NUMPY ARRAYS

BASIC OPERATIONS IN NUMPY

Jaume Boguñá
Dive into Python
 What is NumPy?
NumPy is a Python library used for numerical and matrix computations.

Main Features
I. Fast Array Processing
NumPy arrays are more efficient than Python lists for large data.

II. Vectorized Operations

Perform element-wise operations without writing loops.
III. Multidimensional Arrays
Support for arrays of any dimension.

IV. Integration
Works with other libraries like Pandas, Matplotlib, and Scikit-learn.
import numpy as np
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Dive into Python 2

 Creating Arrays
There are several ways to create arrays in NumPy:

1. np.array()
Purpose:
Converts input data (lists, tuples) into a NumPy array.

import numpy as np

ages = [16, 22, 39, 86]

array = np.array(ages)

[16 22 39 86]

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Dive into Python 3

 Creating Arrays
2. np.zeros()
Purpose:
Creates an array filled with zeros.
Parameters:
`shape`: A tuple defining the shape of the array.

import numpy as np

zeros_array = np.zeros((3,4))

[[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]]

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Dive into Python 4

 Creating Arrays
3. np.ones()
Purpose:
Creates an array filled with ones.
Parameters:
`shape`: A tuple defining the shape of the array.

import numpy as np

ones_array = np.ones((3,4))

[[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]]

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Dive into Python 5

 Creating Arrays
4. np.arange()
Purpose:
Generates an array with values from start to stop (exclusive) with a step.
Parameters:
`start`: Starting value.
`stop`: Stopping value (excluded).
`step`: Step size (default is 1).

import numpy as np

arange_array = np.arange(5, 25, 5)

[5 10 15 20]

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Dive into Python 6

 Creating Arrays
5. np.linspace()
Purpose:
Creates an array of evenly spaced values between start and stop.
Parameters:
`start`: Starting value.
`stop`: Stopping value (included).
`num`: Number of values to generate.
import numpy as np

linspace_array = np.linspace(5, 25, 10)

[ 5. 7.22222222 9.44444444 11.66666667 13.88888889

16.11111111 18.33333333 20.55555556 22.77777778 25. ]

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Dive into Python 7

 Creating Arrays
Summary

np.array() Converts lists/tuples to arrays.

np.zeros() Creates zero-filled arrays.
np.ones() Creates one-filled arrays.
np.arange() Creates arrays with a range of values.
np.linspace() Creates arrays with evenly spaced values.

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Dive into Python 8

 Array Attributes
1. shape
Purpose:
Returns the dimensions (size along each axis) of the array.

import numpy as np

array = np.array([[9, 8, 7, -3], [-1, 2, 0, 5]])

print(array.shape)
(2, 4)

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Dive into Python 9

 Array Attributes
2. dtype
Purpose:
Returns the data type of the array elements.

array = np.array([[9, 8, 7], [-1, 2, 0]])

print(array.dtype)
int32

array = np.linspace(-8, 8, 16)

[-8. -6.93333333 -5.86666667 -4.8 -3.73333333 -

2.66666667 -1.6 -0.53333333 0.53333333 1.6
2.66666667 3.73333333 4.8 5.86666667 6.93333333 8. ]

print(array.dtype)
float64

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Dive into Python 10

 Array Attributes
3. size
Purpose:
Returns the total number of elements in the array.

array = np.array([[9, 8, 7], [-1, 2, 0]])

print(array.size)
6

array = np.arange(1,9,3)
[1 4 7]

print(array.size)
3

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Dive into Python 11

 Array Attributes

4. ndim
Purpose:
Returns the number of dimensions (axes) of the array.

array = np.array([[9, 8, 7], [-1, 2, 0]])

print(array.ndim)
2

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Dive into Python 12

 Array Attributes

Summary

shape Dimensions of the array.

dtype Data type of array elements.
size Total number of elements.
ndim Number of dimensions.

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 Basic Operations
Element-wise
1. Addition (+)

d = np.ones((2,3))
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
e = np.array([[1,-1,1], [0,-2,-1]])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
f = d + e
c = a + b
print(f)
print(c)
[[ 2. 0. 2.]
[5 7 9]
[ 1. -1. 0.]]

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Dive into Python 14

 Basic Operations
Element-wise
2. Subtraction (-)

d = np.ones((2,3))
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
e = np.array([[1,-1,1], [0,-2,-1]])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
f = d - e
c = a - b
print(f)
print(c)
[[0. 2. 0.]
[-3 -3 -3]
[1. 3. 2.]]

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Dive into Python 15

 Basic Operations
Element-wise
3. Multiplication (*)

d = np.ones((2,3))
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
e = np.array([[1,-1,1], [0,-2,-1]])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
f = d * e
c = a * b
print(f)
print(c)
[[ 1. -1. 1.]
[ 4 10 18]
[ 0. -2. -1.]]

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Dive into Python 16

 Basic Operations
Element-wise
4. Division (/)

d = np.ones((2,3))
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
e = np.array([[1,-1,1], [0,-2,-1]])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
f = d / e
c = a / b
print(f)
print(c)
[[ 1. -1. 1. ]
[0.25 0.4 0.5 ]
[ inf -0.5 -1. ]]

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Dive into Python 17

 Basic Operations
Element-wise
5. Exponentiation (**)

d = np.ones((2,3))
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
e = np.array([[1,-1,1], [0,-2,-1]])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
f = d ** e
c = a ** b
print(f)
print(c)
[[1. 1. 1.]
[ 1 32 729]
[1. 1. 1.]]

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Dive into Python 18

 Basic Operations
Element-wise
Summary

Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Exponentiation **

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Dive into Python 19

 Basic Operations
Unary
1. Sum: np.sum()

x = np.array([[-2, 3, 9], np.ones(3)])

v = np.array([-2, 3, 9]) [[-2. 3. 9.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]]
np.sum(v)
10 np.sum(x)
13.0

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Dive into Python 20

 Basic Operations
Unary
2. Minimum: np.min()

x = np.array([[-2, 3, 9], np.ones(3)])

v = np.array([-2, 3, 9]) [[-2. 3. 9.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]]
np.min(v)
-2 np.min(x)
-2.0

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Dive into Python 21

 Basic Operations
Unary
3. Maximum: np.max()

x = np.array([[-2, 3, 9], np.ones(3)])

v = np.array([-2, 3, 9]) [[-2. 3. 9.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]]
np.max(v)
9 np.max(x)
-9.0

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Dive into Python 22

 Basic Operations
Unary
4. Mean: np.mean()

x = np.array([[-2, 3, 9], np.ones(3)])

v = np.array([-2, 3, 9]) [[-2. 3. 9.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]]
np.mean(v)
3.3333333333333335 np.mean(x)
2.1666666666666665

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Dive into Python 23

 Basic Operations
Unary
5. Standard Deviation: np.std()

x = np.array([[-2, 3, 9], np.ones(3)])

v = np.array([-2, 3, 9]) [[-2. 3. 9.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]]
np.std(v)
4.4969125210773475 np.std(x)
3.387066905483596

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Dive into Python 24

 Basic Operations
Unary
Summary

Sum np.sum()
Minimum np.min()
Maximum np.max()
Mean np.mean()
Standard
np.std()
Deviation

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Dive into Python 25

Advanced Manipulations
1. Reshaping Arrays: reshape()
Purpose:
Change the shape of an array without changing its data.

import random

array = np.array([random.randint(1,10) for _ in range(3)])

[2 1 4]

reshaped = array.reshape((3,1))
[[2]
[1]
[4]]

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Dive into Python 26

Advanced Manipulations
2. Transposing Arrays: T
Purpose:
Flip the dimensions of an array.

import random

array = np.array([[random.randint(1,10) for _ in range(3)],

[random.randint(11,20) for _ in range(3)]])
[[ 5 3 8]
[13 20 12]]

transposed = array.T
[[ 5 13]
[ 3 20]
[ 8 12]]

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Dive into Python 27

Advanced Manipulations
3. Concatenation: np.concatenate()
Purpose:
Combine multiple arrays into one.

a = np.arange(1,12,4)
[1 5 9]

b = np.linspace(5,9,6)
[5. 5.8 6.6 7.4 8.2 9. ]

combined = np.concatenate((a,b))
[1. 5. 9. 5. 5.8 6.6 7.4 8.2 9. ]

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Dive into Python 28

Advanced Manipulations
4. Splitting: np.split()
Purpose:
Split an array into multiple sub-arrays.

array = np.arange(8.0)
[0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.]

splitted = np.split(array, 2)
[array([0., 1., 2., 3.]), array([4., 5., 6., 7.])]

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Dive into Python 29

Advanced Manipulations

Summary

reshape() Reshapes an array

T Transposes an array
np.concatenate() Merges arrays
np.split() Divides an array

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Dive into Python 30

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Jaume Boguñá
Aerospace Engineer | Data Scientist