Circles and

cylinders
10
This chapter at a glance

Circles and cylinders

Stage 3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

name the parts of a circle.

Stage 4
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

calculate the circumference of a circle

find the length of the radius or diameter of a circle given the circumference

calculate the perimeter of a semicircle and quarter circle

calculate the perimeter of a composite figure

calculate the area of a circle

find the length of the radius or diameter of a circle given the area

calculate the area of a semicircle and quarter circle

calculate the area of a composite figure

calculate the volume of a cylinder

calculate the total volume of composite solids that are comprised of cylinders
and prisms.

363
364 Mathscape 8

10.1 Parts of the circle

The following table shows the various parts of a circle and lists their definitions.

Circumference: the boundary of a circle. Semicircle: half the boundary of a circle.

Arc: part of the circumference. The smaller Centre: the point inside a circle that is
arc is called the minor arc and the larger arc equidistant from all points on the
is called the major arc. circumference.

Chord: an interval that joins two points on Diameter: a chord that passes through
the circumference. the centre.

Radius: an interval that joins the centre to a Sector: the area bounded by an arc and two
point on the circumference. It is half the radii. The smaller sector is called the minor
length of the diameter. sector and the larger sector is called the
major sector.

Segment: the area bounded by an arc and a

chord. The smaller segment is called the Tangent: a line that touches a circle at
minor segment and the larger segment is one point.
called the major segment.
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 365

Concentric circles are two or more circles that have the

same centre. If two circles are concentric, then they are
always the same distance apart. •

Example 1 Solution
EG What fraction of a To find what fraction a sector occupies
+S θ
circle is this sector? 45° of a complete circle, we form the fraction ---------
360
then simplify.
θ 45
Now, --------- = ---------
360 360
1
= ---
8
∴ the sector is 1--8- of a circle.

Example 2
EG How far apart are
+S two concentric circles 10 cm ?
with diameters 22 cm
and 10 cm?

Solution 22 cm
The diameter of the larger circle is 22 cm, ∴ the radius is 11 cm.
The diameter of the smaller circle is 10 cm, ∴ the radius is 5 cm.
Distance between the circles = distance between the radii
= 11 cm − 5 cm
= 6 cm
∴ the circles are 6 cm apart.

Exercise 10.1

1 Name the parts of a circle shown on the diagrams below.

a b c d

O O

e f g h

O
366 Mathscape 8

i j k l
O
O

■ Consolidation
2 Name each of the following features shown on the diagram. R
a the interval PQ b the interval OR T V U
c the curved line RUQ d the region RUQ
e the line TPS f the interval RQ P Q
O
g the region PORV h the arc PWQ
S
B
W
3 Using the given diagram, name all: A
a radii b chords
O
C F

E
D

4 State the circle feature whose definition is given below.

a An interval that joins the centre of a circle to the circumference.
b Half the length of the circumference.
c A section of the circumference.
d The area bounded by two radii and the circumference.
e An interval that joins two points on the circumference.
f A line that touches a circle at one point only.
g The area bounded by a chord and the circumference.
h A chord that passes through the centre of a circle.

5 Which diagram shows the following A B C

circle features meeting at right angles?
a a tangent and a diameter
b a diameter and a chord
c two chords O
O

6 Which one of these features is

not shown on the diagram?
A tangent
B radius O
C chord
D diameter

7 The longest chord in a circle has length 10 cm. What length is the radius?
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 367

8 ∆XOY is drawn in a circle with centre O.

a Which sides in the triangle are equal? Why? O
b What kind of triangle is XOY?
c Which angles in the triangle are equal? Why?
X Y
9 FG is a diameter in this circle with centre O.
a What kind of triangle is EOF? Why? F
b Find the length of the chord EF if the length of 60°
the diameter is 14 cm. O
60°
60°
10 Two concentric circles
(i.e. circles that have the E G

12
same centre) have diameters O

cm
12 cm and 20 cm. How far
apart are the circles?
20 cm

11 What fraction of a circle is each sector?

a b c

120° 45°

d e f
60°
72° O
O
150°

■ Further applications
12 Form an equation and solve it to find the value of x in each of these. (All lengths are in cm.)
a b c
(2

17)
x+

(9x

(3x + (2x + 5)
7)

15
–2

O
5)

O O
0)
(4x +

13 A chord AC has length 12 cm and is 8 cm from O,

the centre of the circle. Find the length of:
a the radius b the diameter O

A B C
368 Mathscape 8

14 A chord RT has length 10 cm and its distance OS from the

centre O is 12 cm. The area of the minor sector ROTU is
67 cm2. Find the shaded area. O

R S T
U

Investigation

It is not easy to find the perimeter of a circle because the boundary is not made up of straight
edges. The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference.
The problem of calculating the circumference of a circle has plagued mathematicians for
centuries. It was known, dating back to the time of the Ancient Egyptians, that the distance
around the boundary of a circle was directly related to the length of its diameter. We will
now examine this relationship in the following investigation.
1 Roll a 20 cent coin through one complete revolution along the edge of your ruler.

20
0 CM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a How far was the coin rolled? This is the circumference of the coin.
b Measure the diameter of the coin using the ruler.
c Divide the circumference of the coin by its diameter, giving the answer correct to
1 decimal place.

2 The table below shows the circumference (C) and diameter (d) of 6 circles. Find, correct
C
to 1 decimal place, the value of the ratio ---- for each circle. What do you notice?
d
C
Circumference (C) Diameter (d) Ratio ----
d
9.4 cm 3 cm
12.6 cm 4 cm
28.3 cm 9 cm
31.4 cm 10 cm
39.9 cm 12.7 cm
48.4 cm 15.4 cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 369

3 a Use a compass to draw a circle with radius 2.5 cm. Find the circumference with the
aid of a piece of string, correct to 1 decimal place.
b Divide the circumference by the length of the diameter.
4 Use a piece of string to find the circumference of each of these circles, correct to
C
1 decimal place. What is the value of the ratio ---- in each circle?
d
a b c

TRY THIS How Eratosthenes measured the

circumference of the Earth
The sun’s rays come from such a great distance
that we may consider them to be parallel.
The diagram shows the sun’s rays (↓) striking B
stake
the cities of Alexandria (A) and Syene (S).
The distance AS was 5000 stadia. a°
A S
1
Eratosthenes measured ∠B as --------
50
of a
circle (7 1
---- °)
5
Now, ∠C = ∠B (alternate angles in parallel lines)
1
thus ∠C = --------
50
of a circle
1
and AS = --------
50
of the circumference
Thus circumference = 50 × 5000 stadia
= 250 000 stadia
= 46 234 kilometres
Note: The ancient measure of 1 stadium is
equal to approximately 185 metres. C
370 Mathscape 8

10.2 Circumference of a circle

■ The meaning of pi (π )
The previous investigation should have convinced you that the ratio
length of circumference ( C )
-------------------------------------------------------------------- = 3.1 for any circle. In fact, the decimal value of this ratio is
length of diameter ( d )
3.141 592 654 . . . , which continues forever without repetition. This number is used so often in
mathematics that it is given a special name, pi, and its symbol is π, a letter of the Greek
alphabet. It is important to note that π is an irrational number as it does not have an exact
fraction or decimal value. Over the centuries, mathematicians have used various
approximations for the value of π. In Ancient Greece, the great mathematician Archimedes
(c. 225 BC) stated that the value of π lay between 3 10 1
------ and 3 --- . The famous Chinese
71 7
mathematician Tsu Ch’ung-chih (c. 470) gave the value of π as 355 --------- , which is accurate to
113
6 decimal places. In all calculations, the value of π should be obtained by pressing the π key on
the calculator, unless otherwise indicated. The common approximations for π are 22 ------ as a
7
fraction and 3.14 as a decimal.

■ The formulae for circumference

As stated in the previous investigation, the perimeter of a circle is referred to as the
C
circumference. By rearranging the definition ---- = π , we have the formula C = πd.
d
That is, to calculate the circumference of a circle, we need only multiply the length of
the diameter by π.
This formula can be expressed in terms of the radius, r, as follows:
C = πd
= π × 2r (since d = 2r)
= 2πr

The circumference C of a circle is given by:

d r

C = πd C = 2πr
where d is the length of the diameter and r is the length of the radius.
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 371

Example 1
EG Calculate the circumference of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a b
m
15 cm 9c

Solutions
a C = πd b C = 2πr
= π × 15 =2×π×9
= 47.1 cm (to 1 decimal place) = 56.5 cm (to 1 decimal place)
Note: In these examples, the exact circumferences would be written as 15π cm and 18π cm.

Example 2
EG Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the diameter of a circle whose circumference is 75 mm.
+S
Solution
C = πd
75 = πd
75
∴ d = ------
π
= 23.87 mm (to 2 decimal places)

Exercise 10.2

1 Find the circumference of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place, using C = πd.
a b c d
10 cm cm 9 mm
6m

15

e f g h
22 30
.4 .8 m 41.3 mm
m cm 4.7
372 Mathscape 8

2 Find the circumference of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place, using C = 2πr.
a b 7 c d
m 18
m
8 cm mm
m
13

e f g h
1 cm 46
24. .5
m
32.4 m m 51.6 cm

■ Consolidation
3 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the circumference of a circle whose:
a diameter is 18.5 mm b radius is 13.8 mm

4 Measure the length of the diameter, then calculate the circumference of each circle, correct
to 1 decimal place.
a b c

5 By taking π = 3, estimate the circumference of a circle with a diameter of:

a 2 cm b 8 cm c 11 cm d 20 cm

6 By taking π = 3, estimate the circumference of a circle with a radius of:

a 3 cm b 7 cm c 2.5 cm d 6.5 cm

7 Find the approximate circumference of each circle, without using a calculator. [Take π = 22
------ ]
7
a b c d
49
cm

7 cm
cm
14

35
cm

8 Find in terms of π the exact circumference of a circle with:

a diameter 4 cm b diameter 13 cm c radius 8 cm d radius 10.5 cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 373

9 Write down the length of the diameter of a circle with circumference:

a 3π mm b 10π mm c 17π mm d 23π mm

10 Find the length of the radius of a circle with circumference:

a 8π mm b 14π mm c 11π mm d 25π mm

11 Find the length of the diameter in a circle whose circumference is:

a 28.3 m b 47.1 m c 72.3 m d 106.8 m

12 Find the length of the radius in a circle whose circumference is:

a 15.7 mm b 50.3 mm c 69.1 mm d 144.5 mm
13 A 10 cent coin has a diameter of 2.3 cm. If the coin is rolled through 50 complete
revolutions, what distance will it travel? Answer correct to the nearest mm.

14 A test match cricket ball must be not less than 22.4 cm in circumference and not greater
than 22.9 cm. Could a cricket ball with radius 3.55 cm be used in a test match?

15 The wheel of a child’s bicycle has a radius of 18 cm. How far would a child cycle if the
wheels made 250 complete revolutions? Give your answer in metres, correct to 1 decimal
place.
16 The radius of the Earth is approximately 6400 km. Calculate the distance around the Earth
at the equator, correct to the nearest kilometre.
17 The diameter of the front wheel of a car is 0.5 m. How many complete revolutions will the
wheel make if the car travels a distance of 40 km?

18 A record has a diameter of 30 cm and is played at a speed of 33 1--3- revolutions per minute.
Through what total distance, in metres, will a point on the rim of the record travel if the
record takes 25 minutes to play?
19 B AB and BC are two perpendicular chords in a circle with
15 cm centre O. The line joining the chords passes through the
8 cm C centre of the circle. Calculate:
a the length of the diameter
O
A b the circumference of the circle, correct to 2 decimal
places

20 A satellite is orbiting the Earth at a height of h km above the

h km
Earth’s surface. In one complete orbit, the satellite travels a distance
of 41 469 km. Find the height of the satellite above the Earth.
[Take the radius of the Earth as 6400 km.] 6400
km
Earth
374 Mathscape 8

21 A regular hexagon has been inscribed in a circle of radius 1 cm.

a What size are the angles at the centre of the hexagon?
1 cm b Explain why the triangles shown are equilateral.
c Find the perimeter of the hexagon.
d Find the exact circumference of the circle, in term of π.
e Hence show that π > 3.

■ Further applications
22 The circle shown has an exact circumference of 26π cm. T
a Find the length of the diameter. 24
b Find the length of the chord UV. cm

O U

23 The tip of the second hand of a watch travels 36.2 metres each day. Calculate:
a the number of rotations made by the hand
b the length of the hand, correct to the nearest mm.

24 The smallest of 3 concentric circles has a radius of r cm and the

radius of each successive circle increases by r cm. The total
circumference of the 3 circles is 60π cm. Find the value of r.

TRY THIS Roping logs

Six logs have been loaded on a truck. If each log has a diameter of
60 cm, what is the length of the rope that binds them?
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 375

10.3 Applications of
circumference
Many perimeter questions involve either a number of curved lines or a combination of straight
and curved lines. As with all questions involving perimeter, we must be careful to add together
only those lengths that actually form part of the boundary.

To find the total perimeter of a figure:

find the total length of the curved sections of the boundary

add the lengths of any straight sections of the boundary to the total curved length.

■ The length of an arc (Extension)

To find the length of an arc, we must first find what fraction it is of the circumference.
θ
If the angle in a sector is θ degrees, then the fraction of the circle occupied by the sector is --------- .
360
θ
Therefore, the length of an arc is equal to the circumference of a circle multiplied by --------- .
360

The length l of an arc is given by: l

θ
l = 2πr × ---------
360
where r is the length of the radius and θ is the angle at the centre r r
θ
(in degrees).

Example 1
EG Calculate the total perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a 8 cm b

14 cm

Solutions
a Perimeter = (πd × 1--2- ) + 8 b Perimeter = (2πr × 1--4- ) + (2 × 14)

= (π × 8 × 1--2- ) + 8 = (2 × π × 14 × 1--4- ) + (2 × 14)

= 20.6 cm (to 1 decimal place) = 50.0 cm (to 1 decimal place)

376 Mathscape 8

Example 2
EG Calculate the total perimeter of this sector, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S 7c
m
Solution
θ 30°
Perimeter = ⎛ 2πr × ---------⎞ + ( 2 × 7 )
⎝ 360⎠

= ⎛ 2 × π × 7 × ---------⎞ + 14
30
⎝ 360⎠
= 17.7 cm (to 1 decimal place)

Exercise 10.3

1 Find the total perimeter of each semicircle, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b 12 cm c

20 cm
10 cm

2 Find the total perimeter of each quadrant, correct to 2 decimal places.

a b c

4 mm
15.3 mm
9 mm

■ Consolidation
3 Find the perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place. (All curves are either
semicircles or quarter circles.)
a 25 cm b c 3 cm

15 cm
10 cm

d e 30 cm f 2 cm 2 cm
12 cm 9c
m
9c 11 cm
12 cm 12 cm m

18 cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 377

g h i
8.7 cm
O 3.3 cm
5.6 cm 3 cm 3 cm
22 cm

j k l

22.8 cm
16 cm 4.5 cm

20 cm 22.8 cm

4 Find in terms of π the exact perimeter of each figure.

a b c 3 mm
20 mm
m
5m 3 mm
13 mm

4 mm

7 mm
11 mm

5 A circular swimming pool of diameter 12 m is surrounded by a path of width 1 metre.

A childproof fence is to be constructed around the outer boundary of the path.
a Find, correct to the nearest metre, the length of fencing required.
b Calculate the cost of fencing the pool at $36 per metre.
6 The lead frame for a stained glass window is in the shape of a
semicircle with 5 inner lead strips.
a Find the amount of lead stripping required to make the
windowframe if the diameter is to be 54 cm. 54 cm
b Calculate the cost of the lead stripping at 75 cents per centimetre.

7 A rectangular sheet of metal of length 28 cm is 28 cm

rolled and joined to form an open cylinder as shown.
Find the length of the radius of the cylinder,
correct to 2 decimal places.
378 Mathscape 8

8 100 m The students at a primary school are holding their annual

walkathon at a nearby athletics track to raise money for
their school. Louise’s sponsors have promised to donate
$16.50 for each kilometre she walks. If Louise completes
20 laps of the track, find:
132 m a the total distance she walks, correct to the nearest km
b the amount of money that she will raise for the
school.
9 A gardener wants to plant 16 equally spaced ferns around the edge
of a garden bed, which is in the shape of a quarter circle with straight
edges of length 2.42 m.
a Find the curved length of the garden bed, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
b Find the total perimeter of the garden bed, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
c How far apart should the ferns be planted?

■ Further applications
10 Calculate the total perimeter of each sector, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b m
c
m
6.5
120° 45°
7 mm 10 mm
72°

d e f
60° 8.1 mm
135°
13.8 mm 18 mm

11 In each of the following, find the value of x and hence determine the perimeter of the figure.
a b
25 6 cm
x cm cm
cm

x cm
20

24 cm

12 The curved distance on this figure is 8π cm.

a Find the length of the radius.
b Show that the exact perimeter of the figure is 8(π + 3) cm.
120
r cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 379

TRY THIS Stained panes

A stained glass window consists of 9 panes.
The area of each outer pane is the same as the area of the
inner circular pane, which has a diameter of 20 cm.
Find the exact length of metal used to construct this window.

10.4 Area of a circle

In about 250 BC, the famous Greek mathematician Archimedes stated that: ‘The area of a circle
is the same as the area of a triangle that has a base equal to the circumference of the circle and
height equal to the radius of the circle.’
mferen
rcu
ce
ci

r = r
circumference

This is how he argued it!

Divide the circle into Cut the circle along a radius
concentric rings. and open out the rings into
straight sections and you have
a step triangle.

If you make the rings as thin as possible, the area of the circle will become exactly equal to the
area of the triangle!
Area = 1--2- base × height
= 1--2- (circumference × radius)
= 1
---
2
× 2πr × r
= πr2
380 Mathscape 8

The area of a circle is given by:

r
A = r2

where r is the length of the radius.

Example 1
EG Calculate the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a b
6c
m cm
18

Solutions
a A = r2 b A = r2
= ⋅ 62 = ⋅ 92 (since r = 9)
= 113.1 cm2 (to 1 decimal place) = 254.5 cm2 (to 1 decimal place)

Example 2 Solution
EG Find, correct to 2 decimal places, A = r2
+S the length of the radius of a 80 = r2
circle whose area is 80 cm2. ⎟ ⎟
80
------ = r2
80
r= ------

= 5.05 cm (to 2 decimal places)

Exercise 10.4

1 Find the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b c d
3 cm 11 m 4m
m
7m

e f 15 g h
.2
12.8 cm mm 3m
22.7 34.
cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 381

2 Find the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b c d

16
10 mm

m
57.8

41
m
cm

■ Consolidation
3 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the area of a circle with:
a radius 16 cm b radius 35 cm c diameter 20 cm d diameter 45 cm

4 Measure the length of the radius, then calculate the area of each circle in cm 2, correct to 1
decimal place.
a b c

5 By taking π = 3, estimate the area of a circle with:

a radius 2 cm b radius 3 cm c diameter 10 cm d diameter 20 cm
22
6 Find the approximate area of each circle, without using a calculator. Take π = ------
7
a b c d
21
cm cm
7 cm 35
cm
14

7 Find in terms of π the exact area of a circle with:

a radius 8 cm b radius 11 cm c diameter 6 cm d diameter 14 cm

8 Find the length of the radius in a circle whose area is:

a 16π mm b 25π mm c 81π mm d 144π mm

9 Find the length of the radius of a circle whose area is:

a 254.5 mm2 b 615.8 mm2 c 1385.4 mm2 d 3421.2 mm2

10 A circular drinks coaster has a radius of 3.5 cm. Find the area of the coaster, correct to
1 decimal place.
382 Mathscape 8

11 A mobile phone tower can transmit and receive signals within an area of radius 4.2 km.
Calculate the reception area for the tower, correct to the nearest square kilometre.
12 What area of lawn will be watered by a sprinkler that rotates through an angle of 360° and
has a reach of 1.8 m? Give your answer correct to the nearest square metre.
13 A circular mirror has a surface area of 380 cm2. Calculate the diameter of the mirror.

14 A circular rug covers an area of 19.6 m2. Can this rug be laid in a lounge room that measures
4.5 m by 6 m? Explain your answer.
15 In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and PQ is Q 21 cm
perpendicular to QR. 20 cm R
a Find the length of the diameter.
b Determine the area of the circle, correct to 2 decimal places. O
P

16 An inverted (i.e. upturned) cone has a slant height of 37 cm and

base area of 452.4 cm2.
h cm 37 cm a Find the length of the radius of the circular base, correct to the
nearest cm.
b Hence, calculate the perpendicular height of the cone.
r cm

■ Further applications
17 Find in terms of π the exact area of a circle whose circumference is:
a 6π cm b 10π cm c 22π cm d 50π cm

18 Find in terms of π the exact circumference of a circle whose area is:

a 4π m2 b 64π m2 c 81π m2 d 289π m2

19 P and Q are the centres of two circles which touch at the

point R. The shaded circle lies on the diameter PQ. The circle
with centre P has an area of 9π cm2 and the circle with Q
centre Q has an area of 49π cm2. Find the exact area of R
the circle with diameter PQ. P

20 A circle of radius r cm is drawn inside a square as shown so that it

just touches the square on each side. Show that the circle takes up 11
------
14
r cm of the area of the square.
O 22
Take π = ------
7
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 383

10.5 Applications of area

Many composite area questions involve areas of semicircles or quadrants.

To find the total area of a figure:

find the areas of any semicircles or quadrants

find the areas of any polygons

add or subtract the areas as necessary to find the required area.

■ The area of a sector (Extension)

As with questions involving the length of an arc, to find the area of a sector, we must find what
fraction of a circle it is. If the angle in the sector is θ degrees, then the fraction of the circle
θ
occupied by the sector is --------- . Therefore, the area of a sector is equal to the area of a circle
360
θ
multiplied by --------- .
360

The area of a sector is given by:

θ
A = πr 2 × --------- r r
360
θ
where r is the length of the radius and θ is the angle at the centre.

Example 1
EG Calculate the area of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a b
10 cm
13 cm

Solutions
a A = πr2 × 1
---
2
b A = πr2 × 1
---
4

= π × 52 × 1
---
2
(since r = 5) = π × 132 × 1
---
4

= 39.3 cm2 (to 1 decimal place) = 132.7 cm2 (to 1 decimal place)
384 Mathscape 8

Example 2 12 cm
EG Find the shaded area
+S in this figure, correct cm
9 cm 15
to 1 decimal place.

Solutions
i A1 = area of circle ii A2 = area of rectangle iii A = A 1 − A2
= πr2 =l×b = 176.7 − 108
= π × 7.52 = 9 × 12 = 68.7 cm2
= 176.7 cm2 (to 1 decimal place) = 108 cm2

Example 3
EG Calculate the area of the sector, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
6 cm
45°

Solution
θ
A = πr2 × ---------
360
45
= π × 62 × ---------
360
= 14.1 cm2 (to 1 decimal place)

Exercise 10.5

1 Find the area of each semicircle, correct to 1 decimal place.

a b c
cm
12 cm 15
8 cm

2 Calculate the area of each quadrant, correct to 2 decimal places.

a 6 cm b c
19 cm
8 cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 385

■ Consolidation
3 Find the total area in each of these, correct to 1 decimal place.
a 16 cm b c
8 cm
5 cm
11 cm

13 cm
30 cm

d e f
9 cm
10 cm

30 cm 33 cm

4 The area between two concentric circles is called an annulus. Find the area of each annulus,
correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
4 mm
4 mm
12 mm

5m
m

m
7m

18 mm

5 Find the remaining or shaded area in each of these, correct to 1 decimal place.
a 22 cm b c
4.
8
cm

7.6 cm
9c
m 20 cm 28 cm
4.
8
cm

d 2 10 cm e f 6c
cm m m
2c

3 cm 3 cm O

2
m cm
2c 42 cm
10 cm
386 Mathscape 8

6 a Find the length of the diameter AC. B

b Find the shaded area, correct to 36
15 mm mm
1 decimal place.
A C

7 a Find the value of r.

b Calculate the total area of this figure,

cm
correct to 1 decimal place.

24
r cm

7c
m

8 A circular cricket ground has a radius of 95 m. The wicket èsquareê at the centre of the
ground is rectangular in shape and measures 26 m by 50 m. The grass area not including
the wicket square is to be returfed.
a Find the area of the ground that is to be returfed, correct to the nearest m 2.
b Calculate the cost of the new turf at $30 per m2.

9 The window above a door is made up of a rectangle

and a semicircle as shown.
a Find the value of x. 60 cm
b Calculate the total area of the window, 20 cm
correct to the nearest cm2.
c Determine the cost of replacing this glass x cm
with stained glass at 10c per cm2.
10 9m The facade of this railway arch is to be repainted.
a Find the total area to be painted, correct to the nearest m2.
b How many tins of paint are needed if each tin will cover
5m
an area of 5 m2 ?
c Find the cost of the paint if each tin costs $12.50.

4m

2.5 m 2.5 m

11 A rose garden is made up of three sectors, each of radius 4.5 m.

a Determine the total area of the garden, correct to the
nearest m2. (Hint: Rearrange the sectors.) 60
b Fertiliser is sold in bags that cover an area of 8 m2. 60 60 4.5 m
How much will it cost to fertilise the garden if fertiliser
costs $9 per bag?
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 387

■ Further applications
12 Calculate the area of each sector, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b e 5.4 cm

7 cm 45° 72°
120°
3 cm

d e f
60° 11.2 cm 23.7 cm
16.1 cm
240°

13 A dart board consists of four concentric circles, the smallest

of which has a radius of 1 cm. The distance between each
circle is 1 cm. Show that the shaded area is exactly 4π cm2.

14 Show that the exact area of this figure is

8(π + 15) cm2. 17
cm
m
4c

15 A national park is approximately circular in shape and has an area of 20 000 ha. Find,
correct to the nearest kilometre, the radius of the park.

10.6 Volume of a cylinder

A cylinder is not a prism, since not all of its edges are straight lines.
A
However, it does have a uniform circular cross-section and hence its
volume can still be found using the formula V = Ah, where A = πr2. h
If the cross-sectional area is calculated and then rounded, before it is
multiplied by the height, we lose accuracy in the answer. To avoid
this problem, the formula is written as V = πr2h.
388 Mathscape 8

r
The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula:
V = πr2h h
where r is the length of the radius and h is the height of the cylinder.

Example 1
EG Find the volume of each cylinder, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S
a 7 cm b 8.9 cm

20 cm 3 cm

Solutions
a V = πr2h b V = πr2h
= π × 7 × 20
2
= π × 1.52 × 8.9 (as r = 1.5)
= 3078.8 cm3 (to 1 decimal place) = 62.9 cm3 (to 1 decimal place)

Example 2 Solution
EG Find the volume of this figure, V = πr2h × 1
---
+S correct to the nearest cm3.
4
= π × 9.2 × 14 ×
2 1
---
4
= 931 cm3 (to the nearest cm3)

9.2 cm
14 cm

Exercise 10.6

1 Find the volume of each cylinder, correct to 1 decimal place.

a 6 cm b 3 cm c 2 cm
9 cm

15 cm 4 cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 389

d 5 cm e f
11 cm 7 cm

8 cm
10 cm

4 cm

g h 2.3 cm i
14.4 cm
5.8 cm 9.1 cm

13.15 cm
2.6 cm

■ Consolidation
2 Find the volume of a cylinder with:
a radius 17 mm and height 8.2 mm b diameter 12.4 cm and height 15.3 cm
c radius 3.7 cm and height 9.1 cm d diameter 19 mm and height 14.5 mm

3 Find the volume of each solid, correct to the nearest mm3.

a b c

20 mm 4 mm 11 mm
13.2 mm
6.4 mm

4 Calculate the total volume of each solid, correct to 1 decimal place. 8.5 mm
a 3 cm b 4 cm 4 cm

5 cm 5 cm 10 cm
8 cm

4 cm

d
9 cm
c
3.5 cm 12 cm
50 cm
16 cm

2 cm 18 cm
390 Mathscape 8

5 Calculate the remaining volume in each solid, correct to 1 decimal place. All measurements
are in cm.
a b 9 c
5.2
4.8
4 4
19
3 3 4 4
14
12

6 Tina and Steve’s wedding cake had three tiers each 9 cm high
with diameters 22 cm, 28 cm and 40 cm. Find the total volume
of the cake, correct to 1 decimal place.

7 A cylindrical flower pot is packed tightly into a box as shown.

a Find the volume of the flower pot, correct to 1 decimal place.
b Find the volume of the box.
c What percentage of the volume of the box is taken up by the 22 cm
flower pot? Answer correct to the nearest whole percentage.
8.4 cm

8 Four cylindrical tins of soup have been packed into

a box with dimensions as shown. Find the volume
of soup in the box, correct to the nearest cm3.

18 cm

9 For each cylinder:

i calculate the volume, correct to the nearest cm3
ii find the capacity in litres (1 L = 1000 cm3)
a b c
16 cm
25 cm
15 cm
20 cm
6.7 cm 24 cm
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 391

10 A can of fruit juice has a radius of 5 cm and a height of 15.9 cm.

a Calculate the volume correct to the nearest cm3.
b How many millilitres of fruit juice will the can hold,
correct to the nearest 10 mL?

11 A cylindrical water tank has a diameter of 3.8 m and a height of 4.5 m.

a Find the volume of the tank, correct to the nearest m3.
b Find the capacity of the cylinder, in kilolitres (1 m3 = 1000 L).

■ Further applications
12 Find the volume of each solid, correct to the nearest mm3.
a b 15 mm c
120°
60°
2.4 mm
10 mm
8 mm 35°
9.5 mm
5.7 mm

13 A cylinder has an exact volume of 405π cm3 and a radius of 18 cm. Find the height of the
cylinder.

14 The exact volume of a cylinder is 96π cm3. If the height is 6 cm, find the length of the radius.

15 Find the diameter of a cylindrical saucepan whose volume is 2268.2 cm 3 and height is 8 cm.
Answer correct to the nearest mm.
16 A cylindrical fish tank has a diameter of 22 cm and can hold 13.7 L of water when full. Find:
a the volume of the tank in cm3
b the height of the tank, correct to the nearest cm
392 Mathscape 8

International one-day cricket

Introduction
Australia is one of the best in the game of cricket, for both women and men. Players such as
Belinda Clark, Karen Rolton, Steve Waugh, Shane Warne and many others are world famous.
The rules of one-day cricket in particular are designed to make the game fast and action packed.
Unlike test cricket, the two teams only have 50 overs in which to score the most runs. During
the first 15 overs, the bowling side is only allowed to have two fielders outside an inner ‘circle’
at the instant the ball is bowled. The area of this inner circle is precisely defined and marked
out clearly around the pitch. The rule allows batsmen a better chance to score runs early.
Further, for the remaining overs, only 5 fielders are permitted to be outside the inner circle at
the instant of delivery.

Focus question
What is the area and perimeter of the inner circle in one-day cricket?

2L EARNING ACTIVITIES

1 Copy the diagram of the inner circle into your book. 27.5 m radius
It does not have to be drawn to scale. The two
semicircles have a radius of 27.5 m with the middle
stump as the centre. The length of the pitch (middle
27.5 m radius
stump to middle stump) is 20.12 m.
2 Calculate the area and perimeter of the inner circle
using a calculator. Give your answers to the nearest middle stump
m2 and m, respectively. to middle
stump 20.12 m
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 393

3 The field of play is bounded by a rope or line. Assuming the field of play is bounded by a
circle of diameter 150 m, calculate the area of the field of play to the nearest m 2.
4 If a ball reaches the boundary the batsman scores 4 runs. If it goes over the boundary on the
full the batsman scores 6. In Australia’s win over South Africa in Sydney on 22 January
2002, Mark Waugh top-scored with 55 not out. He hit 23 singles. Could he have scored
a six?

8E XTENSION ACTIVITIES

1 The actual shape of the boundary for one-day cricket at the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG)
is an ellipse. Calculate the area of the field of play to the nearest m 2 using the formula:
Area of ellipse = πab
where a = 79 m and b = 73 m as shown in the diagram. b
What happens to the formula when a = b? a
What is the shape then?
2 Use the formula Perimeter = 2π ab to calculate the perimeter of the boundary to the
nearest metre. What happens to the formula when a = b?

E L ET’S COMMUNICATE

Draw a diagram to show what you have learned about the geometry of the field of play in
one-day international cricket at the SCG. Include the shape of the inner ‘circle’ inside the field
of play, its area and perimeter.

%R EFLECTING

The geometry of the field of play and the fielding restrictions have an effect on the speed at
which runs are scored, batting and bowling averages, run rates and so on. Think about how
mathematics plays an important part in making one-day cricket a fast-moving and entertaining
game.

B P ROBLEM SOLVING

1 You were driving a bus with 20 passengers aboard. At the first stop, 6 people got off
and 4 got on. At the second stop, three got off and one got on. At the third stop, five
got on and eight got off. At the next stop, 6 got off and 3 got on. What is the name
of the bus driver? (Did you read the question carefully?)
2 A student rides his bike from home to school at 6 km/h and walks the bike home at
2 km/h. If the whole trip takes 2 hours, how far is it from his home to school?
394 Mathscape 8

3 Move just two of these 8 buckets so that the empty and full ones alternate.

E E E E F F F F

4 A pop singer has a Top Ten hit each year. After her fifth hit, the total of the dates of
the years was 9915. In which years did she have her hits?
5 What is the length of the square that has a perimeter in cm equal to its area in cm2?
6 In a system of 3 gear wheels, the first wheel has 4 teeth,
the second has 12 teeth, and the third has 8. How many
revolutions will the small wheel have to make before all 4 12 8
wheels are back in their starting positions?
7 Can you make 4 triangles with 6 matches? (Plasticine will help!)
8 You have 6 counters, 3 black and 3 white, and
seven spaces. The counters may move to an empty
adjacent space or may jump another counter to an
empty square. How many moves do you need to
exchange black and white pieces? (Keep a count!
Practise and you will improve!) What is the count for
other class members? What is the least number of
moves to exchange the black and white pieces?

9 Make 5 threes, using any operation signs (+, −, ÷, ×), equal 14.
10 I am sitting in a theatre. There are many rows of seats and each row has the same
number of seats. My seat is 20th from the front. There are 8 people to my left, and
three more than that to my right. There are no empty seats in my row. There are twice
as many seats behind me as in front of me. How many seats are there in the theatre?

1 The c_______ is the boundary of a circle. tangent 1. Specialised in geometry, a straight line
2 A s______________ is half the boundary which touches a curve 2. a sudden new direction:
of a circle. I find it hard to follow his conversation because he keeps
3 A c_______ is an interval that joins two flying off at a tangent.
points on a circle.
4 Define radius for a new Maths How is the mathematical use of this word
Dictionary. different from everyday life uses?
5 Read the Macquarie Learners’ Dictionary
entry for tangent:
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 395

1 Sketch each of these parts of a circle. b 10 cm

VIEW
a a diameter b an arc
c a segment d a sector
e a tangent f a chord
g a radius h a semicircle
2 Draw a diagram to show a chord that is c 11 cm
perpendicular to a diameter, but parallel

CHAPTER RE
to a tangent.
3 A circle has radius of 9 cm. What is the 14 cm
length of the largest chord that can be
drawn in this circle? What is it called? d
4 What fraction of a circle is each sector:
a b

100° 24 cm
240°
9 The diameter of the Earth is
5 A chord PQ has length 12 cm and is 8 cm approximately 12 800 km. Calculate the
from O, the centre of the circle. Find: distance around the Earth, at the equator,
a the length of the diameter correct to the nearest km.
b the area of the ∆POQ 10 Find, correct to 1 decimal place:
6 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the a the radius of a circle with a
circumference of a circle with: circumference of 48.5 cm
a radius 15 cm b radius 17.5 cm b the diameter of a circle with a
c diameter 12 cm d diameter 8.6 cm circumference of 120 cm
7 Find the total perimeter of each sector, 11 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the area
correct to 1 decimal place. of a circle with:
a b a radius 9 cm
b radius 11.5 cm
c diameter 16 cm
18 mm d diameter 21.4 cm
5 mm 12 Find the area of each figure correct to
8 Find the total perimeter of each figure, 1 decimal place.
correct to 1 decimal place. All curves are a b
either semicircles or quarter circles.
a 50 cm
19 cm
13 cm
30 cm

CHAPTER REVIEW
 396 Mathscape 8
CHAPTER RE

13 Find the total area of each figure, correct b

to 1 decimal place.

cm
a

34
26 cm
x cm
15 cm 30 cm

17 cm 16 A flat circular plate of radius 5 cm is to be

painted on both sides. Find, correct to the
nearest cm2, the area that is to be painted.
b 10 cm
17 A goat P 9m
grazing in a
13 cm
rectangular
field is tied 10 m
to a corner
post P by a
rope of length 7 m. Find the area in which
VIEW

14 Find the shaded area in each figure,

the goat cannot graze.
correct to the nearest cm2.
a 18 Find the length of the radius of a circle
whose:
a circumference is 18π cm
8 cm
b area is 49π cm2
19 a Find the exact circumference of a
circle whose area is 16π cm2.
18 cm
b Find the exact area of a circle whose
b circumference is 10π cm.
48 20 For each cylinder find:
cm
cm

i the volume, correct to the nearest cm3

36

ii the capacity, in litres

60 cm
a 4 cm
15 For each figure:
i find the value of x using Pythagoras’ 7 cm
Theorem
ii calculate the total area
a b
39
cm x cm
5 cm

36 cm 13 cm

CHAPTER REVIEW
 Chapter 10: Circles and cylinders 397

c c

VIEW
8.1 cm

25.4 cm 2 cm

18 cm

CHAPTER RE
d d

8.2 cm

5 cm 17 cm
19.3 cm

21 Find the total volume of each figure,

correct to 1 decimal place. Extension
a
22 Find the total perimeter of each figure,
correct to 1 decimal place.
a b

40 cm 120° 72°
7.3 mm
22 cm
23.5 mm
b 9 cm
23 Find the total area of each figure, correct
to 1 decimal place.
a b
11 cm

135° 4.3 cm
15 cm 5.1 cm 110°

CHAPTER REVIEW