#bubble sort

'''
def bubble():
l=[1,6,-3,5,6,]
for i in range(len(l)-1):
for j in range(0,len(l)-1-i):
if l[j]>l[j+1]:
l[j],l[j+1]=l[j+1],l[j]
print(l)
bubble()
'''

#delete a data
'''
def del_data():
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
d=int(input("enter the data to delete"))
while d in l:
l.remove(d)
print(l)
del_data()
'''

#swap alternate values

'''
def swap_alternate():
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
for i in range(0,len(l)-1,2):
l[i],l[i+1]=l[i+1],l[i]
print(l)
swap_alternate()
'''
#binary search
'''
l=[1,2,3,4,5,6,100]
lb=0;
ub=len(l)-1
mid=(lb+ub)//2
pos=-1
d=int(input("enter the data to find"))
while lb<=ub and pos==-1:
if d==l[mid]:pos=mid+1
elif d<l[mid]:ub=mid-1
else:lb=mid+1
mid=(lb+ub)//2
if (pos==-1):print("data not found")
else:print("data found at pos",pos)
'''
#swap half of list
'''
def swap_list():
l=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
mid = len(l) // 2
c=l[mid:] + l[:mid]
print(c)
swap_list()
'''
#insert a data
'''
def ins_data():
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
d=int(input("enter the data to insert"))
n=int(input("after which number to insert the data"))
for i in l:
if i==n:
l.insert(i,d)
print(l)
ins_data()
'''
#sum diagnol boundary upper and lower triangle
'''
M = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))
N = int(input("Enter number of columns: "))
T = tuple(tuple(int(input("Enter integer: ")) for j in range(N)) for i in range(M))

def sum_rc():
for i in range(M):
s = 0
for j in range(N):
s += T[i][j]
print("The sum of row", i + 1, "is", s)
print()
for j in range(N):
s = 0
for i in range(M):
s += T[i][j]
print("The sum of column", j + 1, "is", s)
print()

def ld():
s = 0
for i in range(M):
for j in range(N):
if i == j:
s += T[i][j]
print("the sum of left diagnols is",s)

def rd():
s = 0
for i in range(M):
for j in range(N):
if i + j == M - 1:
s += T[i][j]
print("sum of right diagnols is",s)

print("\n boundary")

def boundary():
for i in range(M):
for j in range(N):
if i == 0 or i == M - 1 or j == 0 or j == N - 1:
print(T[i][j], end=" ")
else:
print(" ", end=" ")
print()
def upper():
print("\nupper triangle")
for i in range(M):
for j in range(N):
if i<=j:
print(T[i][j],end=" ")
else:
print(" ",end=" ")
print()
print("\nlower triangle")

def lower():
print("\nlower triangle")
for i in range(M):
for j in range(N):
if i>=j:
print(T[i][j],end="")
else:print(" ",end=" ")
print()

sum_rc()
ld()
rd()
boundary()
upper()
lower()
'''
#dict=total count update
'''
# Accepting employee records
employees = {}

for _ in range(5):
roll_no = int(input("Enter Roll Number: "))
name = input("Enter Name: ")
salary = float(input("Enter Salary: "))
employees[roll_no] = [name, salary]

def TOTAL():
total_salary = 0
for emp in employees.values():
total_salary += emp[1] # Adding salary manually
print("\nTotal Salary of all employees:", total_salary)

def Update():
for emp in employees.values():
emp[1] *= 1.10 # Directly updating salary using values()
print("\nSalaries updated successfully!")

def Count():
count = 0
for emp in employees.values():
if emp[1] > 10000: # Checking salary condition
count += 1
print("\nNumber of employees with salary above 10,000:", count)
# Function Calls
TOTAL()
Update()
TOTAL() # Check updated salary
Count()
'''
#frequency of streng

'''

def freq():
d = {} # Dictionary to store frequency of letters
for c in s: # Loop through each character in the sentence
if c.isalpha(): # Only consider alphabets
d.setdefault(c, 0) # If 'c' is not in d, set it to 0
d[c] += 1 # Increment count

print("\nLetter Frequency:")
for k, v in d.items(): # Print all letter frequencies
print(k, ":", v) # Printing without f-strings

def count():
num_words = 0
num_uppercase = 0
num_lowercase = 0
num_digits = 0
num_others = 0

words = s.split() # Split the sentence into words

for word in words:

num_words += 1 # Count the words

for char in word:

if char.isupper():
num_uppercase += 1 # Count uppercase letters
elif char.islower():
num_lowercase += 1 # Count lowercase letters
elif char.isdigit():
num_digits += 1 # Count digits
else:
num_others += 1 # Count other characters

print("Total Words:", num_words)

print("Uppercase Letters:", num_uppercase)
print("Lowercase Letters:", num_lowercase)
print("Digits:", num_digits)
print("Other Characters:", num_others)

def count_uppercase_vowel():
vowels = "AEIOU"
count = 0

words = s.split() # Split sentence into words

for word in words:

if word[0].upper() in vowels: # Check if the first letter is an uppercase
vowel
count += 1 # Increment the count
 print("\nNumber of words starting with an uppercase vowel:", count)

def count_the():
c=0
for i in s.split():
if i=="the":c=+1
print("the number of the is",c)

def count_wc():
w=0;c=0
for i in s.split():
w+=1
for i in s:
c+=1
print(w,c)

# Accepting the sentence from the user

s = input("Enter a sentence: ")

# Calling the functions

freq()
count()
count_uppercase_vowel()
count_the()
count_wc()
'''
#board.txt
'''
# Creating a text file called BOARD.TXT and writing content
with open("BOARD.TXT", "w") as file:
file.write("This is a sample file. The content includes words like The, THE,
and more.\n")
file.write("Let's test the functionality with a few more lines.\n")
file.write("The program is designed to count and transfer.\n")

# Function a: Count number of words, lines, and characters

def count():
with open("BOARD.TXT", "r") as file:
text = file.read()

print("File Contents:")
print(text)

lines = text.count("\n") + 1 # Add 1 for the last line

words = len(text.split())
chars = len(text)

print("Lines:", lines)
print("Words:", words)
print("Characters:", chars)

# Function b: Transfer Uppercase alphabets into a list and display the list
def transfer():
with open("BOARD.TXT", "r") as file:
text = file.read()

uppercase = []
for char in text:
 if char.isupper():
uppercase.append(char)

print("Uppercase letters:", uppercase)

# Function c: Count number of occurrences of the word "The" for whole file
def count_the():
with open("BOARD.TXT", "r") as file:
text = file.read()

the_count = text.lower().split().count("the")
print("The appears", the_count, "times.")

#the and The for each line

def count_the1():
with open("BOARD.TXT", "r") as file:
line_number = 1
line = file.readline()

while line:
the_count = line.split().count("the")
The_count = line.split().count("The")
print("In line", line_number, "'the' appears", the_count, "time(s).")
print("In line", line_number, "'The' appears", The_count, "time(s).")
line_number += 1 # Increment the line number after processing the
current line
line = file.readline()

def count1():
with open("BOARD.TXT", "r") as file:
text = file.read() # Read the entire content at once

uppercase = 0
lowercase = 0
digits = 0
others = 0

for char in text:

if char.isupper():
uppercase += 1
elif char.islower():
lowercase += 1
elif char.isdigit():
digits += 1
else:
others += 1

print("Uppercase alphabets:", uppercase)

print("Lowercase alphabets:", lowercase)
print("Digits:", digits)
print("Other characters:", others)

def transfer_1st_last():

with open("board.txt", 'r') as f:

l = []
line = f.readline()
 while line:
words = line.split()
if words:
l.append(words[0])
l.append(words[-1])
line = f.readline()

print(l)

count()
transfer()
count_the()
count_the1()
count1()
transfer_1st_last()

'''
#binary files

'''
import pickle
import os

def create():
f = open("abc.dat", "wb")
name = input("Enter the name: ")
age = int(input("Enter the age: "))
salary = int(input("Enter the salary: "))
l = [name, age, salary]
pickle.dump(l, f)
f.close()

def display():
f = open("abc.dat", 'rb')
found = True
while found:
try:
data = pickle.load(f)
except EOFError:
found = False
else:
print("Name:", data[0])
print("Age:", data[1])
print("Salary:", data[2])
f.close()

def modify():
f = open("abc.dat", 'rb')
g = open("emp.dat", 'wb')
d = input("Enter the name of the person's record you want to modify: ")
found = True
while found:
try:
data = pickle.load(f)
except EOFError:
found = False
 else:
if d == data[0]:
age = int(input("Enter the age: "))
salary = int(input("Enter the salary: "))
l = [data[0], age, salary]
pickle.dump(l, g)
else:
pickle.dump(data, g)
f.close()
g.close()
os.remove("abc.dat")
os.rename("emp.dat", "abc.dat")

def add_arecord():
f = open("abc.dat", 'ab')
n = int(input("Enter how many more records you want to enter: "))
for i in range(n):
name = input("Enter the name: ")
age = int(input("Enter the age: "))
salary = int(input("Enter the salary: "))
l = [name, age, salary]
pickle.dump(l, f)
f.close()

def update():
f = open("abc.dat", 'rb')
g = open("emp.dat", 'wb')
found = True
while found:
try:
data = pickle.load(f)
except EOFError:
found = False
else:
data[2] *= 1.10 # Assuming you want to increase salary by 1%
pickle.dump(data, g)
f.close()
g.close()
os.remove('abc.dat')
os.rename('emp.dat', 'abc.dat')

def insert():
f = open("abc.dat", 'rb')
g = open("emp.dat", 'wb')
d = input("Enter after which record to insert: ")
found = True
while found:
try:
data = pickle.load(f)
except EOFError:
found = False
else:
if data[0] == d:
name = input("Enter the name: ")
age = int(input("Enter the age: "))
salary = int(input("Enter the salary: "))
l = [name, age, salary]
pickle.dump(data, g)
pickle.dump(l, g)
 else:
pickle.dump(data, g)
f.close()
g.close()
os.remove('abc.dat')
os.rename('emp.dat', 'abc.dat')

def menu():
ch=1
while True:
print('\n 1.create\n2.display\n3.modify\n4.add a record\n5.update\
n6.insert')
ch=int(input("choose a number"))
if ch>=2 and ch<=6:
try:f=open("abc.dat",'rb')
except FileNotFoundError:print("FIRST choose OPTION 1")
else:
f.close()
if ch==2:display()
elif ch==3:modify()
elif ch==4:add_arecord()
elif ch==5:update()
elif ch==6:insert()
elif ch==1:create()

menu()
'''
#csv file
'''
import csv
def create():
f=open('book.csv','w',newline='')
csvobj=csv.writer(f,delimiter=',')
for i in range(2):
bc=int(input("enter the book code"))
bn=input("enter book name")
bs=int(input("enter the book cost"))
l=[bc,bn,bs]
csvobj.writerow(l)
f.close()

def count():
f=open('book.csv','r',newline='')
data =csv.reader(f)
c=0
for i in data:
if float(i[2]) <100:c+=1
f.close()
print(c)

def transfer():
f=open('book.csv','r',newline='');l=[]
data=csv.reader(f)
for i in data:
if float(i[2])<100:
l.append(i)
f.close()
print(l)
create()
count()
transfer()
'''
#transfer from the list_csv
'''

import csv

# Function to transfer the list of tuples to a CSV file called ABC.CSV

def t():
d = [
("John", 8, "Male"),
("Alice", 12, "Female"),
("Bob", 6, "Male"),
("Charlie", 15, "Male"),
("Diana", 9, "Female")
]

with open('ABC.CSV', 'w', newline='') as f:

w = csv.writer(f)
w.writerow(["Name", "Age", "Gender"])

for r in d:
w.writerow(r)

print("Data has been transferred to ABC.CSV.")

def d():
with open('ABC.CSV', 'r') as f:
r = csv.reader(f)
for row in r :
print(row)

# Function to count the number of records whose age is below 10

def c():
count = 0
with open('ABC.CSV', 'r') as f:
r = csv.reader(f)
for row in r[1:]:
if int(row[1]) < 10:
count += 1
print(f"Number of records with age below 10: {count}")
def m():
while True:
print("\nMenu:")
print("1. Transfer data to ABC.CSV")
print("2. Display contents of ABC.CSV")
print("3. Count records with age below 10")
print("4. Exit")

choice = int(input("Enter your choice: "))

if choice == 1:
t()
elif choice == 2:
 d()
elif choice == 3:
c()
elif choice == 4:
print("Exiting the program.")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
m()
'''
#mysql
'''
import mysql.connector

# Connect to the MySQL database

sqlobj = mysql.connector.connect(
host="localhost", # your MySQL host
user="root", # your MySQL username
password="password", # your MySQL password
database="mysql" # your MySQL database
)

pyobj = sqlobj.cursor()

# Create a table
pyobj.execute("CREATE TABLE exam (roll_no INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(15), age
INT)")

# Insert multiple records into the table

pyobj.executemany(
"INSERT INTO exam (roll_no, name, age) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)",
[
(1, "Kala", 12),
(2, "Mala", 15),
(3, "Latha", 9)
]
)

# Delete a record from the table

pyobj.execute("DELETE FROM exam WHERE name = 'Latha'")

# Update records in the table

pyobj.execute("UPDATE exam SET age = age + 1")

# Fetch and display all records from the table

pyobj.execute("SELECT * FROM exam")
d = pyobj.fetchall()
c = 0
for i in d:
print(i)
c += 1
print(f"Total records: {c}")

# Drop the table

pyobj.execute("DROP TABLE exam")

# Commit the changes

sqlobj.commit()

# Close the cursor and connection

pyobj.close()
sqlobj.close()
'''
#STACK
'''
def stack(st):
ST.append(st)

def is_empty():
if ST == []:
return True
else:
return False

def pop(ST):
if is_empty() == True:
print("Underflow error")
else:
print("Data popped", ST.pop())

def display(ST):
if is_empty() == True:
print("No data")
else:
print("Stack contents:", ST[::-1])

def Pop_all(ST):
if is_empty() == True:
print("Underflow error")
else:
i = 0
while ST:
print("Data popped", ST.pop())
print("Empty stack")

def peek(ST):
if is_empty() == True:
print("No data")
else:
print("Peek data", ST[-1])

def Transfer():
L = [input("Enter string: ") for _ in range(5)]
for word in L:
if word[0].lower() in "aeiou":
stack(word)

ST = []

while True:
print("\nMenu:\n1. Transfer\n2. Pop\n3. Display\n4. Pop All\n5. Peek\n6. Exit")
choice = input("Enter choice: ")

if choice == "1":
Transfer()
elif choice == "2":
 pop(ST)
elif choice == "3":
display(ST)
elif choice == "4":
Pop_all(ST)
elif choice == "5":
peek(ST)
elif choice == "6":
break
else:
print("Invalid choice")

'''
#tuples
'''
def Transfer_one(l):
N = len(l)
result = []
for i in range(N):
row = []
for j in range(N):
if j <= i:
row.append(l[j])
else:
row.append(0)
result.append(row)

# Printing the result in a triangular format using format

for row in result:
print(" ".join("{}".format(x) for x in row))

def Transfer_two(l):
N = len(l)
result = []
for i in range(N):
row = []
for j in range(N):
if j >= N - i - 1:
row.append(l[j])
else:
row.append(0)
result.append(row)

# Printing the result in a triangular format using format

for row in result:
print(" ".join("{}".format(x) for x in row))

l = [8, 2, 3, 4, 7]
Transfer_one(l)
print()
Transfer_two(l)
'''