6 Decimals

This chapter at a glance

Stage 2/3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

convert between decimals and fractions using place value

state the place value of a digit in a decimal

find the decimal that lies halfway between two decimals

identify decimals on a number line.

Stage 4
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

arrange a group of decimals in ascending order

add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals using money concepts

add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals using fractions

add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals using formal methods

find further terms in a decimal number sequence
Decimals

multiply and divide decimals by powers of 10

round off decimals correct to a given number of places

convert between terminating decimals and fractions

write recurring decimals using dot notation

convert fractions and mixed numerals to recurring decimals

solve problems that involve decimals.

214
 Chapter 6: Decimals 215

6.1 Decimal place value

We say that our number system is a base 10 or decimal system, since each place column has 10
times the value of the column to its immediate right. The system of decimal place value is an
extension of the system of whole number place value, where a decimal point is used to separate
the whole number part of a number from the fractional part. In some countries, a comma is used
to represent a decimal point; however, by convention, the dot is used in Australia. The table
below shows some of the place columns in a decimal system.
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units • Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
1 1 1
1000 100 10 1 • ------ --------- ------------
10 100 1000

It is important to understand decimals in order to cope with the growing use of calculators and
computers, as well as the daily interchange of money within society.

Example 1
EG Write each of these decimals as a fraction with a power of 10 in the denominator.
+S a 0.9 b 0.07 c 0.13 d 0.003 e 1.7 f 5.049

Solutions
In each fraction, the number of zeros in the denominator is equal to the number of decimal
places in the decimal.
9 7 13
a 0.9 = ------ b 0.07 = --------- c 0.13 = ---------
10 100 100
3 7 49
d 0.003 = ------------ e 1.7 = 1 ------ f 5.049 = 5 ------------
1000 10 1000

Example 2
EG Write each of these as a single decimal.
+S
3 8 9 7 9
a ------ + --------- + ------------ b ---------------- + 15 + ---------
10 100 1000 10 000 100

Solutions
3 8 9 7 9
a ------ + --------- + ------------ b ---------------- + 15 + ---------
10 100 1000 10 000 100
= 0.389 9 7
= 15 + --------- + ----------------
100 10 000
= 15.0907
216 Mathscape 7

Example 3
EG Write 35.709 in the expanded form.
+S
Solution
1 1
35.709 = (3 × 10) + (5 × 1) + (7 × ------ ) + (9 × ------------ )
10 1000

Example 4
EG Express each fraction as a decimal.
+S
43 291 1075
a ------ b --------- c ------------
10 100 1000

Solutions
43 3 291 91 1075 75
a ------ = 4 ------ b --------- = 2 --------- c ------------ = 1 ------------
10 10 100 100 1000 1000
= 4.3 = 2.91 = 1.075

Exercise 6.1

1 Write each of these fractions as a decimal.

7 3 9 8 2 5
a ------ b --------- c ------------ d --------- e ------------ f ------
10 100 1000 100 1000 10
1 4 6 3 2 7
g --------- h ---------------- i ------------ j ---------------- k --------- l -------------------
100 10 000 1000 10 000 100 100 000

2 Write each of these decimals as a fraction.

a 0.1 b 0.09 c 0.003 d 0.4
e 0.008 f 0.05 g 0.2 h 0.06
i 0.4 j 0.0007 k 0.004 l 0.000 05

3 Write each of these as a single decimal.

3 9 2 7 3 5 1
a ------ + --------- b ------ + --------- + ------------ c 4 + ------ + ---------
10 100 10 100 1000 10 100
6 3 1 9 7 4 8
d 2 + ------ + --------- + ------------ e ------ + ------------ f --------- + ------------
10 100 1000 10 1000 100 1000
2 5 9 6 3
g 7 + ------ + ------------ h 8 + --------- + ------------ i 5 + ------------
10 1000 100 1000 1000
3 7 5 8 4 2 9
j 14 + ------ + ---------------- k 22 + --------- + ---------------- l 37 + ------ + ------------ + -------------------
10 10 000 100 10 000 10 1000 100 000
 Chapter 6: Decimals 217

■ Consolidation
4 Write each of these as a single decimal.
2 7 9 5 3 5 6 4
a --------- + ------ b ------------ + --------- + ------ c ------------ + ------ + ---------
100 10 1000 100 10 1000 10 100
8 9 1 4 8 3 6
d ------ + 6 e --------- + 7 + ------------ + ------ f ------------ + 12 + ------ + ---------
10 100 1000 10 1000 10 100
4 3 2 5 7
g --------- + 8 h ------ + ------------ + 5 i --------- + 23 + ------------
100 10 1000 100 1000
7 8 4 9 2 8
j 6 + ---------------- + --------- k ------------ + 1 + ---------------- l ---------------- + 16 + ------
10 000 100 1000 10 000 10 000 10

5 Express each of these as the sum of integers and fractions.

a 0.57 b 0.162 c 0.3274 d 5.3 e 8.09
f 4.103 g 11.006 h 15.0308 i 20.6001 j 23.5094

6 Write down the value of the 3 in each of these.

a 0.31 b 0.763 c 0.0395 d 1.4239
e 14.3911 f 2.706 38 g 6.0395 h 9.120 03

7 Write down the value of the underlined digit.

a 0.274 b 0.958 c 0.4613 d 5.032
e 13.6274 f 23.5219 g 17.6188 h 0.211 43

8 Express as a single decimal:

1 1 1
a (3 × ------ ) + (5 × --------- ) + (6 × ------------ )
10 100 1000
1 1
b (4 × ------ ) + (8 × ------------ )
10 1000
1 1
c (5 × 1) + (9 × --------- ) + (4 × ---------------- )
100 10 000
1 1
d (3 × 10) + (2 × 1) + (7 × ------ ) + (6 × --------- )
10 100
1 1
e (4 × 100) + (8 × 10) + (5 × 1) + (2 × ------ ) + (3 × ------------ )
10 1000
1 1
f (7 × 100) + (8 × 1) + (4 × --------- ) + (1 × ------------ )
100 1000
1 1
g (3 × 1000) + (6 × 10) + (5 × ------ ) + (7 × ---------------- )
10 10 000
1 1
h (9 × 1000) + (4 × 1) + (8 × ------------ ) + (3 × ---------------- )
1000 10 000
218 Mathscape 7

9 Express each fraction as a decimal.

13 247 3596 57 198
a --------- b ------------ c ---------------- d --------- e ------------
100 1000 10 000 100 1000
62 425 67 13 27
f ------------ g ---------------- h ---------------- i ------------------- j 2 ---------
1000 10 000 10 000 100 000 100
134 79 315 96 102
k 5 ------------ l 9 ------------ m 4 ---------------- n 12 ---------------- o 35 -------------------
1000 1000 10 000 10 000 100 000

10 Express each decimal as a fraction or mixed numeral.

a 0.73 b 0.169 c 0.2487 d 0.051
e 0.0717 f 0.0033 g 4.63 h 10.067
i 18.0081 j 2.0301 k 11.099 l 24.000 63

11 Write each of these fractions as a decimal.

36 127 869 483 205 1354
a ------ b --------- c --------- d --------- e --------- f ------------
10 100 100 10 100 1000
6708 3001 23 566 1289 8006 541 627
g ------------ h ------------ i ---------------- j ------------ k ------------ l -------------------
100 1000 1000 10 100 10 000

12 Express each of these decimals as a fraction or mixed numeral, in simplest form.

a 0.70 b 0.030 c 0.0010
d 0.900 e 0.1000 f 5.30
g 8.0900 h 12.0070 i 15.000 300

13 Choose the two decimals which have the same value in each of these.
a 0.03, 0.30, 0.300 b 0.002, 0.020, 0.02
c 5.070, 5.700, 5.0700 d 6, 0.6, 6.0

14 Express each of these with the number of decimal places indicated in the brackets.
a 5.2 [2] b 0.08 [3] c 9 [1] d 3.6 [3] e 12 [2] f 5.01 [4]

15 In the diagrams below, the large cube contains 1000 small cubes, the ‘flat’ contains 100
small cubes and the ‘long’ contains 10 small cubes. If the large cube represents one whole,
write down the decimals that are represented by each of the following.
a
 Chapter 6: Decimals 219

16 Write as a decimal, the shaded area in each of these.

a b c

d e

■ Further applications
17 Evaluate each of these by first converting the decimal to a fraction with a power of 10 in
the denominator. Check your answers using a calculator.
a 0.04 b 0.09 c 0.25 d 0.64
e 0.0001 f 0.0016 g 0.0036 h 0.0081
i 1.21 j 1.44 k 2.25 l 2.89
18 If 142 = 196, find:
a 0.0196 b 1.96
19 Can 0.4 be worked out exactly? Explain. Check using a calculator.
20 Find each of these cube roots. Check your answers using a calculator.
a 3 0.001 b 3 0.008 c 3 0.027

TRY THIS The Dewey decimal system

1 What is the Dewey decimal system and where is it used?
2 Explain how the system is organised.
220 Mathscape 7

6.2 The relative sizes of decimals

In section 1.15, we introduced the following inequality signs:

⬍ meaning ‘less than’

⭐ meaning ‘less than or equal to’

⬎ meaning ‘greater than’

⭓ meaning ‘greater than or equal to’

When comparing the relative sizes of two numbers, ensure that the inequality sign points
towards the smaller number.
e.g. • 2 ⬍ 6 means ‘2 is less than 6’.
• 7 ⭓ 4 means ‘7 is greater than or equal to 4’.

To arrange a series of decimals in ascending order:

write each decimal with the same number of decimal places

if the whole numbers are equal, arrange the decimals in order by comparing the
decimal parts.

NOTE: In some simple questions the decimals can be ordered by considering each as a
fraction, or as an amount of money.

Example 1
EG By considering each decimal as an amount of money, insert ⬍ or ⬎ to make a true statement.
+S
a 0.8 0.52 b 0.94 1.2

Solutions
a We could think of 0.8 or 0.80 as $0.80 and 0.52 as $0.52. Since $0.80 is greater than $0.52,
then 0.8 ⬎ 0.52.
b We could think of 0.94 as $0.94 and 1.2 or 1.20 as $1.20. Since $0.94 is less than $1.20,
then 0.94 ⬍ 1.2.
NOTE: The length of a decimal is not related to its value. That is, when comparing two
decimals, the decimal which has the greater value is not necessarily the longer decimal.

Example 2 Solution
EG Write these decimals in ascending order. 0.303, 0.003, 0.033, 0.33, 0.3
+S = 0. 303 , 0. 003 , 0. 033 , 0. 330 , 0. 300
0.303, 0.003, 0.033, 0.33, 0.3
Now, arranging the circled numbers in order,
we have 003, 033, 300, 303, 330.
∴ In ascending order, the decimals are
0.003, 0.033, 0.3, 0.303, 0.33.
 Chapter 6: Decimals 221

Exercise 6.2

1 By considering each decimal as an amount of money, insert ⬍ or ⬎ to make a true

statement.
a 0.6 0.4 b 0.05 0.09 c 0.11 0.04 d 1 0.9
e 0.99 1 f 1.02 0.89 g 2.387 3.2 h 4.06 1.75
i 0.6 0.13 j 0.37 0.4 k 1.2 0.98 l 7.87 8.1

2 Rewrite each pair of decimals with the same number of decimal places by inserting extra
zeros, then use ⬍ or ⬎ to make a true statement.
a 0.47 0.3 b 0.209 0.53 c 0.6 0.425 d 0.08 0.065
e 0.11 0.078 f 0.999 0.94 g 1.2 1.61 h 4.675 4.68
i 8.106 8.09 j 12.34 12.4 k 1 0.96 l 3 2.946

■ Consolidation
3 Write down the smallest and largest numbers from each group of decimals.
a 0.404, 0.4, 0.004 b 0.607, 0.067, 0.76
c 1.22, 1.202, 1.002 d 0.099, 0.99, 0.9

4 Arrange these decimals in ascending order.

a 0.87, 1.52, 1.4, 0.9, 0.08 b 0.2, 0.18, 0.07, 0.519, 0.64
c 0.91, 1.1, 2, 1.01, 0.6 d 3.07, 2.7, 0.099, 3.5, 2.54
e 1.84, 0.3, 0.08, 3.0, 0.65 f 0.7, 4.52, 0.95, 1.6, 2.41

5 Arrange these decimals in ascending order.

a 0.4, 0.044, 0.44, 0.404, 0.04 b 0.66, 0.066, 0.666, 0.6, 0.606
c 0.707, 7.0, 0.77, 0.007, 0.7 d 1.02, 0.21, 2.01, 0.012, 0.102
e 3.8, 0.38, 0.083, 0.803, 0.038 f 0.059, 0.95, 0.5, 0.09, 0.905

6 Choose A, B, C or D for each of these. Which number is closest to:

a 0.27? A 0.2 B 0.31 C 0.24 D 26
b 0.6? A 0.7 B 0.063 C 0.58 D 0.059
c 1.43? A 1.5 B 1.044 C 1.35 D 14.2
d 5? A 4.9 B 5.3 C 6 D 5.09
e 0.076? A 0.07 B 0.75 C 0.77 D 0.08
f 0.392? A 0.39 B 0.4 C 0.3926 D 0.3

7 Write down all decimals in the group which are:

a greater than 0.35 0.12, 0.2, 0.4, 0.525, 0.285
b less than 0.85 0.819, 0.5, 0.912, 0.9, 0.095
222 Mathscape 7

■ Further applications
A recurring decimal is a decimal in which one or more of the digits are repeated an infinite
number of times. To signify a recurring digit, we place a dot above that digit. For example,
0.7̇ means 0.777 77 …

8 Insert ⬍ or ⬎ to make a true statement.

a 0.4̇ 0.5 b 0.7̇ 0.8 c 0.5̇ 0.499
d 0.2 0.2̇ e 0.4̇ 0.45 f 0.8̇ 0.8888

6.3 The density of decimals

The term density in this exercise refers to the study of numbers that lie between other numbers.
We begin, therefore, with the question ‘How many decimals are there between any two
numbers?’ To help answer this question, take a sheet of paper and cut it in half. Then cut one
of the halves in half, then cut one of the quarters in half, then cut one of the eighths in half, and
so on. Keep going until the pieces are too small to cut with a pair of scissors. In theory, there is
no limit to the number of times that we
could cut the paper in half. That is, we
could make an infinite (or unlimited)
number of cuts. Does the paper vanish, or
will there always be some small piece left
over to cut again?
Further to this idea, imagine that you are walking towards a wall. If you walk halfway to the
wall, then walk half of the remaining distance towards the wall, then walk half of this remaining
distance, and so on, will you ever reach the wall? In theory, you will never reach the wall,
because if you only walk half the remaining distance each time then there will always be a small
distance separating you and the wall.

So it is with numbers. If we plot two numbers on the number line, we can divide the interval
joining the numbers into any number of equal parts, say ten. Each of these parts can then be
further divided into ten smaller parts, then each of these can be divided again into ten even
smaller parts, and so on. This idea is illustrated on page 223 by continuing to ‘zoom in’ on the
first interval in each number line.
 Chapter 6: Decimals 223

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

2 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.1

2 2.001 2.002 2.003 2.004 2.005 2.006 2.007 2.008 2.009 2.01

While there are an infinite number of decimals (and hence fractions) between any two numbers,
there is only a limited number of integers (whole numbers) between any two numbers.

To find the number that lies halfway between two decimals:

add a zero to the end of each decimal

use the last two digits of each decimal to find the number that lies halfway
between the given decimals.

NOTE: In some questions, the number that lies halfway between two decimals can be found
quite easily by considering each decimal as an amount of money.

Example
EG Write the decimal that lies halfway between:
+S
a 6 and 7 b 0.2 and 0.3 c 0.72 and 0.8 d 0.46 and 0.47

Solutions
a If 6 = 6.0 and 7 = 7.0, then the decimal that lies halfway is 6.5.
b If 0.2 = 0.20 and 0.3 = 0.30, then the decimal that lies halfway is 0.25.
c If 0.8 = 0.80, then the decimal that lies halfway between 0.72 and 0.80 is 0.76.
d If 0.46 = 0.460 and 0.47 = 0.470, then the decimal that lies halfway is 0.465.

Exercise 6.3

1 How many decimals lie between 0 and 1?

A 0 B 1 C 10 D an infinite number
2 Which decimal lies halfway between:
a 1 and 2 b 7 and 8 c 3 and 4
d 14 and 15 e 29 and 30 f 99 and 100
224 Mathscape 7

3 Write the decimal which lies halfway between:

a 2 and 5 b 3 and 6 c 7 and 10 d 0 and 5
e 5 and 10 f 2 and 11 g 1 and 8 h 20 and 17

4 Write the decimal which lies halfway between:

a 0.1 and 0.3 b 0.7 and 0.9 c 0 and 0.2
d 0.8 and 1 e 0.3 and 0.7 f 0.2 and 0.8
g 0.9 and 1.1 h 0.7 and 1.1 i 1.3 and 0.9

■ Consolidation
5 Find the decimal which lies halfway between:
a 0.1 and 0.2 b 0.7 and 0.8 c 0.3 and 0.4 d 0.6 and 0.7
e 0.9 and 1 f 0 and 0.1 g 1.4 and 1.5 h 3.8 and 3.9
i 7.2 and 7.3 j 11.2 and 11.1 k 6.1 and 6 l 13 and 12.9

6 Find the decimal which lies halfway between:

a 0.02 and 0.03 b 0.04 and 0.05 c 0.08 and 0.09 d 0.31 and 0.32
e 0.73 and 0.74 f 0.65 and 0.66 g 0.08 and 0.07 h 3.12 and 3.11
i 6.24 and 6.23 j 10.08 and 10.09 k 14.69 and 14.7 l 0.09 and 0.1
m 0 and 0.01 n 5.99 and 6 o 8 and 8.01 p 0.113 and 0.114

7 Write down any three decimals which lie between:

a 0.2 and 0.3 b 0.17 and 0.18 c 0.7 and 0.71

■ Further applications
8 Find the decimal which lies halfway between:
a 0.01 and 0.04 b 0.02 and 0.05 c 0.13 and 0.16
d 0.57 and 0.54 e 2.07 and 2.1 f 6 and 6.03

6.4 Addition and subtraction of

decimals (1)
To add or subtract decimals:

write the decimals one below the other, with the decimal points and place
columns in line

write zeros in empty decimal places

add or subtract as for whole numbers.
 Chapter 6: Decimals 225

Example Solutions
6 14 1
EG Evaluate: a 32.600 b 76.50
+S 149.743 19.38 −
a 32.6 + 149.743 + 9.28
9.280 +
b 76.5 − 19.38 2 1 1 57.12
191.623

Exercise 6.4

1 Evaluate:
a 8.2 b 5.942 c 109.46
5.74 0.8 12.9
6.03 + 16.37 + 234.778 +

d 27.455 e 3564.4 f 72
742.09 908.261 156.49
83.697 + 25.357 + 8565.278 +

2 Evaluate:
a 54.76 b 754.3 c 425.16
13.51 − 204.2 − 38.07 −

d 531.2 e 3254.74 f 2581.3

57.96 − 526.821 − 1494.219 −

■ Consolidation
3 Evaluate each of the following.
a 9.2 + 8.4 + 5.6 b 0.34 + 0.91 + 0.83
c 5.2 + 17.66 + 9.49 d 82.09 + 6.3 + 15.487
e 132.6 + 24.973 + 52.258 f 0.123 + 13.96 + 20.708
g 24 + 181.05 + 246.87 h 312.95 + 60.184 + 290

4 Evaluate each of these.

a 10.4 − 8.7 b 15.23 − 6.41 c 70.8 − 34.72
d 121.06 − 37.5 e 213.1 − 50.768 f 580 − 33.4
g 675 − 357.61 h 974.86 − 90.4 i 500.03 − 167.8
j 1248.56 − 79.81 k 2874.55 − 1067.7 l 6021 − 3504.426

■ Further applications
5 Find the missing digits in each of these.
a 1 3 . 8 b 1 2 . 5 c 7 6 . 0 4
2 . 7 + 5 . 8 − 5 8 9 . 7 −

3 . 3 4 7 9 . 3 4 5 3 4 . 2 8
226 Mathscape 7

6.5 Addition and subtraction of

decimals (2)
Many simple questions involving the addition or subtraction of decimals can be answered by
either considering each decimal as an amount of money or by converting the decimals to
fractions.

Example 1
EG Evaluate each of the following by considering each decimal as an amount of money.
+S
a 0.7 + 0.5 b 1.3 − 0.4 c 0.19 + 0.3 d 2.6 − 1.12

Solutions
a $0.70 + $0.50 = $1.20 b $1.30 − $0.40 = $0.90
∴ 0.7 + 0.5 = 1.2 ∴ 1.3 − 0.4 = 0.9
c $0.19 + $0.30 = $0.49 d $2.60 − $1.12 = $1.48
∴ 0.19 + 0.3 = 0.49 ∴ 2.6 − 1.12 = 1.48

Example 2 Solutions
EG Express each decimal as a a 0.7 + 0.5 b 0.36 − 0.2 c 2.9 + 0.15
+S fraction and hence evaluate 7 5 36 2 29 15
each of these. = ------ + ------ = --------- – ------ = ------ + ---------
10 10 100 10 10 100
a 0.7 + 0.5 12 36 20 290 15
= ------ = --------- − --------- = --------- + ---------
b 0.36 − 0.2 10 100 100 100 100
c 2.9 + 0.15 = 1.2 16 305
= --------- = ---------
100 100
= 0.16 = 3.05

Exercise 6.5

1 Evaluate each of the following by considering each decimal as an amount of money.

a 0.1 + 0.2 b 0.4 − 0.3 c 0.2 + 0.8 d 0.7 + 0.4
e 0.9 + 0.6 f 0.8 + 0.9 g 1.2 − 0.3 h 1.3 − 0.7
i 1.6 − 0.9 j 2 − 0.3 k 4 − 0.5 l 7 − 0.8
m 2.3 − 1 n 5.2 + 3 o 8.7 − 8 p 1.6 − 0.6
q 3.4 − 0.4 r 9.8 − 0.8 s 2.3 − 1.2 t 7 − 6.6

2 Evaluate each of the following by considering each decimal as an amount of money.

a 0.05 + 0.03 b 0.09 − 0.04 c 0.08 + 0.06 d 0.11 − 0.03
e 0.16 + 0.05 f 0.24 + 0.07 g 0.19 − 0.06 h 0.47 − 0.13
 Chapter 6: Decimals 227

i 1 − 0.05 j 1 − 0.12 k 1 − 0.25 l 2 − 0.08

m 5 − 0.04 n 10 − 0.15 o 3.75 − 1.42 p 5.19 − 2.08

3 Explain why 0.5 + 0.03 ≠ 0.08.

■ Consolidation
4 Evaluate each of the following by considering each decimal as an amount of money.
a 0.1 + 0.06 b 0.08 + 0.2 c 0.2 − 0.18 d 0.37 − 0.1
e 0.5 − 0.09 f 0.36 + 0.4 g 0.8 + 0.24 h 0.15 + 0.9
i 0.65 + 0.7 j 1.1 − 0.04 k 1.2 − 0.13 l 1.08 − 0.1
m 1.04 − 0.2 n 3.1 + 0.18 o 4.29 − 0.3 p 3.09 + 0.41

5 Write the next two decimals in each sequence by considering each decimal as an amount
of money.
a 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, ____, ____. b 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, ____, ____.
c 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, ____, ____. d 0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, ____, ____.
e 0.28, 0.26, 0.24, 0.22, ____, ____. f 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, ____, ____.
g 0.9, 0.87, 0.84, ____, ____. h 0.35, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, ____, ____.
i 1.3, 1.32, 1.34, 1.36, ____, ____. j 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, ____, ____.
k 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, ____, ____. l 1.45, 1.25, 1.05, ____, ____.
m 1.7, 1.4, 1.1, ____, ____. n 0.025, 0.02, 0.015, ____, ____.

6 Express each decimal as a fraction and hence evaluate each of these. Give your answers as
decimals or whole numbers.
a 0.3 + 0.5 b 0.9 − 0.2 c 0.8 + 0.4 d 1.3 − 0.7
e 1.5 + 0.7 f 2.3 − 0.5 g 4.6 − 1.4 h 2.6 + 0.9
i 3.7 + 1.3 j 0.02 + 0.06 k 0.48 − 0.25 l 0.77 + 0.59
m 0.185 − 0.042 n 0.218 − 0.163 o 1.287 + 0.045 p 3.496 − 1.256

7 Express each decimal as a fraction and hence evaluate each of these. Give your answers as
decimals.
a 0.2 + 0.07 b 0.12 + 0.6 c 1.3 + 0.08 d 0.3 − 0.05
e 0.7 − 0.14 f 0.35 − 0.1 g 0.42 + 0.5 h 0.48 − 0.3
i 1 − 0.2 j 1 − 0.06 k 2 − 0.2 l 5 − 0.15

■ Further applications
8 Write the next two decimals in these sequences by considering each decimal as an amount
of money.
a 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, ____, ____. b 0.025, 0.02, 0.015, ____, ____.
c 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, ____, ____. d 2.63, 2.635, 2.64, ____, ____.
e 1.325, 1.33, 1.335, ____, ____. f 1.28, 1.285, 1.29, ____, ____.
228 Mathscape 7

6.6 Multiplying a decimal by a

whole number
To multiply a decimal by a whole number:

ignore the decimal point and multiply the numbers

insert the decimal point so that the answer has the same number of decimal
places as in the question.

To multiply a decimal by a power of 10:

move the decimal point one place to the right for each zero in the power of 10.

NOTE: In some questions we can multiply a decimal by a whole number by considering the
decimal as an amount of money.

Example 1
EG Evaluate each of the following by considering the decimal as an amount of money.
+S
a 3 × 0.4 b 5 × 0.06 c 4 × 1.2

Solutions
a 3 × $0.40 b 5 × $0.06 c 4 × $1.20
= $1.20 = $0.30 = $4.80
∴ 3 × 0.4 = 1.2 ∴ 5 × 0.06 = 0.3 ∴ 4 × 1.2 = 4.8

Example 2 Solution
EG Evaluate 13.62 × 9 We first evaluate 1 362
+S 1362 × 9, ignoring 9 ×
351
the decimal point. 12 258
Now, there are 2 decimal places in the question, so there must be
2 decimal places in the answer, ∴ 13.62 × 9 = 122.58

Example 3
EG a 0.87 × 10 b 0.1634 × 100 c 12.3 × 1000
+S
Solutions
a To multiply by 10, we move the decimal point 1 place to the right, i.e. 0.8.7
∴ 0.87 × 10 = 8.7
b To multiply by 100, we move the decimal point 2 places to the right, i.e. 0.16.34
∴ 0.1634 × 100 = 16.34
c To multiply by 1000, we move the decimal point 3 places to the right, filling the extra
places with zeros, i.e. 12.300.
∴ 12.3 × 1000 = 12 300
 Chapter 6: Decimals 229

Exercise 6.6

1 Evaluate each of these by considering the decimal as an amount of money.

a 5 × 0.1 b 3 × 0.2 c 0.4 × 2 d 2 × 0.03 e 5 × 0.07
f 0.09 × 4 g 0.06 × 5 h 0.02 × 10 i 5 × 0.08 j 2 × 0.5
k 5 × 0.4 l 0.9 × 10 m 5 × 0.3 n 0.7 × 6 o 4 × 0.8
p 4 × 0.12 q 0.11 × 7 r 3 × 0.15 s 2 × 1.4 t 3 × 1.5
u 2.1 × 5 v 1.04 × 6 w 1.21 × 4 x 3 × 2.25 y 2.12 × 5

■ Consolidation
2 Evaluate:
a 2.1 b 3.4 c 5.2 d 7.6
6 × 7 × 4 × 9 ×

e 0.46 f 0.95 g 2.07 h 6.45

3 × 8 × 5 × 7 ×

i 5.213 j 13.47 k 7.089 l 23.54

6 × 4 × 8 × 9 ×

3 Evaluate:
a 4.7 × 5 b 9.6 × 2 c 0.66 × 3 d 1.8 × 9
e 7.2 × 6 f 12.8 × 2 g 37.48 × 5 h 94.06 × 8

4 Evaluate:
a 2.17 × 10 b 3.496 × 100 c 7.4623 × 1000
d 0.75 × 10 e 0.03 × 10 f 0.0316 × 100
g 0.9 × 10 h 0.62 × 100 i 0.019 × 1000
j 0.007 × 100 k 1.485 × 10 l 28.743 × 100
m 0.0063 × 100 n 0.000 75 × 10 o 0.001 23 × 10 000

5 Evaluate each of the following.

a 0.2 × 100 b 0.07 × 1000 c 0.16 × 1000
d 1.3 × 10 000 e 24.83 × 1000 f 5.9 × 1000
g 9.8 × 100 h 0.04 × 1000 i 0.8 × 10 000
j 512.5 × 100 k 30.61 × 10 000 l 700.2 × 1000
m 62.4 × 1000 n 0.9 × 100 o 67.03 × 10 000

■ Further applications
6 In each of the following, express the whole For example, 0.73 × 200 = 0.73 × 100 × 2
number as the product of a power of 10 and = 73 × 2
a single digit number, then evaluate. = 146
a 0.14 × 200 b 0.12 × 600 c 0.13 × 3000
d 0.16 × 2000 e 0.132 × 3000 f 0.022 × 40 000
g 1.1 × 70 h 1.5 × 400 i 1.25 × 3000
230 Mathscape 7

6.7 Multiplying a decimal by

a decimal
To multiply two decimals we could change each decimal to a fraction, multiply the fractions,
then convert this answer back to a decimal, as in the following example.
Now the number of decimal places in the question determines the 0.6 × 0.04
number of zeros in the individual denominators. However, the number 6 4
24
-------
of zeros in the fraction 1000 - determines the number of decimal places = ------ × ---------
10 100
in the answer. Hence, the number of decimal places in the answer must 24
be equal to the total number of decimal places in the question. = ------------
1000
= 0.024

To multiply two or more decimals:

ignore the decimal points and multiply the numbers

insert the decimal point so that the number of decimal places in the answer is
equal to the total number of decimal places in the question.

Example Solutions
EG Evaluate: a Ignoring the decimal 17
+S points, we first evaluate 9 ×
a 1.7 × 0.9
17 × 9. 153
b 0.24 × 0.06
Now there are 2 decimal places in the question, so there must be
c 0.25 × 3.4
2 decimal places in the answer. ∴ 1.7 × 0.9 = 1.53
b Ignoring the decimal 24
points, we first evaluate 6 ×
24 × 6. 144
Now there are 4 decimal places in the question, so there must be
4 decimal places in the answer. ∴ 0.24 × 0.06 = 0.0144
c Ignoring the decimal 25
points, we first evaluate 34 ×
25 × 34. 100
750 +
850
Now there are 3 decimal places in the question, so there must be
3 decimal places in the answer. ∴ 0.25 × 3.4 = 0.850
= 0.85
NOTE: The correct position of the decimal point must be determined before any final zeros are
dropped.
 Chapter 6: Decimals 231

Exercise 6.7

1 Express each decimal as a fraction and then evaluate each of these. Give your answers as
decimals.
a 0.2 × 0.4 b 0.5 × 0.7 c 0.03 × 0.6 d 0.04 × 0.03 e 0.09 × 0.5
f 0.6 × 0.9 g 0.7 × 0.12 h 0.6 × 0.5 i 0.08 × 0.05 j 1.2 × 0.4
k 0.3 × 1.3 l 1.1 × 0.09 m 0.01 × 1.4 n 0.04 × 1.5 o 1.2 × 1.1
p 1.02 × 0.7 q 1.2 × 0.9 r 1.01 × 0.05 s 1.3 × 1.4 t 2.7 × 1.6

■ Consolidation
2 Evaluate each of the following by at first ignoring the decimal points.
a 0.4 × 0.6 b 0.3 × 0.9 c 0.8 × 0.4
d 0.2 × 0.06 e 0.6 × 0.07 f 0.09 × 0.2
g 0.03 × 0.04 h 0.07 × 0.05 i 0.06 × 0.08
j 0.9 × 0.5 k 0.03 × 0.7 l 0.05 × 0.03
m 0.1 × 0.02 n 0.08 × 0.04 o 0.2 × 0.6
p 0.3 × 0.2 × 0.1 q 0.7 × 0.3 × 0.2 r 0.03 × 0.4 × 0.6

3 Evaluate each of these.

a 0.5 × 0.8 b 0.06 × 0.5 c 0.05 × 0.4 d 0.6 × 0.005
e 0.12 × 0.5 f 0.5 × 0.02 g 0.05 × 0.16 h 0.005 × 0.6

4 Evaluate:
a 0.13 × 0.9 b 0.18 × 0.7 c 1.4 × 0.06 d 0.04 × 0.24
e 1.59 × 0.05 f 2.37 × 0.4 g 5.5 × 0.006 h 0.9 × 28.4
i 37.6 × 0.08 j 16.4 × 0.7 k 162.8 × 0.003 l 729.15 × 0.005

5 Evaluate each of these.

a 0.32 b 0.72 c 0.62 d 0.042
e 0.12 2 f 0.13 g 0.23 h 0.033

6 How many decimal places are there in 1.675?

7 What is the effect of multiplying by a decimal that is:

a less than 1? b greater than 1?

■ Further applications
8 Evaluate:
a 0.18 × 0.19 b 0.37 × 1.5 c 0.025 × 3.9
d 1.04 × 2.6 e 3.42 × 0.73 f 5.91 × 0.038

9 Evaluate each of these by considering 0.5 as one half and the other decimal as an amount
of money.
a 0.5 × 0.6 b 0.5 × 0.8 c 0.9 × 0.5 d 0.7 × 0.5 e 0.5 × 0.02
232 Mathscape 7

f 0.5 × 0.16 g 0.26 × 0.5 h 0.5 × 1.2 i 0.5 × 2.1 j 1.5 × 0.6
k 1.5 × 0.04 l 1.4 × 1.5 m 2.5 × 0.6 n 2.5 × 0.08 o 3.5 × 1.2

10 Evaluate each of the following by considering 0.25 as 1-4 , 0.75 as 3

---
4
and the other decimal as
an amount of money.
a 0.25 × 0.4 b 0.25 × 0.8 c 0.75 × 0.4 d 0.75 × 0.8
e 0.25 × 0.04 f 0.75 × 0.08 g 0.25 × 0.12 h 0.75 × 0.16
i 0.25 × 0.28 j 0.25 × 0.36 k 0.75 × 0.12 l 0.75 × 0.44
m 0.25 × 1.6 n 0.25 × 3.2 o 0.75 × 2.4 p 0.25 × 0.2
q 0.75 × 0.6 r 0.75 × 1.8 s 0.25 × 8.4 t 0.25 × 4.12

11 Find the missing number in each of these.

a 0.3 × = 0.21 b × 0.6 = 2.4 c 5 × = 0.45
d × 0.09 = 0.27 e 0.4 × = 0.032 f 0.12 × = 0.072
g × 1.1 = 0.77 h × 0.2 = 0.028 i 0.13 × = 0.0039
j ×8=4 k 0.7 × = 0.007 l × 0.05 = 0.6

6.8 Dividing a decimal by a whole

number
To divide a decimal by a whole number:

place the decimal point above the decimal point in the question

divide the numbers.

To divide a decimal by a power of 10:

move the decimal point one place to the left for each zero in the power of 10.

NOTE: In some questions we can divide a decimal by a whole number by considering the
decimal as an amount of money.

Example 1
EG Evaluate each of the following by considering the decimal as an amount of money.
+S
a 0.8 ÷ 2 b 0.12 ÷ 4 c 1.5 ÷ 3

Solutions
a $0.80 ÷ 2 b $0.12 ÷ 4 c $1.50 ÷ 3
= $0.40 = $0.03 = $0.50
∴ 0.8 ÷ 2 = 0.4 ∴ 0.12 ÷ 4 = 0.03 ∴ 1.5 ÷ 3 = 0.5
 Chapter 6: Decimals 233

Example 2 Solutions
EG Evaluate: a 5. 31 b 0.102 c 0.2 5 6
+S )
8 42.248 7)0.714 5)1.22830
a 42.48 ÷ 8
b 0.714 ÷ 7
c 1.28 ÷ 5

Example 3
EG Evaluate:
+S
a 14.2 ÷ 10 b 725.9 ÷ 100 c 5.6 ÷ 1000

Solutions
a To divide by 10, we move the decimal point 1 place to the left, i.e. 1.4.2
∴ 14.2 ÷ 10 = 1.42
b To divide by 100, we move the decimal point 2 places to the left, i.e. 7.25.9
∴ 725.9 ÷ 100 = 7.259
c To divide by 1000, we move the decimal point 3 places to the left, filling the extra places
with zeros, i.e. 0.005.6
∴ 5.6 ÷ 1000 = 0.0056

Exercise 6.8

1 Evaluate each of the following by considering the decimal as an amount of money.

a 0.8 ÷ 2 b 0.9 ÷ 3 c 0.6 ÷ 2 d 0.06 ÷ 3 e 0.15 ÷ 5
f 0.24 ÷ 3 g 0.28 ÷ 7 h 0.42 ÷ 6 i 0.72 ÷ 8 j 0.1 ÷ 2
k 0.5 ÷ 2 l 0.4 ÷ 5 m 0.6 ÷ 5 n 0.3 ÷ 6 o 0.7 ÷ 10
p 1.4 ÷ 2 q 1.2 ÷ 4 r 2.1 ÷ 3 s 4.5 ÷ 9 t 2.5 ÷ 5

■ Consolidation
2 Evaluate each of the following, giving your answers as decimals.
a 6)33 b 5)48 c 8)22 d 8)67
3 Evaluate each of these by short division.
a 4.86 ÷ 2 b 3.12 ÷ 3 c 497.4 ÷ 6
d 113.88 ÷ 4 e 372.68 ÷ 7 f 0.1264 ÷ 8
g 12.45 ÷ 5 h 40.248 ÷ 9 i 129.477 ÷ 3
j 12.076 ÷ 2 k 102.18 ÷ 6 l 104.335 ÷ 5
m 434.91 ÷ 7 n 46.592 ÷ 8 o 46.08 ÷ 12
p 83.1 ÷ 5 q 2.327 ÷ 4 r 1.725 ÷ 6

4 Evaluate:
a 14.5 ÷ 10 b 186.2 ÷ 100 c 3504.81 ÷ 1000 d 3.2 ÷ 10
e 169.4 ÷ 1000 f 15.9 ÷ 100 g 72 ÷ 10 h 384 ÷ 100
234 Mathscape 7

i 52 713 ÷ 1000 j 36 ÷ 100 k 4 ÷ 10 l 498 ÷ 1000

m 30 ÷ 10 n 60 ÷ 100 o 8100 ÷ 10 000 p 5020 ÷ 10 000

5 Evaluate each of these.

a 0.9 ÷ 10 b 2.6 ÷ 100 c 13.4 ÷ 1000 d 5.61 ÷ 100
e 31.84 ÷ 10 000 f 375.1 ÷ 1000 g 80.2 ÷ 1000 h 10.93 ÷ 100 000
i 5.65 ÷ 100 000 j 0.8 ÷ 100 k 0.02 ÷ 10 l 0.43 ÷ 10 000
m 0.007 ÷ 10 n 0.014 ÷ 100 o 0.06 ÷ 10 000 p 0.025 ÷ 100 000

■ Further applications
6 Find the missing number in each of these.
a 2.4 × = 2400 b 13.75 × = 1375 c 560 ÷ = 5.6
d 47 290 ÷ = 47.29 e × 10 = 163.4 f × 1000 = 51 200
g ÷ 100 = 2.37 h ÷ 10 000 = 5.4 i 0.09 × = 90
j × 10 000 = 430 k ÷ 10 = 0.0028 l 3.25 ÷ = 0.003 25

6.9 Dividing a decimal by a decimal

To divide two decimals we could rewrite the division in fraction form, then 0.615 ÷ 0.3
multiply both the numerator and denominator by an appropriate power of 10 0.615 × 10
so that the denominator becomes a whole number. We now perform a short = -------------
0.3 × 10
division as shown in the example.
6.15
In practice, however, we need not write the division as a fraction. Rather, we = ----------
3
could simply multiply both numbers by the power of 10 which makes the 2.05
divisor (i.e. the number you are dividing by) a whole number. )
3 6.15

To divide two decimals:

move the decimal point to the right by the same number of places in each
decimal, so that you are dividing by a whole number

divide the first number by the second number.

Example Solutions
EG Evaluate: a We multiply each number 0.65.8 ÷ 0.07
+S by 100 to change the divisor, = 65.8 ÷ 7
a 0.658 ÷ 0.07
0.07, into a whole number. 9. 4
b 5.04 ÷ 0.004
7)65.28
∴ 0.658 ÷ 0.07 = 9.4
b We multiply each number 5.040 ÷ 0.004
by 1000 to change the divisor, = 5040 ÷ 4
0.004, into a whole number. 1260
4)510240
∴ 5.04 ÷ 0.004 = 1260
 Chapter 6: Decimals 235

Exercise 6.9

1 Express each decimal as a fraction and hence evaluate each of these. Give your answers as
decimals.
a 0.6 ÷ 0.3 b 0.7 ÷ 0.1 c 0.08 ÷ 0.02 d 0.28 ÷ 0.04
e 0.396 ÷ 0.003 f 0.068 ÷ 0.002 g 0.24 ÷ 0.4 h 0.49 ÷ 0.7
i 0.045 ÷ 0.09 j 0.056 ÷ 0.7 k 0.096 ÷ 0.8 l 1.8 ÷ 0.9
m 4.8 ÷ 0.06 n 4.2 ÷ 0.007 o 1.6 ÷ 0.04 p 6.3 ÷ 0.9
q 7.2 ÷ 0.012 r 0.56 ÷ 0.7 s 4.68 ÷ 0.9 t 0.455 ÷ 0.05

■ Consolidation
2 Evaluate:
a 0.18 ÷ 0.2 b 0.21 ÷ 0.3 c 0.063 ÷ 0.7
d 0.064 ÷ 0.04 e 1.308 ÷ 0.06 f 1.0542 ÷ 0.03
g 8.58 ÷ 0.5 h 3.9256 ÷ 0.08 i 0.259 ÷ 0.004
j 7.966 ÷ 0.07 k 90.96 ÷ 0.8 l 0.35668 ÷ 0.002
m 0.0549 ÷ 0.009 n 0.1128 ÷ 0.02 o 10.3548 ÷ 0.6
p 0.0267 ÷ 0.003 q 327.96 ÷ 0.4 r 77.36 ÷ 0.05

3 Evaluate:
a 48.8 ÷ 0.08 b 21 ÷ 0.3 c 69.6 ÷ 0.06
d 8.33 ÷ 0.007 e 7.2 ÷ 0.05 f 1.2 ÷ 0.004
g 2.745 ÷ 0.0009 h 107.8 ÷ 0.011 i 6.72 ÷ 0.012

■ Further applications
4 Evaluate each of the following.
a 315 ÷ 1.5 b 265.2 ÷ 1.3 c 51.92 ÷ 0.16
d 68.68 ÷ 3.4 e 1.197 ÷ 0.21 f 29.34 ÷ 1.8
g 2.178 ÷ 0.044 h 0.95 ÷ 0.025 i 12.75 ÷ 0.051

5 Evaluate each of the following by considering each decimal as an amount of money.

a 0.4 ÷ 0.2 b 0.5 ÷ 0.1 c 0.9 ÷ 0.3 d 0.12 ÷ 0.03
e 0.14 ÷ 0.02 f 0.36 ÷ 0.04 g 0.35 ÷ 0.05 h 0.48 ÷ 0.06
i 0.1 ÷ 0.05 j 0.2 ÷ 0.04 k 0.3 ÷ 0.05 l 0.4 ÷ 0.08
m 0.2 ÷ 0.02 n 0.6 ÷ 0.12 o 1 ÷ 0.2 p 2 ÷ 0.5
q 1 ÷ 0.05 r 1.5 ÷ 0.5 s 1.8 ÷ 0.3 t 2.4 ÷ 1.2

6 Find the missing number in each of these.

a 0.12 ÷ = 0.3 b 0.28 ÷ = 0.4 c ÷ 0.2 = 0.9
d ÷ 0.6 = 0.7 e 0.015 ÷ = 0.03 f 0.024 ÷ = 0.6
g ÷ 0.4 = 0.09 h ÷ 0.08 = 0.4 i ÷ 0.03 = 0.12
j 1.8 ÷ = 6 k 5.6 ÷ = 0.8 l ÷ 7 = 0.7
236 Mathscape 7

TRY THIS Judging Olympic diving

Judging the diving events at the Olympic Games is a most complicated affair. There
are usually 7 judges, but the highest and lowest scores are not counted. The scores
of the remaining 5 judges are averaged. Since some dives are much harder than
others, an allowance is made, called the ‘Degree of Difficulty’, for the different dives.
Here is how it works:
Donna the diver received the following points out of 10 from 7 judges for doing a
forward somersault in the pike position from a three metre board.
7.4, 6.9, 6.4, 7.8, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0
6.4 and 8.0 are eliminated. We average the remaining
5 marks by adding them and dividing the total by 5.
7.4
6.9
7.8
7.5
7.0
5)36.60
7.32
Since scoring in all competitions is based on a 3 judge total,
the average score is multiplied by 3.
7.32
3 ×
21.96
The type of dive that Donna did has a Degree of Difficulty of 1.6, so the total is
multiplied by 1.6.
21.96
1.6 ×
35.136 ← Donna’s score
Problem:
Here are the scores of 5 divers. Do the calculations to find their placings in the
event.

Diver Score Dives DD

John 7.2, 7.8, 6.4, 5.8, 6.2, 8.0, 8.2 Reverse somersault 1.9

James 6.8, 7.4, 3.5, 6.7, 8.1, 9.2, 3.4 Triple somersault 2.3

Bill 6.7, 8.3, 9.2, 7.8, 8.6, 9.3, 5.7 Back somersault 1.7

Andy 6.5, 8.4, 9.5, 9.2, 9.6, 7.7, 8.4 Forward pike 1.5

Peter 8.4, 6.7, 4.4, 3.5, 4.7, 5.3, 4.9 Forward 3 1

-- somersault 3.0
2
 Chapter 6: Decimals 237

6.10 Decimals on the number line

To correctly interpret the information that has been presented in the form of a graph, it is often
necessary to read off decimal values from a vertical or horizontal line.

Example
EG State the decimals represented by A, B and C on each number line.
+S
a
0 A B 1 C

b
C 3 A B 4

c
C 5.7 A 5.8 B

Solutions
a The interval between 0 and 1 has been divided into 10 smaller intervals. Now,
1 ÷ 10 = -----
10
1
- = 0.1, so each small interval has a length of 0.1 units.

A B C

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
∴ A = 0.1, B = 0.4, C = 1.2
b The interval between 3 and 4 has been divided into 5 smaller intervals, each of which
could be halved, giving 10 even smaller intervals, each of length 0.1 units.
C A B

2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4
∴ A = 3.2, B = 3.6, C = 2.8
c The interval between 5.7 and 5.8 has been divided into 10 smaller intervals. Now,
0.1 ÷ 10 = 0.01, so each small interval has a length of 0.01 units.
C A B

5.69 5.70 5.71 5.72 5.73 5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.82 5.83
∴ A = 5.76, B = 5.83, C = 5.69

Exercise 6.10

1 State the decimals represented by P, Q and R on each number line.

a b
0 P Q R 1 3 P Q R 4

c d
6 P Q R 7 11 P Q R 12
238 Mathscape 7

2 State the decimals represented by X, Y and Z on each number line.

a
Z 1 X 2 Y

b
Z 7 X 8 Y

c
Z 2 X 3 Y

d
Z 10 X 11 Y

■ Consolidation
3 State the decimals represented by A, B and C in each of these.
a b
0 A B C 1 4 A B C 5

c d
C 2 A 3 B C 9 A 10 B

4 State the decimals represented by F, G and H in each of these.

a
2.3 F G H 2.4

b
5.7 F G H 5.8

c
H 7.1 F 7.2 G

d
H 9.9 F 10 G

5 State the decimals represented by T, U and V in each of these.

a
0 T U V 1

b
6 T U V 7

c
V 8 T 9 U

d
V 3 T 4 U

6 State the decimals or whole numbers represented by L, M and N in each of these.

a
0 N L M 2
 Chapter 6: Decimals 239

b
5 L M N 7

c
N 13 L 15 M

d
N 18 L 20 M

■ Further applications
7 State the decimal represented by K in each of these.
a b
1.4 2.2 K 3.5 5 K

c d
5.7 K 5.9 0.85 4.35 K

6.11 Rounding off decimals

To round off, or approximate, decimals such as 6.23 and 6.27 correct to 1 decimal place, we
need to determine whether each decimal is closer to 6.2 or to 6.3 on a number line.

6.2 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.3

Now, 6.23 is closer to 6.2 and 6.27 is closer to 6.3. That is, correct to 1 decimal place we say
. . .
that 6.23 =. 6.2 and 6.27 =. 6.3, where =. means ‘is approximately equal to’.
In general, when rounding off a decimal to a certain number of places, it is the size of the digit
in the next decimal place which determines whether the decimal is rounded up or down.

To round off, or approximate, a decimal to a certain number of decimal places:

remove any digits after the required number of decimal places

add 1 to the last remaining digit if the next digit was 5 or greater.

Example 1
EG Round off 7.385 correct to:
+S
a the nearest whole number b 1 decimal place c 2 decimal places

Solutions
a To round 7.385 correct to the nearest whole number, we note that the next digit is a 3,
which is less than 5, so the decimal must be rounded down.
.
∴ 7.385 =. 7 (to nearest whole number)
240 Mathscape 7

b To round 7.385 correct to 1 decimal place, we note that the next digit is an 8, which is
greater than 5, so the decimal must be rounded up.
.
∴ 7.385 =. 7.4
c To round 7.385 correct to 2 decimal places, we note that the next digit is a 5, so the decimal
must be rounded up.
.
∴ 7.385 =. 7.39

Example 2
EG Round off 2.497 correct to 2 decimal places.
+S
Solution
To round 2.497 correct to 2 decimal places, we note that the next digit is a 7, which is greater
than 5, so the decimal must be rounded up.
.
∴ 2.497 =. 2.50

Exercise 6.11

1 Estimate the position of each decimal on this number line.

Hence, round off each decimal, correct to the nearest whole 8 9
number.
a 8.2 b 8.7 c 8.5

2 Estimate the position of each decimal on this number line.

Hence, round off each decimal, correct to 1 decimal place. 3.6 3.7
a 3.68 b 3.64 c 3.65

3 Estimate the position of each decimal on this number line.

Hence, round off each decimal, correct to 2 decimal places. 0.42 0.43
a 0.423 b 0.429 c 0.425

■ Consolidation
4 Round off each of the following decimals, correct to the nearest whole number.
a 12.7 b 26.2 c 18.6 d 41.5 e 8.06
f 0.7 g 19.378 h 36.521 i 0.437 j 115.16
k 63.499 l 17.9 m 51.08 n 49.099 o 199.5

5 Round off each of the following decimals, correct to 1 decimal place.

a 0.38 b 0.13 c 0.74 d 0.65 e 17.27
f 46.491 g 37.028 h 88.25 i 6.051 j 349.15
k 102.34 l 19.949 m 550.95 n 0.021 o 779.98
 Chapter 6: Decimals 241

6 Round off each of the following decimals, correct to 2 decimal places.

a 0.277 b 0.614 c 0.149 d 0.085
e 5.142 f 73.0125 g 3.7624 h 200.398
i 316.455 j 697.042 k 110.949 l 94.4999
m 502.666 n 23.8151 o 199.4818 p 3259.9954

7 Round off each decimal, correct to:

i the nearest tenth ii the nearest hundredth
a 0.128 b 0.3741 c 0.699 d 7.0552 e 12.506 f 26.1459
8 Round off each of these, correct to the number of decimal places indicated in the brackets.
a 15.742 [1] b 83.216 [2] c 1.0409 [3]
d 37.235 [2] e 51.46 [0] f 0.011 28 [3]
g 300.05 [1] h 419.9 [0] i 264.135 [2]
j 6.2842 [3] k 15.99 [1] l 7.4499 [2]

9 Minh rounded off a decimal correct to one decimal place and wrote 3.7.
a Could the decimal have been i 3.65? ii 3.75?
b Write 3 possible decimals that could have been rounded to 3.7.

10 Sam rounded off a decimal correct to two decimal places and wrote 8.24.
a Could the decimal have been i 8.235? ii 8.245?
b Write 3 possible decimals that could have been rounded to 8.24.

■ Further applications
11 Round off:
a 2.1746 cm, to the nearest mm b 5.4239 m, to the nearest cm
c 9.0386 km, to the nearest m d 12.76924 m, to the nearest mm
e 0.0376953 km, to the nearest m f 0.1163525 km, to the nearest cm

6.12 Terminating decimals

A terminating decimal is a decimal which has a fixed or finite number of decimal places. For
example, decimals such as 0.285 and 1.47 are terminating decimals because they have exactly
3 and 2 decimal places respectively. A decimal such as 2 = 1.414 213 562 … has an infinite
number of decimal places. It is a non-terminating decimal.

To convert a terminating decimal to a fraction:

use place value to express the decimal as a fraction

simplify where possible.
242 Mathscape 7

To convert a fraction to a decimal, use one of the following methods.

METHOD 1

multiply the numerator and denominator by a number which will convert the
fraction to a fraction with a power of 10 in the denominator

write this fraction as a decimal using place value.
METHOD 2

divide the numerator by the denominator.

Example 1
EG Convert each decimal to a fraction in simplest form.
+S
a 0.6 b 0.15 c 0.028

Solutions
a 0.6 b 0.15 c 0.028
6 3 (÷ 2 ) 15 3 (÷ 5 ) 28 7 (÷ 4 )
= ------ = --------- = ------------
10 5 (÷ 2 ) 100 20 (÷ 5 ) 1000 250 (÷ 4 )
3 3 7
= --- = ------ = ---------
5 20 250

Example 2
EG Convert each of these fractions to a decimal using method 1.
+S
2 9 11
a --- b ------ c ---------
5 25 200

Solutions
2×2 9 ×4 11 × 5
a --- b ------ c ---------
5×2 25 × 4 200 × 5
4 36 55
= ------ = --------- = ------------
10 100 1000
= 0.4 = 0.36 = 0.055

Example 3
EG 5
+S Express --- as a decimal using method 2.
8

Solution
5 0.6 2 5
--- means 5 ÷ 8, i.e.
8 8)5.02040
5
∴ --- = 0.625
8
 Chapter 6: Decimals 243

Example 4
EG Express:
+S
9 7
a 4 ------ as a decimal, using method 1 b 2 --- as a decimal, using method 2
50 8

Solutions
9 ×2 7 23
a 4 ------ b 2 --- = ------ as an improper fraction.
50 × 2 8 8
18 2. 8 7 5
= 4 ---------
100 )
8 23.706040
= 4.18
7
∴ 2 --- = 2.875
8

Exercise 6.12

1 Express each of these decimals as a fraction in simplest form.

a 0.2 b 0.5 c 0.8 d 0.4 e 0.02
f 0.06 g 0.05 h 0.14 i 0.44 j 0.35
k 0.28 l 0.25 m 0.18 n 0.46 o 0.75

2 Express each fraction with a power of 10 in the denominator, then convert it to a decimal.
1 3 4 1
a --- b --- c --- d ---
5 5 5 2
9 13 21 33
e ------ f ------ g ------ h ------
50 50 50 50
3 9 16 24
i ------ j ------ k ------ l ------
25 25 25 25
1 11 13 17
m ------ n ------ o ------ p ------
20 20 20 20

■ Consolidation
3 Express each of these decimals as a fraction in simplest form.
a 0.022 b 0.046 c 0.126 d 0.414 e 0.036
f 0.164 g 0.444 h 0.628 i 0.055 j 0.135
k 0.285 l 0.715 m 0.008 n 0.096 o 0.344

4 Express each fraction with a power of 10 in the denominator, then convert it to a decimal.
7 121 263 419
a --------- b --------- c --------- d ---------
500 500 500 500
1 27 108 213
e --------- f --------- g --------- h ---------
250 250 250 250
244 Mathscape 7

3 21 73 109
i --------- j --------- k --------- l ---------
200 200 200 200
1 7 31 112
m --------- n --------- o --------- p ---------
125 125 125 125

5 Express each of these decimals as a mixed numeral in simplest form.

a 1.5 b 2.8 c 3.45 d 6.25
e 7.24 f 5.82 g 9.75 h 10.074
i 11.205 j 15.724 k 17.104 l 20.375

6 Express each of these mixed numerals as a decimal.

1 1 3 3 4 13
a 3 --- b 5 --- c 6 --- d 8 --- e 9 ------ f 10 ------
2 4 4 5 25 20
47 53 7 17 9 7
g 12 ------ h 13 --------- i 15 --------- j 19 --------- k 21 --------- l 22 ---
50 500 250 200 125 8

7 Divide the numerator by the denominator in each of these. Hence, convert each fraction to
a decimal.
1 1 3 2 1 3
a --- b --- c --- d --- e --- f ---
2 4 4 5 8 8
6 13 9 1 5 1
g ------ h ------ i ------ j ------ k ------ l ------
25 50 20 16 16 40

■ Further applications
8 Use decimals to evaluate each of the following, then write your answers as fractions or
mixed numerals in simplest form.
1 1 1 1 1 3
a --- + --- b --- + --- c ------ + ---
4 2 5 4 10 4
1 3 3 3 9 3
d 1 --- + ------ e ------ + 1 --- f 2 ------ + 3 ---
2 10 20 5 20 4

6.13 Recurring decimals

A recurring decimal or repeating decimal is a decimal in which one or more of the digits are
repeated an infinite number of times. To indicate a single recurring digit, we place a dot above
that digit. For example, the recurring decimal 0.777 … would be written as 0. 7̇, while
0.125 55 … would be written as 0.12 5̇. Here, the dot indicates that 5 is the only recurring digit.
In some recurring decimals there is a repeating pattern of two or more digits. In these decimals
we place a dot above only the first and last digits in the repeating pattern. For example,
0.313 131 … would be written as 0. 3̇1̇, whilst 0.249 249 … would be written as 0. 2̇49̇.
 Chapter 6: Decimals 245

To convert a fraction to a recurring decimal:

express any mixed numerals as improper fractions

divide the numerator by the denominator.

Example 1
EG Convert each fraction to a recurring decimal.
+S
4 7 5
a --- b ------ c ---
9 11 6

Solutions
4 7 5
a --- means 4 ÷ 9, b ------ means 7 ÷ 11, c --- means 5 ÷ 6,
9 11 6
0.4 4 4 … 0.6 3 6 3 … 0.8 3 3 3 …
)
i.e. 9 4.04040 )
i.e. 11 7.0407040 )
i.e. 6 5.0202020
4 7 5
∴ --- = 0. 4̇ ∴ ------ = 0. 6̇3̇ ∴ --- = 0.8 3̇
9 11 6

Example 2 Solution
EG 5 5 17
+S Express 1 ------ as a recurring decimal. 1 ------ = ------ as an improper fraction.
12 12 12
1. 4 1 6 6 6 … 5
∴1 ------ = 1.416̇
12)17.5020808080 12

Exercise 6.13

1 Write each of the following recurring decimals using the dot notation.
a 0.2222 … b 0.5555 … c 0.377 77 …
d 0.0666 … e 1.3333 … f 4.811 11 …
g 0.494 949 … h 0.121 212 … i 3.757 575 …
j 0.105 105 … k 0.328 328 … l 5.609 609 …
m 0.236 363 6 … n 0.417 817 8 … o 12.034 134 1 …
1
2 a Express --- as a recurring decimal.
3
2
b What would --- be as a recurring decimal? Verify your answer by division.
3
3 a Convert each of these fractions to a recurring decimal.
1 2 7
i --- ii --- iii ---
9 9 9
b Is there a pattern? Explain.
5
c What would --- be as a recurring decimal? Verify your answer by division.
9
 246 Mathscape 7

■ Consolidation
4 Convert each of these fractions to a recurring decimal.
2 3 5 9
a ------ b ------ c ------ d ------
11 11 11 11
TOR
LA
5 Convert each of these fractions to a recurring decimal. Verify your answers using a
CA U
LC

calculator.
8 1 1 2
a --- b --- c ------ d ------
9 6 12 15
5 5 10 7
e --- f ------ g ------ h ------
6 12 11 12

6 Express each mixed numeral as an improper fraction, then convert it to a recurring decimal.
Check your answers using a calculator.
1 8 1 11
a 1 --- b 2 --- c 4 --- d 1 ------
3 9 6 12

1 1
7 a Simplify --- + --- , then express the answer as a decimal.
3 4
1 1
b Express --- and --- as decimals.
3 4
1 1
c Evaluate --- + --- by adding their decimal equivalents. Give your answer as a fraction.
3 4

1 1 1 1
8 a Use the fact that ------ = ------ × --- to convert ------ to a recurring decimal.
30 10 3 30
1 1
b Hence, express --------- and ------------ as recurring decimals.
300 3000

■ Further applications
9 Express each of the following fractions as a recurring decimal. Verify your answers using
a calculator.
1 2 4 5
a --- b --- c --- d ---
7 7 7 7

10 How should we define 0. 9̇? Explain.

TOR
LA 1
11 a Convert ------ to a recurring decimal using a calculator.
CA U
LC

13
b Which digit would lie in the:
i 8th decimal place? ii 13th decimal place? iii 23rd decimal place?
 Chapter 6: Decimals 247

6.14 Solving problems that involve

decimals
Example 1 Solution
EG A piece of timber 4.2 m long To find the number of lengths of timber which can be cut,
+S is cut evenly into lengths of we divide 4.2 by 0.06.
0.06 m. How many such 4.2 ÷ 0.06
lengths can be cut? = 420 ÷ 6 (Multiplying each number by 100)
= 70 ∴ 70 pieces of timber can be cut.

Example 2 Solution
EG A jug holds 0.32 L of water To find the total quantity of water, we first multiply the
+S when full. How many litres numbers, ignoring the decimal points.
of water will there be in 32 However, there were 2 decimal places in the
25 jugs? 125 × question, so there must be 2 decimal places
160 in the answer.
1640 + ∴ 25 × 0.32 L = 8.00 L
800 = 8 L of water

Exercise 6.14

1 During a school athletics carnival, the following times were recorded by eight students in
the 100 m sprint.
Alan 15.1 s Nick 15.08 s Tran 15.15 s Pieter 14.9 s
Robert 15 s Shane 15.32 s Paolo 14.18 s Matthew 14.67 s
Write down the finishing order of the runners, from first to last.
2 Theresa bought 1.5 kg of sausages at $2.10 per kg. How much did she pay?

3 Moira and three of her friends went to a concert and paid $19.20 for parking. If they shared
the cost equally, how much did each person pay?
4 A lottery prize of $1720.74 was shared equally between 7 people. How much did each
person receive?
5 During a national high jump event, Ryan jumped a height of 5.1 m while Nathan jumped
4.85 m. How much higher, in metres, did Ryan jump?

6 A 1.25 L bottle of cola is to be shared between 4 boys, with one boy receiving twice as much
as any of the others. Find the larger share.
248 Mathscape 7

■ Consolidation
7 A small water cooler holds 35.6 L. If Maria drinks 0.7 L and Michaela drinks 0.45 L, how
much water remains in the cooler?
8 How many 0.25 L glasses of cordial can be filled from a container which holds
i 4.5 L? ii 5.1 L?

9 A dressmaker bought 3.2 m of ribbon and cut it into strips of length 0.16 m. How many
strips can be cut?
10 A scrap metal dealer purchased old car parts weighing 50.3 kg, 28.47 kg, 56.1 kg and
9.384 kg, paying $10 per kilogram. How much did the dealer pay for the parts?
11 Kevin’s car holds 40 L of LPG. When the gauge shows that the tank is one-quarter full,
Kevin pulls into a garage and fills the tank at 51.4c per litre. Find the cost of the LPG.
12 Find the change from $8 after buying 14 items at 17c each.

13 On the production line at a factory, the average worker can assemble 5.2 gadgets every
minute. How many gadgets could be assembled in an hour by 3 workers?
14 Three items weighing 2.1 kg, 1.65 kg and 3.47 kg are to be posted. By how much does the
total weight exceed 7.15 kg?

15 During a science experiment, a beaker of liquid is heated so that its temperature rises
uniformly from 10.2°C to 32.7°C in 15 minutes.
a By how many degrees does the temperature rise each minute?
b Find the temperature of the liquid 9 minutes after the experiment commenced.

16 When a tourist enquired about the exchange rate between Australian dollars ($A) and
English pounds (£), he was told that $1A = £0.45. If $20A is exchanged, how many English
pounds would the tourist receive?
17 During an ice-skating competition, the judges awarded Maree the following scores out of
10: 8.2, 8.6, 9.1, 8.8, 7.9 and 7.6. The final score is obtained by removing the highest and
lowest scores, then averaging those which remain. Calculate Maree’s score.
18 On a scale drawing, the towns of Barker and Devon were drawn 2.7 cm apart. If the scale
of the drawing was 1 : 100 000, calculate the real distance between the towns in km.
19 The local council planted 9 new trees along one side of Mason St. The first and last trees
are situated 5.6 m from each end of the street and the trees are equally spaced at intervals
of 15.3 m. Calculate the length of the street.
20 Karina bought 35 L of petrol at 95.7c per litre. How much did she pay for the petrol?
 Chapter 6: Decimals 249

■ Further applications
21 The average height of a group of five children is 1.42 m. If four of the children have heights
of 1.35 m, 1.4 m, 1.52 m and 1.46 m, find the height of the fifth child.
22 The difference between an integer and its reciprocal is 7.875. Find the integer.

B P ROBLEM SOLVING

1 This puzzle is quite old, but will keep you thinking!

Three women went to a motel to obtain a room. They decided to share the thirty-dollar
bill evenly and so each paid $10. Unfortunately the motel made a mistake, since the
actual room cost was $25. When a man was sent to give them back their $5, he felt he
would not be able to split this $5 evenly between three people, so he kept $2 and gave
each woman $1 change. Hence each woman only paid $9 towards the room.
The room cost was therefore $27, which together with the man’s $2 makes $29.
Account for the missing dollar!
2 Here is another sand-timer puzzle:

This time, use these timers to measure 15 minutes exactly. 7 min 11 min
3 Add 10 more matches to divide the area around the pond
into 5 equal areas of the same shape.
Pond

4 Twelve cubes are placed together to form the box shown.

The box is then painted on all sides. How many cubes
have 2 sides painted? … 3 sides painted?

5 A magic square!
Arrange the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 in a 3 × 3 square so that the total in every
direction is 15.
 250 Mathscape 7

6 Janine’s parents wish to buy a raffle ticket out of a book of 100 tickets. Seven is their
lucky number, but they do not like doubles. How many lucky tickets are there to
choose from?
7 A student travels to school at a speed of 2 km/h and returns home at 3 km/h.
Altogether, the two trips take 5 hours. How far is it from home to school?
8 What fraction is halfway between 1--- and 1--7- ?
5
L YI C A L L Y

9 How can Peg use a 5 litre jug and a 3 litre jug to measure exactly 2 litres of water? Also
how can she use the two jugs to measure exactly 1 litre of water?
10 Calculate: 1
-------------------------------
1
1 + ----------------------
1
1 + ------------
1+1

0
f\F OC
F O C U S OONR W
US ON W K O
I RK
N GI NM MT
G A AT MA
HHEEM TICALLY
ATICALLY
A LT
T I CA

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 2000

A T H E M AM
ING MATHE
W O R K I N WGO R KM
FOCUS O N
 Chapter 6: Decimals 251

Introduction
The Olympic Decathlon is a competition held over two consecutive days and tests athletes for
all-round excellence in ten events:
Day 1 100 m, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400 m
Day 2 100 m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin and 1500 m

T I C A L L Y
The scoring system for each event rewards athletes according to their performance. This
activity shows how important decimal fractions of time and distance are for the calculation of
total points scored, and subsequent medals.
In 2000 at the Sydney Olympics, the gold medal was won by Erki Nool of Estonia (8641
points). The silver went to Roman Sebrle of the Czech Republic (8606 points), and the bronze
to Chris Huffins of the USA (8595 points).
Huffins was the first-day leader on 4554 points. He is a brilliant sprinter and jumper. He was
still in first place after nine events with 7907 points. His closest rival, Erki Nool, was close
behind on 7893 points and then Roman Sebrle on 7853.

ALLY
But then came the final event, the 1500 m. This is Huffins’ weakness while Nool and Sebrle are

W O R K I N G M A T H E M CA
much stronger over long distance.
Question: Given the scoring system for the 1500 m, what time would Huffins need to run the

I
MATHEMAT
1500 m to take out the gold medal?

2L EARNING ACTIVITIES

The following questions will help you answer the question above. Your teacher may like to
provide an opportunity to discuss the information you will need before you start.
1 Nool runs his 1500 m and scores 748 points. Sebrle does even better and collects

FOCUS ON WORKING
753 points. How many points does Huffins need to win the gold medal?
2 What time is required to win these points, given that a time of 4:30.00 (4 min 30.00 s) scores
730 points and a time of 4:20.00 scores 800 points. You may assume that the points are
evenly distributed during this interval. Write down your answer to the focus question.
3 Huffins actually runs a time of 4:38.71 (4 min 38.71 s) and scores 688 points. By how many
seconds did he miss the gold medal? What was his final score?
4 Draw up and complete the table below.
Huffins Nool Sebrle
After 9 events
1500 m points
Total points
Medal
 252 Mathscape 7

8E XTENSION ACTIVITY

Here are the points Huffins scored in each Event Points Event Points
event.
100 m 980 110 m H 986
L YI C A L L Y

What were his stronger events? His weaker Long Jump 987 Discus 861
events? What was the average number of High Jump 806 Pole Vault 819
points per event? (A world class average is Shot Put 887 Javelin 687
800.) Make a conclusion about the overall 400 m 894 1500 m 688
performance of this athlete.
Total 8595

E L ET’S COMMUNICATE

Discuss with your neighbour how Huffins must have felt as he lined up for the 1500 m. He ran
A LT

11 seconds faster than his previous best. What do you think this says about his sportsmanship?
T I CA

%R
M AM

EFLECTING

Decimal fractions of time in sport often mean losing or winning at the Olympics. Just a touch
A T H E

in swimming is 0.01 seconds. A time of 9.99 seconds instead of 10.00 seconds for the 100 m
ING MATHE

track event can mean a medal. However, think how important decimals are in the measurement
of daily time, interest rates, scientific research, medical practice, drug prescriptions and so on.
Check out the nutrition content on the cereal box at breakfast. You’ll see decimals again!
W O R K I N WGO R KM

1 Explain what is meant by a decimal ascend verb Rather formal to climb or go upwards:
system. I ascended the ladder. | Smoke ascended from the
2 What is a decimal called when its places
N

chimney.
are limited?  Word Family: ascending adjective in order
O

3 Explain the meaning of the following according to an increasing size, importance, etc.:
Please list your requirements in ascending order of
FOCUS

decimal in your own words: 0.541 importance.

4 What does it mean to convert a fraction to
a decimal. Opposite: descend
5 Read the Macquarie Learners’ Dictionary If the decimals 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 are listed in
entry for ascend: ascending order, what order are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2,
0.1 listed in?
 Chapter 6: Decimals 253

1 Write each fraction as a decimal. 10 Insert ⬍ or ⬎ to make a true statement in

VIEW
3 9 each of these.
a ------ b --------- a 1.05 0.99 b 0.08 0.1
10 100
c 0.7 0.17 d 0.203 0.45
7 6
c ------------ d ---------------- 11 Arrange each set of decimals in
1000 10 000
ascending order.
2 Write each decimal as a fraction.
a 0.73, 1.64, 1.5, 0.9, 0.07

CHAPTER RE
a 0.7 b 0.003
b 0.44, 0.04, 0.404, 0.044, 0.004, 0.4
c 0.01 d 0.0009
12 Which decimal is closest to 0.57?
3 Express each of these as a single decimal.
A 0.58 B 0.6
5 7 4
a 2 + ------ + --------- + ------------ C 0.565 D 0.578
10 100 1000
13 Write the decimal that lies halfway
8 2
b 7 + --------- + ---------------- between:
100 10 000 a 0.7 and 0.8 b 0.9 and 1
9 1 c 0 and 0.1 d 5.1 and 5.2
c ------------ + 14 + ------
1000 10 e 0.03 and 0.04 f 3.47 and 3.48
4 Write down the value of the 7 in each g 0.1 and 0.4 h 0.2 and 0.18
of these. 14 Evaluate vertically:
a 0.375 b 7.05 a 146.95 + 8.487 + 92.664
c 6.1078 d 0.424 97 b 3.861 + 512.99 + 73.065
5 Express each fraction as a decimal. 15 Evaluate vertically:
21 249 a 637.4 − 285.6
a --------- b ------------ b 458.7 − 96.08
100 1000
c 843 − 465.72
53 871
c ------------ d ------------------- 16 Evaluate each of the following by
1000 100 000
considering each decimal as an amount
6 Express as a proper fraction or mixed of money.
numeral: a 0.7 + 0.5 b 1.1 − 0.4
a 0.67 b 0.051 c 1 − 0.6 d 3 − 0.8
c 9.23 d 4.0309 e 0.05 + 0.09 f 0.17 + 0.13
7 Write each fraction as a decimal. g 1 − 0.15 h 2 − 1.75
28 129 i 0.2 + 0.09 j 0.4 − 0.08
a ------ b ---------
10 100 k 0.65 − 0.5 l 0.92 + 0.3
485 43 778 17 Evaluate each of these by considering the
c --------- d ----------------
10 1000 decimal as an amount of money.
8 Choose the two decimals that have the a 2 × 0.7 b 0.3 × 4
same value: 0.90, 0.09, 0.090, 9.00. c 5 × 0.4 d 0.2 × 10
e 8 × 0.06 f 0.12 × 7
9 Express 6 with two decimal places. g 2.5 × 3 h 9 × 1.08

CHAPTER REVIEW
 254 Mathscape 7
CHAPTER RE

18 Evaluate vertically: c
a 3.7 × 6 b 6.8 × 5 N1 L 2 M
c 4.32 × 9 d 7.25 × 8
d
19 Evaluate: 4 M L 6 N
a 5.67 × 10 b 9.238 × 100
c 0.0429 × 1000 d 71.44 × 100 26 Round off each decimal, correct to the
e 0.0015 × 10 f 0.36 × 100 000 nearest whole number.
a 37.4 b 52.7 c 46.5 d 199.6
20 Evaluate:
a 0.8 × 0.3 b 0.06 × 0.7 27 Round off each decimal, correct to
c 0.04 × 0.09 d 0.12 × 0.5 1 decimal place.
e 1.3 × 7 f 0.08 × 2.6 a 0.47 b 0.83 c 7.15 d 6.099
g 54.3 × 0.05 h 0.34 × 5.7 28 Round off each decimal, correct to
21 Evaluate each of these by considering the 2 decimal places.
decimal as an amount of money. a 0.329 b 1.694
a 0.6 ÷ 3 b 0.14 ÷ 2 c 12.085 d 25.398
c 0.35 ÷ 7 d 0.1 ÷ 2 29 Express each decimal as a fraction in
VIEW

e 0.4 ÷ 5 f 1.2 ÷ 3 simplest form.

g 2.4 ÷ 6 h 6.3 ÷ 9 a 0.6 b 0.25 c 0.35
22 Evaluate each of these by short division. d 0.44 e 0.125 f 2.5
a 75 ÷ 8 b 6.15 ÷ 3 30 Express each fraction as a decimal.
c 295.2 ÷ 4 d 580.8 ÷ 6 2 3 17
a --- b --- c ------
23 Evaluate: 5 4 50
a 27.5 ÷ 10 b 309.4 ÷ 100 9 107 11
d ------ e --------- f ---------
c 5626.1 ÷ 1000 d 10.87 ÷ 100 20 250 200
e 68 ÷ 10 f 722 ÷ 1000 31 a Convert 9 21------ to a decimal.
g 34.5 ÷ 10 000 h 510 ÷ 100 000 25
b Convert 5.406 to a fraction in
24 Evaluate: simplest form.
a 0.26 ÷ 0.2 b 0.66 ÷ 0.3
32 Convert each of these fractions to a
c 0.054 ÷ 0.6 d 0.072 ÷ 0.04
decimal by short division.
e 1.896 ÷ 0.08 f 9.68 ÷ 0.5
g 7.2702 ÷ 0.003 3 7
a --- b ------
h 18.078 ÷ 0.0006 8 16
25 State the decimals or whole numbers 33 Write each of these recurring decimals
represented by L, M and N on each using dot notation.
number line. a 0.444 444 … b 0.383 838 …
c 0.722 222 … d 0.275 275 …
a
N 2 L 3M e 4.917 171 7 … f 13.641 341 3 …

b
N 7 L 8 M

CHAPTER REVIEW
 Chapter 6: Decimals 255

34 Convert each of these fractions to a b Glen jumped 5.4 m in the long jump

VIEW
recurring decimal by short division. and Matthew jumped 4.87 m. Who
5 1 8 11 jumped further, and by how much?
a --- b --- c ------ d ------ c Find the cost of 9.4 litres of petrol at
9 6 11 12
82.3c per litre.
35 a If $1006.60 was shared equally
between 7 people, how much would
each person receive?

CHAPTER RE

CHAPTER REVIEW