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Week 2

The document provides an overview of signals and systems, focusing on the classification of signals into continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) types, along with their graphical representations. It discusses various transformations of the independent variable, including time shifting, time reversal, time scaling, and amplitude adjustments. Additionally, it covers periodic and aperiodic signals, as well as even and odd signals, and introduces exponential and sinusoidal signals.

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noorul hassan
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22 views24 pages

Week 2

The document provides an overview of signals and systems, focusing on the classification of signals into continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) types, along with their graphical representations. It discusses various transformations of the independent variable, including time shifting, time reversal, time scaling, and amplitude adjustments. Additionally, it covers periodic and aperiodic signals, as well as even and odd signals, and introduces exponential and sinusoidal signals.

Uploaded by

noorul hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems

Signal Processing
Instructor
Dr. Hafiz Farhan Maqbool

Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics & Manufacturing Engineering


University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Faisalabad Campus
Previously….

■ Course Overview, Overview of OBE System


■ Introduction to Signal (s)
■ Types of Signals
■ Classification of Signals
■ Introduction to Systems
■ Introduction to Processing
■ Digital VS Analog Systems
TODAY
• More details about Signals
• Classifications
• Examples
Signals
There are two basic types of signals.
■ Continuous-time (CT) signals and discrete-time (DT) signals
■ For CT signals, the independent variable is continuous whereas DT signals are
defined only at discrete times (the independent variable takes on only a discrete
set of values
■ A CT signal is called a function.
■ A DT signal is called a sequence.
■ Although, strictly speaking, a sequence is a special case of a function (where the
domain of the function is the integers).
■ For CT, the independent variable is represented like, (.)
■ For DT, the independent variable is represented like, [.] or sometimes (.)
■ The nth element of a sequence is represented as x [n] or 𝑥𝑛
Graphical Representation of Signals
Transformations of the Independent Variable
■ Time Shift: Also known as translation. Two signals identical in shape but are displaced or
shifted relative to each other.
■ Such a transformation shifts the signal (left or right) along the time axis
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑏 where b is a real number. OR
x 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛−𝑏
■ If b > 0, y is shifted to the right by |b|, relative to x (i.e., delayed in time).
■ If b < 0, y is shifted to the left by |b|, relative to x (i.e., advanced in time).
Transformations of the Independent Variable
■ Time Shift: Also known as translation. Two signals identical in shape but are displaced or
shifted relative to each other.
■ The same rule applies to discrete signals.
■ Applications: radar, sonar, and seismic
Signal processing

x[n] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ], where 𝑛0 > 0


Delayed sequence
Transformations of the Independent Variable
■ Time reversal: Also known as reflection. Transformation of the time axis (reversing the
signal). Example: Audio tape recording
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 OR x[𝑛] = 𝑥[-n]
■ Geometrically, the output signal is a reflection of the input signal about the vertical line t=0 or
n=0.
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
■ Time scaling (compression/expansion):
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 OR x[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑎𝑛]
where a is a nonzero real number.
■ If |a| > 1, y is compressed along the horizontal axis by a
factor of a
■ If |a| < 1, y is expanded (i.e., stretched) along the horizontal
axis by a factor of |1/a| .
■ If |a| = 1, the signal is neither expanded nor compressed.
■ If a < 0, the signal is also time reversed.
■ Dilation (i.e., expansion/compression) and time reversal
commute.
■ Time reversal is a special case of time scaling with a = −1;
and time compression/expansion is a special case of time
scaling with a > 0.
Transformations of the Independent Variable
■ Combined Time Scaling and Time Shifting: Consider a transformation that maps the
input signal x to the output signal y as given by
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏 where a and b are real numbers and a,b ≠ 0

• The above transformation can be shown to be the combination of a time-scaling operation


and time-shifting operation.

• Since time scaling and time shifting do not commute, we must be particularly careful
about the order in which these transformations are applied.

• The above transformation has two distinct but equivalent interpretations:


• first, time shifting x by b, and then time scaling the result by a;
• first, time scaling x by a, and then time shifting the result by b/a.

• Note that the time shift is not by the same amount in both cases.
Example: Combined Time Scaling and Time Shifting
Amplitude Scaling
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥(𝑡) where a is a real number

• Geometrically, the output signal y is expanded/compressed in amplitude


and/or reflected about the horizontal axis.
Amplitude Shifting
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡 +𝑏 where b is a real number

• Geometrically, amplitude shifting adds a vertical displacement to x.


Signal Energy and Power
Periodic Signals
x 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇) for all values of t.
• It has a property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T. We say that x(t) is
periodic with period T.
• Similar analogy in case of discrete signals
x[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 + 𝑁] for all values of n.
• The fundamental period: the smallest positive value of T or N
• A signal x(t) that is not periodic will be referred to as an aperiodic signal.

What
about
me?
Even (symmetric) and Odd (asymmetric) Signals
■ If x −𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡) or x[-n]= 𝑥 𝑛 ; Even signal (identical to its time-reversed counterpart)
■ If x −𝑡 = −𝑥(𝑡) or x[-n]= −𝑥 𝑛 ; 𝐎𝐝𝐝 signal (must be zero at t=0 or n=0)
Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
General Complex Exponentials
General Complex Exponentials
Relationship Between Complex Exponentials and
Real Sinusoids

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