = 33
g −x − 6 = 2 h −9 = 5 − c c 8 − 3(x − 4) = 5(x + 2) + 2
2 Solve: 8 Solve each of these equations, giving the

CHAPTER RE
a 2p + 7 = 23 b 5k − 4 = 26 solutions in simplest fraction form.
c 17 − 4y = 29 d 8m + 3 = −45 a –15g = –9 b x+ 1
--- =5
3
3 Solve: w
a 8h = 3h + 40 b 9d + 42 = 2d c u − 2 1--2- = 1 2--3- d ---- = – 3--4-
5
c 3y = 7y − 44 d 60 − 7s = 5s e 4h + 13 = 27 f 9 + 12t = 17
4 Solve these equations. g 10n − 11 = 14 h 7 − 15s = −5
a 5r + 8 = 2r + 29
b 9b + 11 = 5b − 25 9 Solve:
c 23 − 3u = 41 − 5u
3x 5c
5 Solve each of the following. a ------ = 12 b ------ = −15
2 4
a 3(v + 7) = 36 b 9(2a + 5) = 99 2z t
c −8(2 − 3f ) = −112 c – ----- = −8 d ------ − 7 = 2
3 11
6 Solve: 4a 2u
a 6(x + 2) = 5x + 16 e ------ + 5 = 13 f 6 − ------ = −2
3 5
b 4p − 54 = 2(7p + 3) n+4 w+3 2
c 5(2r − 3) = –3(1 − 3r) g ------------ = 3 h ------------- = ---
7 12 3

CHAPTER REVIEW
 140 Mathscape 9
CHAPTER RE

5r – 14 4 3 – 7z 3 e Think of a number. Double it. Add

i ----------------- = --- j -------------- = --- 17. Divide by 5. The result is 7.
20 5 60 4
e+6 e–2 7h – 8 4h – 5 f A number is multiplied by 5 then
k ------------ = ----------- l --------------- = --------------- decreased by 30. The result is equal to
4 5 4 2
10 Solve: 18 more than double the number.
x x 3m m 15 Form an equation and solve it to answer
a --- + --- = 18 b ------- – ---- = 13 each of the following.
4 5 5 6
2a a a The sum of four consecutive numbers
c ------ = 11 − --- is 70. What are the numbers?
7 2
b The sum of three consecutive odd
11 Write down the integer solution set for
numbers is 87. What are the
these inequalities.
numbers?
a x7 b x5
c x
−10 d x0 16 a Samantha has $47 less than James
and together they have $283. How
12 State, in terms of x, the inequality that has
much does each person have?
been graphed on each number line.
b At a local cafeteria, the cost of a salad
a
VIEW

1 2 3 4 5 sandwich is 40c more than for a ham

sandwich. A group of friends bought
b
4 salad sandwiches and 3 ham
0 1 2 3 4
sandwiches and paid $17 altogether.
c
Find the cost of each sandwich.
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3
d 17 a If v = 2gR , find the value of v when
–16 –15 –14 –13 –12 g = 9.8 and R = 250.
13 Solve each of these inequations. b If v = u + at, find the value of v when
a y−53 b k+7
4 u = 60, a = −3 and t = 8.7.
t c If E = 1--2- mv2, find the value of E when
c 6m  30 d ---  3
9 m = 12.8 and v = 4.5.
e 15
u − 4 f 3c + 11  23 n
g 5(z + 6)  10 h 7w + 27  4w − 12 d If S = --- (a + l), find the value of
2
14 Form an equation and solve it to find the S when n = 16, a = 13 and l = 18.
number in each of these. 18 a If P = 2L + 2B, find the value of L
a Seven less than three times a number when P = 40 and B = 12.
is equal to 38. b If y = mx + b, find the value of m when
b When a number is multiplied by 3 and y = 8, x = 15 and b = −2.
this is then subtracted from 50, the 5K
result is 23. c If M = ------- , find the value of K when
18
c If 8 is added to half of a number, the M = 45.
result is 13.
d If S = ut + 1--2- at2, find the value of a
d A number is increased by 6 then
multiplied by 4. The result is 68. when S = 245, u = 87.5 and t = 7.

CHAPTER REVIEW