Statistics is a branch of Applied Mathematics dealing with data collection,  Observation Method – the data on this method are

n this method are gathered either individually or

organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation. collectively by means of observation. The person who gathers the data is called an
A statistical question is one that can be answered by collecting data that vary or it is investigator while the person being observed is called the subject.
a question that can be answered by gathering data from subjects or respondents  Experiment Method – It is a method used when the objective is to determine the
whose responses may vary. cause and effect relationship of a certain phenomenon under controlled condition.
Example: What is the favorite Korean Drama of the grade 7 students? Frequency – the number of occurrences of a data
What is the typical age of the grade 7 Mathematics teachers? Frequency table – is a table that lists items and shows the number of times the items
How many brothers and sisters does my classmates have? occur.
How many tourist spot destinations does my teachers have been through? Steps in constructing a frequency table (for ungrouped data)
How old are the students in Grade 7? Step 1: Make three columns. Arrange the data in order in the first column.
How many minutes do grade 7 students typically spend browsing internet Step 2: Make a tally.
each week? Step 3: Count the tallies then write the frequencies
What do grade 8 students prefer to eat for breakfast? Step 4: Total all the frequencies
What is the typical number of pets owned by students in my class? Data refers to information that is collected and recorded. It can be in the form of
There are two types of data: numerical and categorical. numbers, words, measurement and much more.
Numerical data set is a type of data that can be expressed in numbers which are Grouped data is a data that has been bundled together in categories.
either continuous or discrete. It is a type of statistical data is measurable or countable Ungrouped data is a data you first gather from an experiment or study. The data is
Discrete data is a type of numerical data set can be counted in a finite matter while raw that is, it’s not sorted into categories.
continuous data are measurements that can take any value from an is infinite range. Class width is the difference between the upper and lower boundaries of any class in
Categorical data take non-numerical values, such as colors, information or questions a frequency distribution table.
that are answerable by YES or NO, labels, etc. It is a collection of information that can Example #1: The following data represents the weights (in kilograms) of 40 students
be divided into groups. in grade 7.
Example: Favorite flavor of ice cream for each of 6th graders.
64 58 54 67 52 61 46 51 46 45 51 55 47 49 53 57 38 43 69 45
My favorite Milktea flavors.
48 56 48 50 57 39 59 53 42 50 63 46 40 51 47 41 56 48 57 53
The 4 steps below can be followed to solve real life problems using statistics
1. Pose the question that can be answered by data. Frequency Distribution using 7 as class width:
2. Determine a plan to collect data. Weights (kg) Frequency
3. Organize and summarize the data. 38-45 8
4. Interpret the results and answer the question posed in Step 1 using the organized 46-53 17
and summarized data 54-61 11
62-69 4
Collection of data is an important part of Statistics. Data should be collected in a 40
manner that they are accurate and convenient to use. The number of students got the highest weights is 4.
Data is a collection of facts or information. They may be gathered by using the Example #2: Given below are marks obtained by 20 students in Math.
following methods. 21 23 19 17 12 15 15 17 17 19 23 23 21 23 25 25 21 19 19 19
1. Conducting Surveys
2. Observing the Outcome of Events  The most frequently appears in the given data is 19.
3. Taking measurements in experiments  The total frequency of the data is 20.
4. Reading statistical publication  The lowest data value is 12.
Methods Used in the Collecting Data Example #3: Given the data for the Ages of 50 students enrolled in Math.
 Interview Method – It is an oral or verbal communication method of collecting data Age Frequency
where the interviewer asks questions generally in a face-to-face contact to the other 12 2
person or persons. 13 13
 Questionnaire Method – on this method data is gathered through a set of question 14 27
that is mailed or handed to respondents who are expected to read and understand 15 4
them. And the respondents then, write down their responses in the space provided 16 3
the accomplished questionnaire is then returned for appropriate processing. 17 1
 The total frequency of the given data is 50.
 The median is the middle value in a set of data. It is symbolized as (𝑋̃ ) (read as “X –
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA tilde”). To find a median, arranged the scores either in increasing or decreasing order
When data are presented as graph, they are easily interpreted, and compared. As a and then find the middle score.
consequence, data become more interesting to the readers The Mode The mode is the measure or value which occurs most frequently in a set of
FOR UNGROUPED DATA data. It is the value with the greatest frequency. It is symbolized as (𝑋̂ ) (read as “X–
Data in an ungrouped frequency distribution can be presented graphically to give a hat”).
better picture of the distribution. Some forms of graphs for ungrouped frequency To find the mode for a set of data:
distribution are pie chart, bar graph and line graph. 1. select the measure that appears most often in the set;
PIE CHART A pie graph or pie chart is another visual representation of data. It is 2. if two or more measures appear the same number of times, then each of these
represented by a circle divided into slices or sectors of various sizes that show each values is a mode; and
part’s relationship to the whole and to other parts of the circle. 3. if every measure appears the same number of times, then the set of data has no
Example: Project Cost Breakdown Percentage of Han’s Gallery mode
Percentages of Sources of Chicken in Mindanao Example: Refer to the following data set.
Family Budget for a Monthly Income of P25,000 A = {43, 11, 94, 46, 43, 74} B = {4, 2, 9, 7, 5, 9, 3}
BAR GRAPH A bar graph uses rectangles (or bars) of uniform width to represent  The mean value of Set A is 51.83 while in set B is 5.57.
data, particularly the nominal or categorical type of data. There are two types of bar  The median of the values in set A is 46.50 while in set B is 5.
graph: the vertical bar graph, which is sometimes called a column chart, and the  The mode in Set A data is 43 while in set B is 9.
horizontal bar graph. A vertical bar graph is used to show the changes on the
numerical value of a variable over a period of time. *Take Note: A bar graph can be Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data
simple or multiple. A simple bar graph represents only one unit. A multiple bar Frequency Distribution Table The number of pieces of data that fall into a particular
graph represents different units on the same diagram for comparison purposes. class is called the frequency of that class.
Example: Favorite Drink of a Junior High School Students Mean for the Grouped Data When the number of items in a set
Male Students Who Own Bikes By Grade Level of data is too big, items are grouped for convenience. To find the
Favorite Kpop Group of Teenagers mean of grouped data using class marks, the following formula
LINE GRAPH A line graph is used to represent changes in data over a period of time. can be used:
Data like changes in temperature, income, population, and the like can be Median for Grouped Data The median is the middle value in a set of quantities. It
represented by a line graph. Data are represented by points and are joined by line separates an ordered set of data into two equal parts. Half of the quantities is located
segments. A line graph may be curved, broken, or straight. above the median and the other half is found below it, whenever the quantities are
Example: population of Region XII in the Philippines from 1989 to 2020 arranged according to magnitude (from highest to lowest). In computing for the
Income of ABC Company Over the Years median of grouped data, the following formula is used:
Temperature in Koronadal City
Average Height of Girls Mode for the Grouped Data The mode for the
FOR GROUPED DATA grouped data can be approximated using the following
Some forms of graphs for grouped frequency distribution are the Histogram and formula:
Ogive.
HISTOGRAM A Histogram is a visual representation of data using rectangles whose Example: Refer to the following frequency distribution table. The ages of 112 people
widths represent class boundaries and whose lenghts/heights represent the in an island are grouped as follows:
frequencies of the intervals  The class size of the given data is 10. X F
OGIVE The ogive graph use upper class boundaries of the cumulative frequencies  The modal class is 20-29 0-9 20
 The value of the median class is 20-29 10-19 21
Measures of Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data  The summation of fx is 3304 20-29 23
Measures of central tendency is any measure indicating the center of a set data. The  The mean of the data is 29.50 30-39 16
mean, median and mode are the three kinds of averages.
40-49 11
The mean (also known as the arithmetic mean/average) is the most commonly used
measure of central position. It is the sum of measures x divided by the 50-59 10
number N of measures in a variable. It is symbolized as X̅ (read as “X- 60-69 7
bar”). To find the mean of an ungrouped data, use the formula 70-79 3
80-89 1