Jamilosigaten Comfude fatoaie

Yamiliaiation CPUBox Mothesboaid ceu and

Chipset , Srtesfacs cnds, Casd slats alad alik
Cabls, SMPS
sMes VNIC, asiou postet onp atet
Riphesal. #lo evicu Bhiage devicsIntefoc
Caads - (butes- imwe
Lemputed is an advanced elcttonie desu hal
takes
paoo4se these daa cnau h conktol Bet o
instiuchons (called ptgtam) and gives the kesull adpat)
and
piecess Ksath numesiCalQna non-Dmeical
Cosithmeie Cnd leseal data
Compute ha fou unctions
accepis dat Soput
b: ploceSses data :Aocussing
C: prnduuce output Qutput
:Skoisge
Matesials eguiseel
Compatea hoxdase Componenla mathesbaud
CPU, RAMpouea Suplye
Cables.
and dikluent pach/
intekas and selated
 Mohesboaid i
dphysical altangemant in a conpute dhat
Comgutu
bsic ciscuitiy
calid mathuboatd
and mpapenls of
a ypical mathetbaard
a mplanot susface "and but in ou sty
yualy
mo tiusbaad f campute conkins fokuing put
t9 CoptecASsos Copional)
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sapandicn Cslot)

Esoccasok Socket

oc Conecto[s:
Sn Computa no companent Cam cpelate ahoat
Auply to th motheubaasd cnd ohu cmpnenh.
Memols Sldts
Menohu Slok au alocatad ad cper Rigt
Computu s mem Qkymoduh Numbet ef skolu can kly
depunding cn hu model ef molhuboasd.

te
ide cosd kocated siht leelau he
mo thes boO GAd 1ide slot s wed toinstall vidto
Cards and on capnot k abll to insthll vidle Catd
oithaut it. High end qaming mothboatd! Come
uith muliplk video Cad sloballauinsHhe nstelatiop
emlhiph videe ca8da.

Connechvity qptical and stelge

devi ces ale plovided by the elp o TDE Qnd se4

intelocs cshich hasa mouimum ped of 6ooMEls

compsed to 1OF) nterßace chich Cao Serch

2408 chip and l'ateu contain the Cadefe the

mernaly Chip cuhose poet de maintaind by

Moathlaidge and Soutskag The date fao behween ated

memo4, vide Cosde Qnd peocusot soodio
by the osthbidge Aheseas dathbliclg caith.
it maiotins thi dala 7law
Betoeen pocusoA
Ssto peiphelals such as Sound Cai
Cnd netwok coAds

ane! Conco
iont (Panel Us8 hedus and di hesder:
Atont pang! a sitatecd
at ont and includu connechiona o Pouset
Xeutto n AeLet Sautton, powen led,aualta connechele
Qnd sB connectoss:

Jhue connLchaki cue baidge bekoeen outsid

Gnd inside ef the coaputea leßhen als that ae
eatnal ke keho ad , m9uemou toA, &peakels
Ond 80 on. all ale canecked theaush teue CannechaRa

(Buses cse ued fo tsans & date ithin the

Componemt,hase ase
Aiguse shous the dilletent types fBses
Nambe e Kit that combe send by
a bus ießu
RAM
dcanymfos Random csMeyooly hs mernaly
e Computes can be accssedJandomly tla a
jn it a long as
yolahle memosy, the data shayt
(omputee js Runaing
RoM:

DOn. volatle memoky contins data even

Cache memoyi
4 i also a Kandom acccss memoky
han &egulel RAM.
Cam. be accSsed mo&e quickly
Hasd diak diue tha
Houd disk oaive s the mechanis
Conbals heading. positioning nd aosi hng ef the had
amaunl ef data Sadage
disk ohith fuunished the lalgedaive ORhosd aliive
Qnd the he Sam
not Hhe
haddiak ale ng Bome Yhing hey ae
 packsged a
Somehmu wed
Qnd
to sle fhe whole unt
dpsozi ale lkhal Valus
Uit Abbse viation Vaiu
Nchal
Valu
Bit b
Byte
KlobyBes KB loo0 bye (OR4 byhes
Meyabyte MB Imill lon bya Loss, 576 byte
gabyte |billien byed ,oR 41, 4 by hes
Jeabyte TB
 Netwot Aadwaie amiliusation
Zlim.

Jhosy Nekookh duis s nthooakig hadawalt ae

phyical duicu th¡t ase ieguid fe Comauni cation
Cnd inteochion twen hasdwau an a Conptee
netsoak.
hu compman ntooik duice lut

’ Routet
>(Budge
’ Lateasay
Modem
’
Repeakes
2ds pcint
ccss polnt
Qnd secieveA data ciaelunly neÂadio fuqincie
sing ao4GÄy 5aHz lonnde. Ca ents such aslapbps
O& mobil phaui, Comnud to on AP wsing
Aignal, enabling thm to jain tte cssens LAN cad
 to a soute aa suitch in iid LAahich.
Psovides th AP cwith accus a the inteinet and
hien depleyin Awiceles eame mat consicleu
Ractaks keoai en. atenuation_ and chapel
ioteafeuncu, all of shich can allect kgoalatengh
yai olly nginels mauat AB on
to maaimiy kignal cOvetage and minimize
poBental ohatacli
AA opekae ad dayee Q of thu osz macl.the daa.

DeheeAk Keicg Qch aa an ntacoanechon

LANS, eSKentially ciaating
a ingle domao om Sepasale LâNS S ths csay. a
Communicaion am ong dilleent netwesk bt condiduu
K baida aggugates hu poxti toned teameot
netuoik begment
and conthelb tai fhat moues hekseen them.d
tsanspasent Adq ntes canmecta LANS that uses the bam
LDgatoco! suiteahilea tanskatiom rinqe oin
LANS that ue dihetnt píotocal
Buda deics. have saithiog Capabi.lhes, aith
data Bonk ey
 axamining
each fan
Media dacas ontal (ne) addlie
suteves,a bidg uills a oakup
talel MAC addleses andpolt loatoshe
bNda eßien cu this table to autetains tahethu to fsd
Q Riom along or cis Cald il cohich Bappend ihen
MA adss ls not bihin th1 rige
Bidges
enteipise netaoak dugna and ae tpically
Salaced by suitehes

aeway ls a ntlooanete that Copnecty

dsessate nhwotks as istems that s-we
dilereat piotocgl enabliny dats to flaus btwen
th etu ke ateuays ude multple psotocot Qnel
tanslate an thcomi ng pachet' infoAmation and
pzoBocol to make} Compah ble h thu uh natien
enormwmt. lles a gateasay plocuser te data
pa chet, i typcally fotoasos sate
on to a Aatea,
which sende the pockt taud lt detnaton
es s gaksays hclude houtes aeb aflcaiens
ueual and email secwity gakusay fatuuayt
Qnd claud eriAonment
oleo wed lieeqwntly cui thte Ie7
atesay ´can cpetak at any kayu o he
 dhub a a physital duia
a lapp desktop_Compute Ond pante can
Cennect into a hub's patl cuih Eheanet Cabls and
&outes 08 ssi teh a hub bad caslu messags
Reclevesflon Gne t to all kemaining _poet_cuihaul
Qani ning hfanks
he Banes o lalating he néssage
fo th intoncld destinaton oute osBai teh in piole
hub mu Conoect to oa
to communicate Cubidu a hAN huls devics Carr
allo camect to each othu to enpond thu aveall
nehootk.
hub Can doe actve, paLsive of ahelligent. he
hub act as sepeales to
Signal e an messagt. lgnal, Snply
enComing
z poet
paouiding Connectivity far deAices an monitoalag
hcul ave managemenl Jasus
gnhell qcd Blu
Gntelli Qud
Capabilihe to idenißy potenhial cwith
Conn ected deuices

Moderm:
Ahe maln puipojeeha madem s to madulate
and demodulak .. OA Conveat -- Signal Ketwen olesic
Buch as analog to disi tal Nouadays. the met
Common ol moden
ype ef intelnet medem
 shich facilitates inhanet accus
y seczixing signals
Liom an ISP and Canvesting theo ao afasmat
that connucherddeics Can
a0 ueBuch aSacie
gital sign al
Repenlezdlepeate stsepghens a signal toaad(omkat
Aesends
to it déshnaHon Repeatess ale used
attenuatian. bypas atefetenc and ealend the kange
Comnonly wed wi thoh cuielees
Lnehwotki_But alo oito aesk cthfibll optid.
telephan cnd 1 Stoadcasting Cmong othees.

Boutek disect clata Aequsa om

neuoosk to aoother haas eramine incorming packet
to deteamin fhe appiopiate dutination 2Paddes
Cnd then foroard he acket to that deutination
doutea CaD abo enab intesnet acce thaush
ta canechonto moden Combinel
modum- Ouket.
ith. bidae, Sautrs meuntain and we fating
tables thad contin soute inßkmaben, Juch as ze
addaesses and intesßacs. CncL a foutee inspect a pocket it
Bolees ho the Aouhing tabl to ind the Bst path
tow atd the dutin aton. Rauteu we mutng potocele to
Communi Cate and exbange data.
 ued in enta paise Dehworks
nclu do the foleuing
() edge Aoutes
Ch) CoRl Aoutess
) dste buion foutes

joutea opelatee at dayu 3 e the ess nmodel-- the

nehwosk Rasy.

destinaion hy eramining fame's

MAC addhees and senina ding L1 to h aleHCe with the
m¡tching addsus
Qevies connect into a santh's ptk suslly via a n
Bheenet cable. he suitch stoles thoe clevice
MAL addaesses in an addus table
seßesen wchen tansfuing flnét: hla
Soutesfoiusas oy dab to an TP adales O
nehw ok a suitth kends he inbokrnation dectly
Unke a hub which &hatw bandwiclt amons all
b polba suith allocates band oielh Rat
each poit thon
Aue, a hey eramint an n(emin amk's MAc
addses:
 uithes ale available io t fallesing tyees
Ca) Cnmanaged suri tehes.

Ce) dayu 3 Rusitches

()_Poe auer henet i tehs
9) hred suitehes
tb) skckable suikehe
i) D0dula Bitehes.
tiadiHon al suitch operales at dauet 2 the
0S1 model : dayu3 susithes Cpeote at he
nehwoRk layu aod taansßee packeh based
on the detnation IP addles

ecauhons Ihedeuices eihA CompukeA oA any ohes

nehwogking deniceshoulad be handlid
Cal and plesesved caahuly

Buccusfully thdied he uaziaw nehwosking.

cdevica and heis applicuions
 Basic Wuotu Commande
Aim
0 shady vauiou Wbup hu Comandt.
heosy dn Opesa tiog. -Ayalem
Jaltwa hat managy copule hasdwae sAtouscis
Qnd phaids Cemman SsMicA for Computee pioçsams Done
fopulai cpaaking syatens VAS, 400A Gpelahng

inua Operah o4 Syatem.i

Opetahng System assabkd Cndeu thu model of
and opgn goukce sofhw asp dvelopnest and datibahen
Ih nyo cpesa tingSystem is made up ef thue
paste the kepel he shell and the progam

he kanel o dinue is the hub the

Opesating Syatem: alocodea bmu and memoy
psogamá and handlu thelestos Qnd
Comuni cati ons in lpon&e bo stem lalla
Ihe Shell
he Bhll ac as on inleface btoen
he login PelfainaNEA plogtam chcku he canamt
and pstaod and then stk Qnothu ptogtam callod
4 kekpseks thu cannands hu wet types in and
Comnand as themselves pogtamaj shun tuy
teaminale,hu shell ghea hi cia analhut fanpt
iysten)
iles and piocesses
yeyting do dinut
piacess an executng piagiam lden ijied by
niquu PrpCCpiaceit Jdenhfe)
collcton of dala Jhey
Aey uses csing tet editals , Aunai ng Corp2lexs et
Jhe cisctoss Btiucthue

hieaschial ssuctyeke an
nvexled te She top Be hieaachy la tia ditnally
Called aoob
Bome Basc bantaCammande
Jhe ls cammandlals he coalenta gou so cutent
wOsking diackasy- he may lu no fles vizble
piompt cuil be seheheddlspathvely thuy thee
may abady he Bomufle nsesheoby the
bysken administsa tod uhen y alcount coas CReated .
Is does not, in fact hoe
diectoky o be sted, bud only those orese whate
Dam doek not eeso with a dot C)_lu beginiag
Cwith dot() au krgo as hidden ls and wáually
Conhin mpaß kaot progeao conpijak ation nfosmahien
$ls -a
Is s an erample o a Command cuhich can
taku options -a an exampl "ophionJheoe tiong
Can chang behaviou4 f he Command Shee go

~Cyous home dixeto sy:

Home olictosies can alto e
sed to by the Hloe chonactea. 9} Cam be wed
to sinsgll speclhy patd sathng at yu home
diseukosy
will list the contents of youa diuct oy. nD matte
 Ashu yo'
mk die Cmake diecoiy
sed in ma kíng
com allo e wdto cieae ano thes clectog
inid tho main dsectoy

speaihy pah ngms in

OA abso ute path namls oA 0A Aelatie pothnamly. Ahsa late
path namd ign wi th thu Aeat dctaky CCepesente hy 1)
d wlative pahhom stast ftom the wetkind cinckasy
Special nolaiory:

Print coaking dilectany duplay ta cusent laetking

disuc ho y KiRst kog in te
dissctasy fach usea arcount gixtn ik Ouon
hons diKchosy ond it is thehu only plece a kegular

Remase dissctosies- eletes an ermphy diectoy

 Copy fila and foldes:

cp-i flel lea Some aa

QveswiHen.
: Ukins a wild tascd Copy a hu flu in
aliady eaist
2p- dial du
dieetaky dees not erdst
clikehohy A s ceated, alea
the copuy twil conhin thuSame content

erist, thun oiecnay olle Caod ih Con tent)

twll he copied to ola2.

m
Remose Cdelete) lues-0nd diackosies
alia::
inses 0e Commancs he bwe can delia auseles
buill lsorn athe commanoe. Jo &emave an
the unalias command s csed
 Move and Aenam ls

4 fel a does not erisi ctea ted

go elthu case e cecse to kais
’mv-i

prompkd beßole it s
into the

aluady exlst
4l dluecheky d a doe not easl.
CAlate dkctasy ca2 and move he

and delete dicheay dul. 9ß clgecte

dia a dey not erdst move olliacody
daland ih cankmk) Ioto oleectaly

Ausplay a cammands type.

hich
Daplay an executable's locahon.
 &ls play masual pageMany Kecutable progtamd
Supeokt a chel cphian that display a dsciphion
o he cammand's Suppasted yn ta and optons

Shows he Contenke o_a fl al at ence

Becaue cat Cam acceht mote han s as

*led to ind o Speclfi

specßit sting ethn fles

bytes conainud a cptlen lnis

LCelee)
1CPiee) ceesa lot, the autput o one Command
Con le pihud jnto the nput of anetht. he pipe can l
Wbed tonk comnanda togethu to peufatm
Compla asks that would ohutuwise take mulhple steps.
lch:
inh i tent autmenh o0 Ahandatd ouput
touch

does no eaish touch cieatu hi fle. bo fucb

Can be ued to cKiake fils hogh ih not
is pincky patpase
pintenv
’ Jh shell maintaiN a ladu saßotmatien cluns
Cu shell session calld thu en viton meal
’ Jo se all the envidon ment vauables Cnel thus
vluts' pniater

’Bash maintains a hutnay o comm andls thut

Command
is kept in yeud hon disctity n a fple
calld sbash histasy
’1o vieu Comand histo syi hiskohy
24n this lu tng each command a numbeud
psswd!
’lo chang a ue passcawokd i- passod
’o chag Qnatheu bua's past awndi
pasiod uiex2
eadd:

Jo odd a neas wea named ue2:

Sud o weradd -M wed
> Jhe -m ophon Caeale a home disectory e
thh ne sea automatically:
Ceating a neo wesyou tpieally nea
Set a posi csaad ho1 he lwes aceaunt
tuing he paslwd command

ADamei
Dsplay
opaahog
ingokmahon abat a dinu mach'nes
em and hosdsale platfatm.
*im:
a Spklod Cemmand
pAogam and Aeposts vasiouw meticzs inclucling
heal, eland Aystem Hme:
Real tim Ihe actual elapsecd tne, fam sktto Roab
includlng Hme speat Cuating a Ilo
and oth paocs&es
 we Hme : Jhe ameuot CPy tme Sent ereauting
ser- made instchonn cithin Hhu psoccss
aygtenlvel instuchons en
he peotos

du Loptions Lle ldiuectoxJ

’ Ihe du Cdisk as ag) (ommand dss ued to eshmate
and summ akize pe and cliecho ey spacL wage
indicaked y hu' gien pah name
yau do nat specikq a path nam du
the cussent disecta&s
By defasll du gi dlak uaage in ke
-h ephion g he output in a
Beadableoim. Cea. KB, MB).