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Module in Logic

The document outlines the fundamentals of logic, focusing on the classification of terms and propositions. It defines various types of terms (singular, collective, universal, particular) and explains categorical and hypothetical propositions, including their structure and quantity. Additionally, it details the quality of categorical propositions and their standard forms, along with the distribution of terms in logical statements.

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8 views5 pages

Module in Logic

The document outlines the fundamentals of logic, focusing on the classification of terms and propositions. It defines various types of terms (singular, collective, universal, particular) and explains categorical and hypothetical propositions, including their structure and quantity. Additionally, it details the quality of categorical propositions and their standard forms, along with the distribution of terms in logical statements.

Uploaded by

markjonhdeos
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE IN LOGIC

In logic the main goal is to determine the validity of arguments.

TERMS and PROPOSITIONS

TERM- Idea expressed in words either spoken or written.


IDEA- Mental representation of something.
Example: “table” -term-

CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS IN TERMS OF QUANTITY


 Singular
 Collective
 Universal
 Particular

SINGULAR- stands for only definite object.


Examples: Table, Peter, Tree

COLLECTIVE- Applicable to each and every member of a class


taken as a whole but not to an individual taken singly.
Examples: Orchestra, Platon, Choir

PARTICULAR- Refers to an individuals or groups


Signifiers:
 Some
 A number
 Several
 Almost all
 A few of
 Practically all
 At least one
 Not all

Examples:
Some Asians
Almost all students
Several politicians

UNIVERSAL- Applicable to each and every member of a class.


Signifiers:
 No
 All
 Each
 Every

Examples:
All Asians
Every politician
No students

PROPOSITIONS- judgement expressed in words either spoken or


written

JUDGEMENT- mental act of affirming or denying something

Examples: President trump is a good president. (Act of


affirmation because the copula or linking verb is does not
contain a negation sign not)
President trump is not a good president. (Act of negation
because the copula or linking verb is contains a negation sign
not)

2 KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS- expresses an unconditional


judgement
Example: The Japanese people are hard working.

HYPOTHETICAL- expresses a conditional judgement.


Example: If it rains today, then the road is wet.

Note: In categorical logic it always uses categorical


propositions.

3 ELEMENTS OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS


1. SUBJECT (S)
2. COPULA (C)
3. PREDICATE (P)

Example: Some politicians are corrupt.


Politicians-Subject
Are- copula
Corrupt- predicate

QUANTITY OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

In terms of quantity a categorical proposition can be classified


into two:
PARTICULAR- Contains a particular subject term.
Example: Some Asians are excellent basketball players.

UNIVERSAL- Contains a universal subject term.


Example: All men are mortal.

The quantity of the subject determines the quantity of the


propositions. Thus, if the subject is particular then the
proposition is particular, and if the subject is universal then the
proposition is universal.
If the subject of the proposition does not contain a signifier,
then the quantity of the propositions is based on what the
proposition denotes.

Example:1. Nuns are girls. (as we can see the subject of the
propositions does not contains a signifier but if we analyze it it
would become clear that the proposition is universal, because
there is not at least one nun that is not a girl, in other words All
nuns are girls)

Example 2: Americans are rich. (Particular) Some Americans


are rich.

QUALITY OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

AFFIRMATIVE- the copula (linking verb) does not contain a


negation sign “not”
Example: Some students are brilliant.

NEGATIVE- the copula (linking verb) contains a negation sign


“not”
Example: Some students are not brilliant.
FOUR TYPES OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

1. UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE (A)


Example: all men are mortal.

2. UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE (E)


Example: no men are mortal.

3. PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE (I)


Example: some men are mortal.

4. PARTICULAR NEGATIVE (O)


Example: some men are not mortal.

DISTRIBUTION OF TERMS

1. Universal Propositions- Subject term is distributed


2. Particular Propositions- subject term is undistributed.
3. Negative Proposition- Predicate term is distributed
4. Affirmative Propositions- Predicate term is undistributed

TRANSLATING CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS INTO THEIR


STANDARD FORMS:

A Proposition: ALL+SUBJECT+COPULA+PREDICATE
Example: Every priest is religious. Standard form: All priest are
religious.

E Proposition: NO+SUBJECT+COPULA+PREDICATE
Example: Every priest is not religious. Standard form: No priest
is religious.

I Proposition: SOME+SUBJECT+COPULA+PREDICATE
Example: Almost all politicians are corrupt. Standard form:
Some politicians are corrupt.

0 Proposition: SOME+SUBJECT+COPULA+PREDICATE
Example: Several politicians are not corrupt. Standard form:
Some politicians are not corrupt.

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