Guided Notes Key

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Equations and Inequalities

Objective
In this lesson, you will write and solve equations and inequalities that model relationships.

Linear Equations and Inequalities

When solving an equation, we use the properties of equality to isolate the variable on one
side of the equation.

Properties of Equality Let a, b, c be real numbers.

When the vales or expressions in an equation

Symmetric If a = b, then c = a.
switch sides, they remain equal.

When the same value is added on both sides of

Addition If a = b, then a + c = b + c.
an equation, the sums are equal.

When the same value is subtracted from both

Subtraction If a = b, then a – c = b – c .
sides of an equation, the differences are equal.

When both sides of an equation are multiplied

Multiplication If a = b, then ac = bc .
by the same value, the products are equal.

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𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 When both sides of an equation are divided by
Division If a = b, then = .
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 the same value, the quotients are equal.

The product of a value and a sum is equal to the

Distributive a(b + c) = ab + ac sum of the products of the value and each
addend.

If ac = 0, When a product is equal to zero, at least one of

Zero Product
then a = 0 or c = 0. the factors must equal zero.

Guided Notes: Equations and Inequalities 1

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Step Justification of the Step

2(3y + 4) – 3(y – 2) = 2y original equation

6y + 8 – 3y + 6 = 2y distributive property

3 y + 14 = 2y combining like terms

14 = -y subtraction property

-14 =y multiplication property

y = -14 symmetric property

To get the fifth line, multiply both sides of the equation by -1 .

This could have also been accomplished by dividing both sides by -1.

LINEAR INEQUALITIES

We solve linear inequalities using the same properties, with one additional consideration.

When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by -4x + 8 ≤ 5(x – 2)

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-4x + 8 ≤ 5x – 10
a negative number, reverse the inequality sign.
-9x + 8 ≤ -10
Notice that the solution is a set of numbers. -9x ≤ -18
x≥2
Inequalities have an infinite solution set .

Guided Notes: Equations and Inequalities 2

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GRAPHING A SOLUTION SET

Because the solution to an inequality is an infinite set of numbers, we often represent the
solution set on a number line graph.

Less Than an open point at c and shaded to the left

x<c

Less Than or Equal To a closed point at c and shaded to the left

x≤c

Greater Than an open point at c and shaded to the right

x>c

Greater Than or Equal a closed point at c and shaded to the right

To x ≥ c

SOLVING A LINEAR INEQUALITY

For what values of p is the following statement true?

Square A has a perimeter that is less than the perimeter of rectangle B.

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Inequality 4p < 2( 1.5 ) + 2(p + 2 )

Solution 4p < 3 + 2p + 4

4p < 2p + 7

2p < 7

p < 3.5

p is less than 3.5 units

Graph

Guided Notes: Equations and Inequalities 3

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The junior class at East High School had a goal to earn a profit of more

than $10,000 from their discount card fundraiser. Each card costs $0.20

to produce and is sold for $20. If the students sell c cards: their total

revenue is 20c and their total production costs are 0.2c .

Write and solve an inequality to represent their goal that the profit is greater than $10,000.

20c – 0.2c > 10,000 profit is revenue minus cost

19.8c > 10,000 combine like terms

c > 505.05 divide by sides by the coefficient of c

To meet their goal, the class had to sell more than 505 discount cards.
So, if this year’s class sold 520 cards, they met their goal.

Quadratic Equations and Inequalities

Situations modeled by quadratic equations involve relationships where the highest power of
the unknown quantity is the second power.

Example:

Recall that this year, the junior class sold 520 cards for $20 each. Next year's junior class from
East High School estimates that for each $2 decrease in the cost of the card, they will sell an
additional 80 cards next year. They want to know how many cost decreases they can make and
still have a revenue of $10,400. What equation represents this situation?

⇒ If x represents the number of $2 ⇒ For each decrease, they'll sell 80 more

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decreases, then the new cost of the card cards. So, the number of cards sold is

will be 20 – 2x . 520 + 80x .

Using distribution, the revenue is modeled by a quadratic equation.

revenue = (price)(# sold)

10,400 = (20 – 2x )( 520 + 80x )

10,400 = 10,400 + 1,600x – 1,040x – 160 x2

10,400 = -160 x2 + 560x + 10,400

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SOLVING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

Square Roots Example: 3x2 – 4 = 44

Use when the equation doesn't have an x- 3x2 = 48

term. x2 = 16

Isolate the squared term and take the x=±4

square root of both sides.

Factoring Example: -2x2 + 4x + 70 = 0

Move all the terms to one side of the -2(x2 – 2 x – 35 =0

equation, factor the trinomial, and use the -2(x – 7 )(x + 5 )=0

zero product property to solve for x. x– 7 =0 and x + 5 =0

x= 7 and x = -5

Completing the Square Example: x2 – 8x – 11 = 0

Isolate the constant term. x2 – 8x = 11

Then square half the coefficient of the x2 – 8x + 16 = 11 + 16

x-term and add it to both sides to form a (x – 4 )2 = 27

perfect square trinomial . x– 4 = ±√27

Finally, take the square root of both sides, x= 4 ± 3√3

and solve for x.

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Quadratic Formula Example: 2x2 – 3x – 8 = 0

Rewrite the equation in standard a= 2 , b = -3 , c = -8

form, ax2 + bx + c = 0. -(-3) ± �(-3)2 − 4(2)(8)

𝑥𝑥 =
2(2)
Substitute the coefficients a, b, and c into
3 ± √73
the formula and simplify. =
4

Guided Notes: Equations and Inequalities 5

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Let's go back and solve the discount card quadratic equation:

First, rewrite the equation in standard form. Since -160x2 + 560x + 10,400 = 10,400

there is no constant term, rewrite the left side -160x2 + 560x = 0

by factoring out its greatest common factor. -80x( 2x – 7 )=0

Apply the zero product property to solve for x. -80x = 0 or 2x – 7 =0

x=0 x = 3.5
Since x represents the number of $2 decreases in

the price of the card, decreasing the price 0

reduced price = 20 – 2x
times leaves it at $20. Decreasing the price 3.5

times is equivalent to decreasing the price from

$20 to $ 13 .

 They should sell the cards for $ 13 .

QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
To solve quadratic inequalities:

1. Replace the inequality with an equal sign.

2. Find the solutions , or zeros, to the equation.

3. Use the solutions to divide the domain, (-∞, ∞), into sections, or intervals .

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4. Test a value from each interval by substituting it into the original inequality.

The intervals where the tested value makes the inequality true will be included in the

solution.

⇒ The endpoints are not included in the solution if the inequality is strict (< or >).
⇒ The endpoints of the intervals will be included if the inequality is not strict (≤ or ≥).

These inequalities have an "or equal to"

Guided Notes: Equations and Inequalities 6

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Example: x2 + 5x – 14 ≤ 0

First solve this equation: x2 + 5x – 14 = 0.

(x + 7)(x – 2) = 0

x = -7 and x = 2

Next, divide the domain into three intervals: (-∞, -7 ), ( -7 , 2 ) and ( 2 ,∞)

Then, substitute one value from each interval to see if it makes the original inequality true.

Tested Value Makes the Inequality True or False?

x = -10 False

x=0 True

x = 10 False

Finally, describe the solution.

Only one tested value made the inequality true and inequality is not strict .

So, the solution is -7 ≤x≤ 2 .

This solution could also be found graphically.

Consider the graph of f(x) = x2 + 5x – 14.

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It has x-intercepts, and equals zero, at x = -7 and x = 2.

The graph is positive (above the x-axis)

on the intervals (-∞, -7 ) and ( 2 , ∞).

The graph is negative on the interval ( -7 , 2 ).

The solution set can be found using either

method and represented with inequalities,
interval notation, set builder notation, or on a
number line.

Guided Notes: Equations and Inequalities 7