REPUBLIC ACT NO.

8293
AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE AND
ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
PART I
The Intellectual Property Office
SECTION 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines." 3.Creation of Statute-
A statute is a formal written enactment
Registration of applications for trademark, patent, utility of a legislative authority that governs the
legal
model, industrial design and patent cooperation entities of a city, or country by way of
treaty applications are filed with the Philippine Intellectual consent.
Property Office (IPO). 4. Territoriality
Intellectual property laws are mainly
Intellectual Property territorial and apply only within the
relevant
Category of property that includes intangible creations of the human competence. Although the agreement
intellect sets the minimum standard in its
respective
municipal laws for all nations, the IP laws
.The value of an IP asset represents the potential future around the world are not harmoniously
economic benefits to the IP owner or authorized user united.
Only intellectual protection tools such as patents, designs or models, Limited to the territory of the country
trademarks or copyrights can protect the materialization of an idea where they have been granted.
Patents, copyright and trademarks,trade dress and trade U.S. trademark and patent registrations
secrets,geographical indication are some examples of IP which enable will not protect rights holders’ IP in the
people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or Philippines. There is no such thing as an
create. “international copyright” that will
automatically protect an author’s
writings throughout the world.
Intellectual Property Right(IPR)
Intellectual property rights (IPR) refers to the legal rights given to the inventor or 5. Assignable
creator to protect his invention or creation for a certain period of time. They should obviously be
granted (licensed), because they
legal rights confer an exclusive right to the inventor/creator or his assignee to fully are privileges.
utilize his invention/creation for a given period of time
IP may be bought, sold or
It provides a mechanism of handling infringement, piracy, and unauthorized use. licensed, employed or affiliated.
6. Dynamism
The protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is important for The IPR is constantly changing.
drives economic growth and competitiveness, The IP sector is also developing
helps generate breakthrough solutions to global challenges, accordingly, as technology in all
areas of human
encourage innovation and reward entrepreneurs activities is changing
exponentially.
growth in areas such as research, innovation and employment.
In accordance with the demand
IPR enforcement is also essential to health and safety.. for scientific and technological
IPR creates and supports high-paying jobs, advancement, the
scope of its defence is being
extended
Intangible property
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
IP does not cover the created physical object but retains the
conceptual 1. Copyright
development behind the physical object.
a form of legal protection that protects “original
Intellectual property law does not deal with the material object in works of authorship fixed in
which the works of any tangible medium of expression from which
the mind have represented. The main feature which distinguishes they can be perceived,
IP from other types reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either
of property is its intangibility. directly or with the aid of a
machine or device.”
IP is about a person’s ability to produce a new idea and put it
before the public Copyright relates to expression of ideas in
material form and includes
musical, dramatic, cinematography work, audio
2.Rights & Duties tapes, and computer
software
IP not only gives rise to rights of ownership but also to duties. In
relation to his
work/product, the IP owner has the right to conduct such actions.
He is entitled exclusively to produce, copy the work, market the work.
Protect the right against infringement.
IPR law grants the proprietor’s exclusive right to exclusion
E.g.
Philippine conglomerate San Miguel opposes the registration of the
“Magnolia Bakery”
mark filed by Magnolia Intellectual Property LLC; the decision affirms
the reputation and
popularity of San Miguel’s “MAGNOLIA” mark,
Copyrightable work are protected from the moment of creation. WHAT IS A TRADEMARK?
The owner of the work or his/her assignees/successors-in-interest has the right to WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
apply for copyright registration.
Utilized properly, a trademark can
What are considered copyrightable works in the Philippines? become the
1.Original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain are most valuable business asset of an
copyrightable. enterprise.
a.Books ,pamphlets , articles and other writings The owner of a mark may earn revenues
from
b.Periodicals and newspapers, lectures, sermons, dissertation for oral defense the use of the mark by licensing its use by
c.Musical composition, choreographic work, drawings, paintings another or though franchising
d.Architectural sculture, original ornamental designs,3D relative to Geography agreements.
e.Cinematographic work, audio visual recordings, illustrations, computer HOW CAN YOU PROTECT YOUR
programs MARK?
f. Derivative work like: In the Philippines, a trademark can be
protected through
1.dramatization, translation, adaptation, other alteration of literary music work registration. Registration gives the
trademark owner the
Can the author/ creator of any work waive or transfer copyright on his/her work exclusive right to use the mark and to
in favor of an organization or another individual? YES prevent others from using
the same or similar marks on identical
What is the duration of copyright protection in the Philippines? or related goods and
services.
Copyright protection for artistic, literary and derivative works lasts during the lifetime
of the author plus 50 years after his death.In case of joint authorship,the economic What may be registered?
rights shall be protected during the lifetime of the last surviving author plus 50 years The mark should be able to distinguish
one's goods or services
Copyright infringement from those of others. The mark should
also meet the
The use or production of copyright-protected material without the permission of requirements for registrability of
the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights afforded to marks under the provisions of
the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, the Intellectual Property Code.
are being breached by a third party.
Under the IP Code a mark cannot not
2.Patent be registered if it is:
DESCRIPTIVE
A patent is awarded for an invention, which satisfies the criteria of global
novelty, non-obviousness, and industrial or commercial application. These are marks that describe the
Patents can be granted for products and processes kind, quality, quantity, intended
purpose, value, geographical origin,
patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - time or production of the
the invention can be used by others. goods or rendering of the services, or
other characteristics of the
the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly goods or services. Examples are
availablein the published document. "DURABLE" for shoes (describes
3. Trademark the quality), "A LITER" for cooking oil
(quantity), and so is
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one "KITCHEN" for cooking utensils
enterprise from those of other enterprises. (intended purpose).

Trademarks date back to ancient times when artisans used to put their MISLEADING
signature or "mark" on their products.
Marks that are likely to deceive or
Trademarks relate to any mark, name, or logo under which trade is have the tendency to
conducted for any product or service and by which the manufacturer or the misinform the consumers about the
service provider is identified. Trademarks can be bought, sold, and licensed. actual characteristics of the
goods or services like "BOLPENS" for
pencils, "COLA" for
alcoholic beverages, "SHEER SILK" for
cotton clothing

GENERIC and customary to trade

Generic marks are names of products
they seek to identify. For
instance, "KAP KEYK" for cupcakes,
"CAFFE" for coffee and
"SWEET MANGO" for fresh and
preserved mangoes.
Marks and indications that have
become common in everyday
language or usage can not be
registered. They no longer
distinguish the goods and services
because they are used so often
to refer to the goods and services.
Example of this is "VCO" for
virgin coconut oil.
Under the IP Code a mark 4.Industrial Design
cannot not be registered if
it is An industrial design constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect
of an article.
PERSONS, MAPS, FLAGS AND Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are
OTHER to be manufactured through techniques of mass production.
POLITICAL SYMBOLS
Industrial designs relates to features of any shape, configuration,
Marks that contain names or surface pattern, composition of lines and colors applied to an article
portraits of living individuals may whether 2-D or 3-D,
be 5. Geographical Indication
rejected unless the individual
gives written consent. For Geographical indications and appellations of origin are signs used on
instance, goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities,
no one can use the picture of a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to
Manny Pacquiao as a trademark that place of origin.
unless he is Mr. Pacquiao himself
or he was duly authorized by Geographical indications are indications, which identify as good as
Mr. Pacquiao. originating in the territory of a country or a region or locality in that
territory where a given quality, reputation, or other characteristic of
Contrary to Public Order or the goods is essentially attributable to its geographical origin
Morality
Marks that are against the
common standard of morality. An
example is "PRO-TERRORISM" for
clothing.

MARKS THAT MAY CAUSE

CONFUSION
A mark cannot be registered if it is
identical with or similar
to a registered mark or a mark with
earlier filing date for
goods and services that are
exactly the same or for goods
and services that are related.
Consumers should not
confuse your mark with the marks
of others.
6. Trade Secrets
Trade secrets are IP rights on confidential information which
may be sold or licensed.
The unauthorized acquisition, use or disclosure of such secret
information in manner contrary to honest commercial
practices by others is regarded as an unfair practice and a
violation of the trade secret protection.
Undisclosed information, trade secret or confidential
information, includes formula, pattern, compilation,
programme, device, method, technique, or
process.
Cebu Dried Mangoes
Bohol’s Asin Tibuok
7. Trade dress
Lambanog from Batangas, characteristics of the visual appearance of a product or its
Guimaras Mango (the
Laguna, and Quezon packaging that signify the source of the product to
Philippines’ first
Buhi Weave from Camarines consumers.
Sur
Geographical Indication)
Liliw Footwear It can also include exterior and interior design and
Benguet Strawberry
Lumban Embroidered Barong architectural features of stores
Benguet Cacao
from Laguna and buildings
Davao Cacao
Cordillera Heirloom Rice
Sabutan Weave (Aurora)
Aklan Piña Fiber
Dress Trade Infringement
Piña Calauan
Bohol Ube Kinampay
Bagtason Loom of Antique occurs when one product's design or packaging copies or
Davao Pummelo
Yakan Cloth (from mimics that of another
Zamboanga and Basilan) product to the extent that there is a likelihood of confusion in
Batangas Barako Coffee
Paete wood carvings (Laguna) the mind of the
Laguna Coffee
Basey Banig (Samar) purchasing public.

Difference between Trade Mark and Trade

Dress

Trademark offers legal protection for a logo,

symbol, phrase, word, name, or design
used to show the manufacturer of a product.

Trade dress protects all elements used to

promote a specific service or product.
Examples of trade dress include packaging and
the atmosphere or décor within a
place of business.
 B. Available Market
MARKET IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS The market that you are able to sell
into.
What is a market? It is an analysis that starts with the
total possible market and then
it refers to the conditions and commercial relationships facilitating systematically
transactions between buyers and sellers. eliminates all the areas you cannot
sell into to highlight the market you
It signifies any arrangement in which the sale and purchase of goods take. truly
compete in.
One of a composition of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations or
infrastructures whereby parties may exchange goods and services by barter. Example:
Most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for If a company manufactures a
money from buyer wireless computer mouse, the total
available
Marketing starts with the total population and narrowing down level by level. There market is PC mouse sales worldwide
and the served available market is
are different terms used to understand these levels: your
company's portion of wireless PC
A.Potential Market. mouse sales relative to total
available
Includes the demographic groups that are not currently your customers but could market
become
customers in the future. They might become your customers because you expand your Levels of Marketing:
available products or services, or because you begin marketing your current products
and C.Qualified Available Market.
services in a new way and to new groups of buyers.
People in the available market who are
Potential markets take one of three forms: permitted to buy the available
products and services.
1.New products you market to your current customers. It is the overarching term for consumers who
are interested in a product, can
2.New products you market to new customers. afford it, and who are not prevented from
purchasing by any access barrier
3.Current products you market to new customers. or legal restriction.
How to Get New Potential Markets: Ex.
Create a Customer Profile
A liquor manufacturing company not only look
Use this profile to identify: for the market but also the
The demographic information that people in this group have in common. qualified available market. The people available
may well be willing and
The best forms of media to reach them. capable to pay for the liquor but if their age is
not legal to buy liquor then the
How they prefer to shop and make purchases. companies don't count them as qualified
The concerns, struggles, or problems you can help them overcome. customers.
What values matter to them, both in everyday life and when shopping.
The language that resonates with them. D.Target Market
Potential Market: A target market is a group of customers within a
A business that makes baby products and market them to parents could identify business's serviceable
potential markets such as: available market at which a business aims its
marketing efforts and
Toddler products marketed to parents of older children. resources.
Baby products marketed to grandparents. Markets that are not penetrated
Toddler products marketed to grandparents.
A women's clothing retailer directs its
Baby and toddler products marketed to childcare providers. promotional efforts at women.
Conversely, a large and tall men's shop focuses
Toddler products marketed to parents of older children its marketing efforts on tall
Some Marketing Tips for Baby & Kid Product and heavier men. Similarly, some small
Create Instagram stories companies market to specific age
groups.
Make friends with popular moms
Attend a trade show…in real life
Have an awesome-looking and optimized website E. Penetrated Market.
Make sure your packaging is optimized
Take advantage of Google’s market research Refers to the set of customers who is already
Learn how to use Facebook Ads using a particular product or
Create awesome product catalogs service.
Create niche products Users are aware of the product already and
Baby products marketed to grandparents thru: most of them are active
1.Emails users. Markets that are not penetrated are
2. Traditional channels- called target markets,
a.Television potential markets or available markets.
b.Video Ex.
c.Magazine
3.Messaging As a result of its market penetration, Apple has
Baby and toddler products marketed to childcare providers a larger market share than
all of its competitors combined. The company
If childcare providers are mothers themselves they can easily identify still has opportunities to add to
products its customer base by targeting its competitors'
that are better for babies and toodlers.They may endorse products clients and woo them over to
they,themselves, are using. Apple products and services.
B. Available Market
The market that you are able to sell into.
It is an analysis that starts with the total possible market and then
systematically
eliminates all the areas you cannot sell into to highlight the market you truly
compete in.
Example:
If a company manufactures a wireless computer mouse, the total available
market is PC mouse sales worldwide and the served available market is your
company's portion of wireless PC mouse sales relative to total available
market
Types of Market: The two main types of marketing strategy are:
1.Physical Market Business to business (B2B) marketing.
Any physical market is a place where buyers Business to consumer (B2C) marketing.
and sellers physically meet that
involve both parties in a transaction in
exchange for money. Few good Business to business (B2B) marketing.
examples are departmental stores, shopping
malls and retail stores A marketing practice of individuals or organizations. It allows them to sell
products or services to other companies or organizations that resell them,
2. Virtual Markets / Internet Markets. use them in their products or services or use them to support their works. It
is a way to promote business and improve profit .
It is a place where the seller offers goods and
services via online platform i.e. Manufacturers, for instance, buy raw materials, components and parts to
internet. Buyers and sellers are not required to manufacture their own goods.
physically meet or interact.
4 basic categories of business customers:
Examples are Lazada, Amazon.com.Shopee producers,
resellers,
3.Auction Market. governments, and
An auction market is a place where sellers and institutions.
buyers indicate the lowest and
highest prices they are willing to exchange. This
exchange takes place when
both the sellers and buyers agree on a price. Producers-4 basic categories:
A good example is the Philippine Stock Companies that purchase goods and services that they transform into other
Exchange ( PSE). products.
4. Consumer Markets. They include both manufacturers and service providers.
This market type means the marketing of Examples:
consumer goods and services for
personal and family consumption. Consumer General Motors needs steel and hundreds of thousands of other products to
market examples are: produce cars
McDonald’s needs beef and potatoes.
Consumer Market examples:
Delta Airlines needs fuel and planes.
fast moving consumer goods are ready to cook
meals and newspaper, Dentist needs drugs such as Novocain, oral tools, and X-ray machines.
magazines etc., Local tattoo parlor needs special inks and needles and a bright neon sign
that flashes “open” in the middle of the night.
consumer durables goods are fridge,
televisions, personal computers etc.,
soft goods are shoes and clothes and
Resellers
services include hoteling, hairdressing, schools
and colleges etc. Companies that sell goods and services produced by other firms without
materially changing them. They include wholesalers, brokers, and retailers.
Large wholesalers,
5. Industrial Markets. brokers, and retailers have a great deal of market power. If you can get them
to buy your products, your sales can exponentially increase.
The industrial market involves business to
business sales of goods and Examples:
services. These marketers do not target 1.SM
consumer markets.
2.Robinson’s
3.Gaisano
Industrial Market examples:
4.Mercury Drug
Finished goods like office furniture,
Selling raw materials for businesses i.e. rattan
sticks
Reseller Organization
Offering services to businesses for example
security agencies, auditing and 1.On-line reseller
legal services etc.
Online resellers work much like retail stores, except they usually do not have
traditional brick-and-mortar locations. Resellers that conduct business
6. Black Market. exclusively online, such as Shopee,Lazada
Black market deals in illegal drugs and weapons. 2.Mail-order

7. Market for Intermediate Goods. Mail-order resellers offer customers catalogs that list the merchandise they
have for sale. Mail-order organizations purchase products wholesale and sell
These markets are dealing with the selling of them at a higher price. SkyMall was a popular mail-order reseller that stocks
raw materials that need further their catalogs on commercial flights until recently. With the internet so
common, physical mail-order catalogs are dwindling.
processing to produce finished goods.

8. Financial Market.
3.Reselling via Distributors
This is a broad market known as a financial
market. This is a place for dealing Distributors have agreements with manufacturers to sell products or
with liquid assets for example shares, bonds services to retail, online and mail-order organizations, as well as direct to
etc. customers.

MARKET IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS Distributors that sell directly to consumers take care of customer needs,
including exchanges, returns and repair service.
Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and Ex. Del Monte,Phil
processes for creating,
communicating, delivering, and exchanging BS Philippines Corporation is one of the leading chemical
offerings that have value for trader-distributor .It offers a comprehensive selection of chemical products
customers, clients, partners, and society as a
whole.
Promotion of business products or services to a
target audience.
Examples of marketing at work include
television commercials, billboards
on the side of the road, and magazine
advertisements
Government: Marketing strategy
It purchases everything one can imagine, from paper and A long-term, forward-looking approach and an overall
fax machines to tanks and weapons, buildings, highway game plan of any organization or any business with the
construction services, and medical and security services. fundamental goal of achieving a sustainable competitive
advantage by understanding the needs and wants of
State and local governments buy enormous amounts of customers
products.They contract with companies that provide
citizens with all kinds of services from transportation to Types Of Marketing Plans And Strategies
garbage collection
Market Penetration Strategy.
This happens when this is an urgent need to distribute Market Development Strategy.
relief goods during pandemic and after the rage of natural
disasters. Product Development Strategy.
Diversification Strategy.
Business to business (B2B) marketing.
1. Market Penetration Strategy
Institutional markets include nonprofit organizations such as the
Phil Red Cross, churches, hospitals, charitable organizations, A firm focuses on selling its current products to
private colleges, civic clubs. existing customers, it is pursuing a market
penetration strategy. The marketing activities
They buy a huge quantity of products and services. The lower their that will dominate in this type of marketing plan
costs are, the more people they can provide their services to. are those that emphasize increasing
the loyalty of existing customers so that they are
Businesses buy huge quantities of inexpensive products, too. not vulnerable to loss to competitors, attracting
McDonald’s, for example, buys a lot of toilet paper, napkins, bags, competitors’ customers, increasing the
employee uniforms. frequency of product use, and converting
nonusers into users.
Business to consumer (B2C) marketing.
Identifying new use occasions and new uses for a
Business to customer marketing, commonly known as B2C marketing, is a product may increase usage frequency or
set of strategies, practices, and tactics that a company uses to push its convert current nonusers into users.
products or services to customers.
Ex. , the advertising campaign for orange juice
B2C campaigns don’t just focus on the benefit or value that a product offers, that has the tagline “It’s not
but also on invoking an emotional response from the customer. just for breakfast anymore” was an effort to
expand usage.
Business to consumer (B2C) marketing.
2. Market Development Strategy
Business to customer marketing, commonly known as B2C marketing, is a
set of strategies, practices, and tactics that a company uses to push its Efforts to expand sales by selling current
products or services to customers. products in new markets are referred to as a
market development strategy. Such efforts may
B2C campaigns don’t just focus on the benefit or value that a product offers, involve entering new geographic markets, such as
but also on invoking an emotional response from the customer. international markets.
For example, as fast food restaurants have
Some B2C marketing features: moved into international
markets, they have often changed their menus to
1. A short sales cycle. better match the food
B2C customers usually buy products that were advised by their friends so preferences of customers in local markets.
the entire process is less intimidating for clients and sellers. Expanding into a new market
with an existing product carries some risks.
2. Domination of an emotional element over the rational one.
2. Market Development Strategy
B2C customers look for instant solutions to their problems based on their
desires. They rarely think strategically over the purchase. Efforts to expand sales by selling current
They are just looking for a fast solution that will satisfy their needs here and products in new markets are referred to as a
now. market development strategy. Such efforts may
involve entering new geographic markets, such as
So if a brand manages to provide them with this solution, they will definitely international markets.
return to for the same emotional experience.
For example, as fast food restaurants have
3. Working with the end-user. moved into international
B2C companies usually deal directly with the consumers of their products. markets, they have often changed their menus to
This makes it easier to convince a person, find the right words, and use better match the food
special techniques. While in B2B, a salesperson needs to negotiate with preferences of customers in local markets.
multiple influencers who make decisions on behalf of the entire company. Expanding into a new market
with an existing product carries some risks.
4. The high importance of social media. 3. Product Development Strategy
While choosing a product, people desperately look for customer feedback. Creating new products to sell to existing
They investigate each channel they know to make the right decision. They customers, a product development
not only look for reviews but prefer Facebook and Instagram to talk to the strategy, is a common marketing strategy among
brand via chatbots. firms that can have leverage
So, brands create chatbots to provide clients with 24/7 support, collect with existing customers.
reviews, share updates, and run retargeting campaigns to bring in new
customers and maintain relationships with them. Cable television companies have expanded their
offerings into Internet and
telephone services. E.g. PLDT
BDO has been able to leverage its relationships
with its credit card
customers to also sell travel-related services.
. A product development strategy is also riskier
than a market
penetration strategy because the necessary
product may not be possible to
develop, at least at a cost acceptable to
customers, or the product
developed does not match the needs of
customers.
4.Diversification Strategy
A diversification strategy involves taking new products into new
markets.
This is really the creation of a completely new business.
This is the riskiest of strategies and the strategy likely to require the
most
patience in waiting for a return on investment.
Why the riskiest?
entirely new markets with new products, bringing high levels of
uncertainty and the potential for significant resource strain.
Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid state Evaporation is measured daily as the depth of water (in
to its vapor form and thus transferred from land and water masses to the mm) evaporates from the pan (Epan). The measurement
atmosphere.
day begins with the pan filled to exactly two inches (5 cm)
Evaporation from the oceans accounts for about 80% of the water delivered from the pan top. At the end of 24 hours, the amount of
as precipitation, with the balance occurring on land, inland waters and plant
surfaces water to refill the pan to exactly two inches from its top is
Factors affecting Evaporation Measurement of Evaporation measured.
The evaporation is measured
Strength of intermolecular forces using evaporimeters. Pan evaporation is estimated by the following
Types of evaporimeters;
Surface area 1. Class A Evaporation Pan Pan evaporation(E)=P +,- Z
Atmospheric pressure 2. ISI standard Pan where P=Rainfall during the period of observation
3. Colorado sunken Pan
Humidity and radiation 4. US Geological Survey Z=Depth of water added or removed
Wind velocity and temperature floating Pan Z= (Volume of water added or removed)/Surface
area of pan
Evaporation is directly proportional to radiation. Solar energy near the
equator is more, therefore evaporation is more. Z is + when water is added to the pan
The increase in wind velocity increases evaporation. Wind removes the Z is – when water is removed from the pan
evaporated water then creates space for new
Z is 0 when no water is added or no water at all
Rate of evaporation increases as the temperature of the liquid
increases-endothermic process. P is 0 when there is no rainfall.
Eg. A glass of hot water evaporates more easily than cold water Actual Evaporation from water bodies:
Strength of intermolecular forces Actual Evaporation= Cp x Pan Evaporation
The ease of evaporation of a liquid is related to the strength of the attractive Volume of water Loss due to Evaporation=Actual
Evaporation x
forces between the molecules in the liquid. In polar liquids cohesive forces are
Surface Area of water body
strong while in non-polar liquids the foeces are very weak and the molecules
Types of Epan with corresponding Coefficient
escape easily.
1.Class A pan-------------------------0.70
Humidity of Air 2.Colorado Sunken pan------------0.78
When the humidity of air is low, then the rate of evaporation is high and water 3.USGS floatinf pan---------------- 0.80
evaporates more readily. The wet clothes dry quickly under the conditions of
low humidity of air this is because when humidity is low amount of water vapour
A water body has a surface area of 2000
present in the air is small.
If humidity(quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere) is high,the water hectares. 10.80 liters
holding capacity of air is less therefore less evaporation. of water was added to bring the water
If air pressure is high on the surface of a body of water, then the water surface in the
will not evaporate easily. The pressure pushing down on the water
makes it difficult for water to escape into the atmosphere as vapor. evaporation pan to the stipulated level
Storms are often high-pressure systems that prevent evaporation. .Diameter of the Epan
Evaporation is directly proportional to radiation. Solar energy near the used is 122 cm and the pan coefficient is
equator is more, therefore evaporation is more.
0.70.
The increase in wind velocity increases evaporation. Wind removes Determine evaporation from the water body.
the evaporated water then creates space for new
Surface Area of the Liquid
In our daily life, we spread out the washed clothes while Pan coefficient,c = 0.70
drying to increase their Diameter of pan used = 122 cm=1.22 m
surface area for rapid evaporation of water present in Methods to Compute
them. We are able to sip Evaporation Area of pan used = (TT )/4 (d)2 =1.169 m2
hot tea faster from a saucer than from a cup this is
because a saucer has large Pan measurement of Volume of water added:
surface. Due to the large surface area of saucer, the evaporation
evaporation of hot tea trom
the saucer is faster. Empirical Formula Volume of water added:
Rate of evaporation of a liquid can be increased by
increasing the surface Water Budget Method 10.80 li =(10.80)/1000
area of the liquid Energy Balance Method =0.0108 m3
Soluble Salts Pan is a container of some
standard material installed
When salts are present, vapour pressure is decreased adjacent to the body Depth of water:
and hence the rate of of water .Its water level is V/A = 0.0108 m3/ 1.169 m2
evaporation is also decreased. observed by the change in
water level over a Depth of water= 9.239 x 10(-)3 meter
METHODS TO REMOVE EVAPORATION LOSSES period of time-once every 24
hours
1. Reduction in Surface Area
2. Providing mechanical covers in the water bodies E pan = 9.239 x 10(-)3 meter
3. Providing chemical pills which reduces the vapour
pressure (Hexadecanol or
Octadecanol The pan is installed in the field and is
filled with known quantity of
Evaporation rate varies directly with the water(surface area of pan is known
difference of vapor pressure between and water depth is measured)
air and water. Vapor pressure is a Water is allowed to evaporate during
measure of the pressure exerted by a gas a certain period of time( usually 24
above a liquid in a sealed container. hours),Ex, each morning at 8AM a
Strong intermolecular forces produce a measurement is taken, The rainfall,if
lower rate of evaporation and a lower any,
vapor pressure. Weak intermolecular is also measured.
forces produce a higher rate of
evaporation and a higher vapor pressure. After 24 hours, the remaining
quantity of water(water depth) is
Evaporation rate is proportional to the measured
difference between saturated vapor
pressure(SVP) at water temperature(ew ) An amount of evaporation/time unit(
and vapor pressure in the air(ea) the difference between the two
measured water depths) is calculated
EL =c(ew - ea) which is called pan evaporation
where EL=rate of evaporation(mm/day)
c = constant The Epan is multiplied by a pan
ew and eaare in mm of mercury coefficient,K, to obtain crop
evapotranspiration