1.

Introduction to NumPy & nD Arrays

1. What is NumPy mainly used for in Python?

o a) Efficient handling of large numerical data ✅

o b) Text processing

o c) Image editing

o d) Creating GUIs

2. Which function is used to create a NumPy array?

o a) np.array() ✅

o b) np.create()

o c) np.list()

o d) np.ndarray()

3. How do you create a 1D array with values from 0 to 9?

o a) np.arange(10) ✅

o b) np.range(10)

o c) np.linspace(0, 9)

o d) np.create(0,9)

4. What is the default data type in NumPy arrays?

o a) float64 ✅

o b) int32

o c) string

o d) object

5. What is the shape of the following array?

python

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arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

o a) (2,3) ✅
 o b) (3,2)

o c) (6,)

o d) (1,6)

6. Which of the following is used to access the element at row index 1, column index 2 in a
2D array?

o a) arr[1,2] ✅

o b) arr[2,1]

o c) arr(1,2)

o d) arr[2][1]

7. How do you reshape a 1D NumPy array into a 3x3 matrix?

o a) arr.reshape(3,3) ✅

o b) arr.resize(3,3)

o c) arr.shape(3,3)

o d) arr.to(3,3)

8. What function is used to find the mean of all elements in a NumPy array?

o a) np.mean(arr) ✅

o b) np.avg(arr)

o c) arr.mean()

o d) arr.median()

9. Which operation performs element-wise multiplication between two NumPy arrays?

o a) arr1 * arr2 ✅

o b) np.dot(arr1, arr2)

o c) arr1 @ arr2

o d) arr1.add(arr2)

10. Which function is used to generate an identity matrix in NumPy?

 a) np.eye() ✅
  b) np.identity()

 c) np.matrix()

 d) np.ones()

2. Introduction to Pandas & DataFrames

11. What is Pandas used for in Python?

 a) Data manipulation and analysis ✅

 b) Machine learning

 c) Creating websites

 d) File compression

12. Which function is used to create a Pandas DataFrame?

 a) pd.DataFrame() ✅

 b) pd.create()

 c) pd.array()

 d) pd.list()

13. What method is used to read a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame?

 a) pd.read_csv() ✅

 b) pd.load_csv()

 c) pd.import_csv()

 d) pd.file_csv()

14. How can you display the first five rows of a DataFrame?

 a) df.head() ✅

 b) df.top()

 c) df.first()

 d) df.start()

15. What function is used to get summary statistics of a DataFrame?

 b) df.summary()

 c) df.stats()

 d) df.info()

3. Dimensionality Reduction (PCA & LDA)

16. What does PCA stand for?

 a) Principal Component Analysis ✅

 b) Primary Component Algorithm

 c) Partial Correlation Analysis

 d) Principal Classification Approach

17. What is the main goal of PCA?

 a) Reduce dimensionality while preserving variance ✅

 b) Increase dataset size

 c) Remove missing values

 d) Cluster data

18. What is the key difference between PCA and LDA?

 a) PCA focuses on variance, LDA focuses on class separation ✅

 b) LDA is unsupervised, PCA is supervised

 c) PCA is used in deep learning, LDA is not

 d) PCA increases dimensions while LDA reduces

19. What is the first step in PCA?

 a) Standardizing the data ✅

 b) Computing eigenvalues

 c) Selecting principal components

 d) Visualizing data
 20. Which library provides PCA implementation in Python?

 a) scikit-learn ✅

 b) NumPy

 c) Pandas

 d) TensorFlow

4. Data Visualization using Matplotlib

21. Which command is used to create a line plot in Matplotlib?

 a) plt.plot(x, y) ✅

 b) plt.line(x, y)

 c) plt.scatter(x, y)

 d) plt.show(x, y)

22. How do you display a plot?

 a) plt.show() ✅

 b) plt.display()

 c) plt.render()

 d) plt.view()

23. What function creates a bar graph?

 a) plt.bar() ✅

 b) plt.graph()

 c) plt.barchart()

 d) plt.plot()

24. What parameter controls line style in Matplotlib?

 a) linestyle ✅

 b) linestyle_width

 c) border
 d) style

25. Which function creates a histogram?

 a) plt.hist() ✅

 b) plt.barh()

 c) plt.scatter()

 d) plt.line()

26. What function is used to create subplots?

 a) plt.subplot() ✅

 b) plt.subplots()

 c) plt.figure()

 d) plt.plot()

27. How do you add a title to a Matplotlib plot?

 a) plt.title("My Plot") ✅

 b) plt.heading("My Plot")

 c) plt.name("My Plot")

 d) plt.show_title("My Plot")

28. What function adds x-axis labels to a plot?

 a) plt.xlabel() ✅

 b) plt.xlabels()

 c) plt.axis_label()

 d) plt.labelx()

29. How do you create a pie chart?

 a) plt.pie() ✅

 b) plt.chart()

 c) plt.bar()

 d) plt.piechart()
 30. Which library is commonly used along with Matplotlib for visualization?

 a) Seaborn ✅

 b) TensorFlow

 c) OpenCV

31. NumPy: Advanced Operations

31. What function is used to compute the dot product of two NumPy arrays?

 a) np.dot(arr1, arr2) ✅

 b) arr1 * arr2

 c) np.multiply(arr1, arr2)

 d) np.cross(arr1, arr2)

32. How can you find the index of the maximum value in a NumPy array?

 a) np.argmax(arr) ✅

 b) np.max(arr)

 c) arr.index(max)

 d) np.argmax(arr, axis=1)

33. What is the function of np.linspace(0, 10, 5)?

 a) Creates an array of 5 evenly spaced values between 0 and 10 ✅

 b) Creates a list from 0 to 10

 c) Creates an empty array

 d) Generates random numbers

34. What is the function of np.random.rand(3,3)?

 a) Generates a 3×3 matrix with random values between 0 and 1 ✅

 b) Generates a matrix of ones

 c) Generates random integers

 d) Creates a DataFrame

35. What function is used to stack arrays vertically in NumPy?

 b) np.hstack()

 c) np.stack()

 d) np.append()

32. Pandas: DataFrame Operations

36. Which function is used to check for missing values in a Pandas DataFrame?

 a) df.isnull() ✅

 b) df.null()

 c) df.check_missing()

 d) df.missing()

37. How can you drop rows with missing values from a Pandas DataFrame?

 a) df.dropna() ✅

 b) df.remove_missing()

 c) df.fillna()

 d) df.clean()

38. What function is used to group DataFrame rows based on a column?

 a) df.groupby("column_name") ✅

 b) df.merge("column_name")

 c) df.sort("column_name")

 d) df.select("column_name")

39. Which of the following functions is used to merge two DataFrames?

 a) pd.merge(df1, df2) ✅

 b) df1.join(df2)

 c) df1.append(df2)

 d) df1.concat(df2)
 40. Which Pandas function is used to reset the index of a DataFrame?

 a) df.reset_index() ✅

 b) df.drop_index()

 c) df.reindex()

 d) df.modify_index()

33. PCA & LDA: Dimensionality Reduction

41. What mathematical concept is used in PCA?

 a) Eigenvectors & Eigenvalues ✅

 b) Gradient Descent

 c) Neural Networks

 d) Decision Trees

42. What is the main benefit of using PCA?

 a) Reduces computation cost and avoids overfitting ✅

 b) Increases dataset size

 c) Removes missing values

 d) Makes data nonlinear

43. What method is commonly used to decide how many principal components to keep in
PCA?

 a) Explained variance ratio ✅

 b) Mean squared error

 c) K-Means clustering

 d) Decision trees

44. LDA is mainly used for:

 a) Supervised dimensionality reduction ✅

 b) Unsupervised learning
  c) Neural networks

 d) Feature extraction

45. How does LDA differ from PCA?

 a) LDA maximizes class separability, PCA maximizes variance ✅

 b) PCA and LDA are the same

 c) PCA works only for text data

 d) LDA increases dimensionality

34. Matplotlib: Data Visualization

46. What argument is used to change the color of a Matplotlib plot?

 a) color ✅

 b) linewidth

 c) marker

 d) fontsize

47. What function is used to set axis labels in Matplotlib?

 a) plt.xlabel() and plt.ylabel() ✅

 b) plt.axis_labels()

 c) plt.labels()

 d) plt.set_axis()

48. What function is used to set the figure size in Matplotlib?

 a) plt.figure(figsize=(width, height)) ✅

 b) plt.size(width, height)

 c) plt.dimensions(width, height)

 d) plt.set_size()
49. What is the purpose of plt.legend() in Matplotlib?

 a) Displays labels for different plots in the figure ✅

 b) Sets x-axis labels

 c) Changes color of the plot

 d) Adds a title

50. What function is used to save a Matplotlib figure as an image?

 a) plt.savefig("filename.png") ✅

 b) plt.export("filename.png")

 c) plt.write("filename.png")

 d) plt.store("filename.png")

51. Which NumPy function is used to compute the cumulative sum of an array?

 a) np.cumsum() ✅

 b) np.sum()

 c) np.accumulate()

 d) np.cumprod()

52. What does np.unique(arr) return?

 a) An array of unique elements from arr ✅

 b) The maximum value in arr

 c) The sorted version of arr

 d) A random subset of arr

53. What does np.random.randint(1, 10, size=(3,3)) do?

 a) Generates a 3x3 array of random integers between 1 and 9 ✅

 b) Generates a 3x3 identity matrix

 c) Creates a DataFrame

 d) Returns an array of ones

 a) Finds indices where a condition is met ✅

 b) Finds the mean of an array

 c) Generates random numbers

 d) Removes missing values

55. What function is used to flatten a NumPy array?

 a) arr.flatten() ✅

 b) arr.reshape()

 c) arr.squeeze()

 d) arr.expanded()

36. Pandas: Data Manipulation

56. Which function is used to rename columns in a Pandas DataFrame?

 a) df.rename(columns={'old_name': 'new_name'}) ✅

 b) df.rename_columns({'old_name': 'new_name'})

 c) df.columns.rename({'old_name': 'new_name'})

 d) df.set_columns({'old_name': 'new_name'})

57. What function is used to filter rows based on a condition?

 a) df[df['column'] > value] ✅

 b) df.filter('column', value)

 c) df.select('column', value)

 d) df.rows('column', value)

58. Which Pandas function is used to fill missing values?

 a) df.fillna(value) ✅

 b) df.replace_null(value)

 c) df.fill_missing(value)
  d) df.complete_na(value)

59. How can you sort a Pandas DataFrame by a specific column?

 a) df.sort_values('column_name') ✅

 b) df.order_by('column_name')

 c) df.arrange('column_name')

 d) df.set_order('column_name')

60. What function is used to drop a column from a Pandas DataFrame?

 a) df.drop(columns=['column_name']) ✅

 b) df.remove_column('column_name')

 c) df.delete_column('column_name')

 d) df.pop('column_name')

37. PCA & LDA: Applications

61. PCA reduces dimensionality by:

 a) Finding new axes that maximize variance ✅

 b) Removing outliers

 c) Reducing data size

 d) Ignoring categorical features

62. LDA is mainly used in:

 a) Supervised classification tasks ✅

 b) Clustering

 c) Image processing

 d) Feature scaling

63. Which step is required before applying PCA?

 a) Standardizing the data ✅

 b) One-hot encoding
  c) Feature selection

 d) Data cleaning

64. In PCA, how are principal components ranked?

 a) By explained variance ✅

 b) By the number of missing values

 c) By their correlation

 d) By feature count

65. LDA works best when:

 a) There is a clear separation between classes ✅

 b) Data is completely unstructured

 c) Data is unlabeled

 d) There is only one class

38. Matplotlib: Advanced Plotting

66. How can you change the figure background color in Matplotlib?

 a) plt.figure(facecolor='color') ✅

 b) plt.background('color')

 c) plt.colorize('color')

 d) plt.theme('color')

67. What does plt.grid(True) do?

 a) Adds grid lines to the plot ✅

 b) Creates a bar graph

 c) Changes background color

 d) Rotates axis labels

68. What function is used to change the size of text labels in Matplotlib?

 a) fontsize parameter ✅
 b) textsize

 c) labelsize

 d) markersize

69. How can you save a Matplotlib figure with a transparent background?

 a) plt.savefig('figure.png', transparent=True) ✅

 b) plt.export('figure.png', background=None)

 c) plt.store('figure.png', clear_bg=True)

 d) plt.write('figure.png', bg=0)

70. What does plt.xlim(0, 10) do in Matplotlib?

 a) Sets the x-axis range from 0 to 10 ✅

 b) Adjusts y-axis limits

 c) Rotates the x-axis labels

 d) Changes the line width