Computer Programming

[ECEg-1052]

Chapter Three:
Control Statements

Prepared by Electronics and Computer Engineering Stream.

Outline
 Introduction
 Conditional Structure: If and else
 Repetitive Structures or loops
 Bifurcation of control and jumps.
 The selective Structure: switch
 4.1. Introduction

Control statements allow decision making within programs.

Control statements come in several different forms:
➔
Conditional statements: to optionally execute C++ statements
➔
Loops: execute statements repeatedly until the exit condition is
satisfied.
➔
Branch: jump to a certain statement and continue execution.

3
 4.2. Conditional Structure: if and else
 It is used to execute an instruction or block of instructions only if a
condition is fulfilled.
 if can be used in different forms depending upon nature of conditional test.
1. if
2. if…else
3. Nested – if

4
 Simple if statement
General form: Entry

if (test expression)
Test expression False
{ ?

statement-block;
True
} Statement-block
statement-x;
Statement-x

General form Flowchart of simple if statement

5
Cont’d...
 The ‘statement-block’ may be a single statement or a group of statements.
 If the test expression is true, the statement-block is executed.
 If it is false, statement-block is ignored (not executed) and the program
continues on the next instruction after the conditional structure.

6
Cont’d...
\* To display number is positive.*/ Sample output 1:
#include <iostream> Enter a number: 3

using namespace std; number is positive

Sample Output 2:
int main(){
Enter a number:-3
int num;
cout<<"Enter a number:";
cin>>num;
if (num>0)
cout<<" number is positive ";
return 0;
} 7
Cont’d...

For a block of instructions, we use curly brackets { }:
Example:
if (x == 100){
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}

But for a single, we can ignore {}.
Example:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
8
 The if – else statement
Form:
if (condition)
Entry
{
statement block 1; True False
Condition
} ?

else
{ statement block statement block
statement block 2; 1 2

}
statement-x;

statement-x

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Cont’d...
For example:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";

10
 Nested if statement

When a series of decisions are involved, use more than one if…else
statement.
Example: if (x>0)
cout<<"The given number is +ve"<<endl;
else if (x<0)
cout<<"The given number is negative"<<endl;
else
cout<<"The given number is zero";
Exercise
Write a program that find whether the given number is even or odd. 11
Cont’d...
Solution
// To find whether given number is even or odd.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int no;
cout<<"enter a number";
cin>>no;
if ( no %2 == 0 )
cout<<no<<"is an even number";
else
cout<<no<<"is an odd number";
}
12
 4.2 Repetitive Structures or loops
 Loops have as objective to repeat a statement a certain number of
times while a condition is fulfilled.

The while loop

The do-while loop

The for loop

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 The while loop
Format:
while(expression)
statements;

While
(expression) statements
? True

False

Out of loop

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Cont’d...
Example: i=2;
/* Find the sum of even while (i <= n){
numbers between 1 to n */ sum = sum + i;
i = i + 2;
#include <iostream>
}
using namespace std;
cout<<"sum= "<<sum;
int main(){ }
int i, n, sum=0;
cout<<"enter the end number:";
cin>>n;
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 The do-while loop
do
Format:
do
statements; statements
while (condition);

Condition
?
True

False

Out of loop
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Cont’d...

Example
sum = 0;
i = 1;
do{
sum += i;
i += 2;
} while (i <= 100);
cout<<“Sum of odd integers up to 100 is”<<sum;
Output:
Sum of odd integers up to 100 is 2500
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 The for loop
 Its format is:
for (initialization; condition; increase/decrease)
statement;
 Following steps are involved in the code:

Initialization condition checking body of the loop increment/ decrement

again condition checking

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Cont’d...

initialization

False Condition
?

Out of loop
True

statement

increase/decrease

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Cont’d...
Example 1:
sum = 0;
for (i=0 ; i <= 100 ; i++)
sum += i;
Example 2: Write a program to list a number and its square in two columns
for integers 1 up to 10.

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Cont’d...

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++) {
cout<<"The number is:"<<i;
int square=i*i;
cout<<" and its square is:"<<square;
cout<<endl;
}
} 21
 4.3 Bifurcation of control and jumps.
The break instruction
 The format of the break statement is simply
break;
 Causes an immediate exit even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled.
 It can be used to end an infinite loop, or to force it to end before its
natural end.

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Cont’d...

Examples
i=1;
while (1){
cout<<i<<" ";
if (i==10)
break;
i=i+1;
}
Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Cont’d...

// break loop example

#include <iostream>
Output
using namespace std; 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, countdown
int main (){ aborted!
int n;
for (n=10; n>0; n--) {
cout << n << ", ";
if (n==3){
cout << "countdown aborted!";
break;
}
}
return 0;
} 24
 The continue instruction
Format: continue;
 The continue statement tells the compiler, “Skip the following statements
and continue with the next iteration’’.
 In while and do loops, continue causes the control to go directly to the
test-condition and then to continue the iteration process.
 In the case of for loop, the increment section of the loop is executed before
the test-condition is evaluated.

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Cont’d...
while (---------)
{
---------
---------
if (condition)
continue;
---------
---------
}
--------
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Cont’d...
// to add only positive numbers
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int i, n, sum=0;
cout<<"enter any 10 numbers\n";
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {
cin>>n;
if (n==7)
continue;
sum += n;
}
cout << " sum of +ve numbers = "<<sum;
}
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Cont’d...
// example Output:
#include <iostream> 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, End!
using namespace std;
int main (){
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
if (n==5)
continue;
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "End!";
return 0;
} 28
 The goto instruction
 Allows making an absolute jump to another point in the program.
 The destination point is identified by a label, which is then used as an
argument for the goto instruction.
 A label is made of a valid identifier followed by a colon (:).

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Cont’d...
// goto loop example Output:
#include <iostream> 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, End!
using namespace std;
int main (){
int n=10;
loop:
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n>0)
goto loop;
cout << "End!";
return 0;
}
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 The exit function
 A function defined in cstdlib(stdlib.h) library.
 The purpose of exit is to terminate the running program with an specific
exit code.
 Its prototype is:
void exit (int exit code);
 if exit code= 0 means that the program finished normally.

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Cont’d...
// exit function example
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
int main (){
int n=10;
while(n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n==6)
exit(0);
}
cout <<"End!";
return 0; Output:
} 10, 9, 8, 7, 32
 The selective Structure: switch
General form:  Inclusion of break at the end of each
switch (expression) block is necessary because if, for
{ example, we did not include it after
case constant1: block of instructions 1 the program
block of instructions 1; would not jump to the end of the
break; switch selective block (}) and
case constant2: continue to execute the rest of the
block of instructions 2; blocks of instructions until the first
break; appearance of break.
…
default:
default block of instructions;
} 33
Cont’d...
Example 1: Example 2:
switch (x) { switch (x) {
case 1: case 1:
cout << "x is 1"; case 2:
break;
case 3:
case 2:
cout << "x is 1, 2 or 3";
cout << "x is 2";
break; break;
default: default:
cout << "value of x unknown"; cout << "x is not 1, 2 nor 3";
} } 34
Thank You !