ME-319 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Course Code: ME-319

Course: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Knowledge Area: Core Breadth
Credit Hours: 3+0
Contact Hour: 3+0
Pre-requisite(s): ME-112 Thermodynamics
ME-204 Fluid Mechanics - I

Text Book:
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning (2nd ed.) by W. F. Stoecker & J. W. Jones, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Singapore

Reference Book(s):
ASHRAE Handbooks: Fundamentals, HVAC Applications, Refrigeration, HVAC Systems &
Equipment
Course Teachers:
1. Dr. Ehtesham ul Haque (Sections A & B)
2. Dr. Haider Ali (Sections C & D)
3. Dr. Muhammad Uzair (Sections E, F)

1
Course Learning Outcome
No. CLO PLO
Apply the concepts of thermodynamics to
1 PLO-2
refrigeration cycles
Carry out psychrometric calculations and air
2 PLO-2
conditioning cooling load estimation.
Analyze types of air conditioning systems and air
3 PLO-2
distribution systems.
Determine the performance of refrigeration and
4 air conditioning systems by conducting PLO-4
experiments.

Course Contents:
CLO 1
Refrigeration cycles
Reversed Carnot cycle, Vapour-compression and vapour absorption cycles, gas
refrigeration cycle, Multiple evaporator and compressor systems

Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator, Expansion devices, cooling tower

2
Refrigerants
Desirable properties of a refrigerant, Classification of refrigerants and their comparison,
designation systems, secondary refrigerants (brine), Defrosting air circulation systems

Application of Refrigeration
Domestic refrigerators, Water cooler, Cold storage, Ice making plants, Heat pump and
Dairy industries applications

CLO 2
Psychrometry
Use of psychrometric chart, Relative humidity, Humidity ratio, Dry bulb, Wet bulb and
Dew point temperatures, Psychrometric processes and cycles

Cooling Load Calculations

Indoor and outdoor design conditions of air conditioning, heating and cooling load
calculation, Air conditioning requirements for comfort and industrial processes
CLO 3
Air distributing systems, Design and sizing of ducts, prevention of noise and vibration.

Humidifier, Dehumidifier, Fan, Pump, Blower, grills and registers, cooling tower,
Automatic temperature and humidity control systems, Pneumatic, electric and
hydraulic systems. 3
Mid-term, Test, Assignment, Final Examination Schedules

1. Mid-term (CLO 1: 20 marks): 9th Week

2. Test/Assignment (CLO 2: 10 marks): 12th week
3. Test/assignment (CLO 3: 10 marks): 15th week
4. Final Examination (CLO 1, CLO 2, CLO 3: 60 marks)

Refrigeration: The process of removing heat (heat is transferred from a region of lower
temperature of to a region of higher temperature.

Air Conditioning: In enclosed spaces, combined treatment of the air to control, as

specified, temperature, relative humidity, velocity of motion, and radiant heat energy
level, including consideration of the of the need for removal of airborne particles and
contaminant gases. (ASHRAE Handbook)

4
Refrigerators & Heat Pumps

Refrigerator: A cyclic device which transfers heat from a

low-temperature region to a high temperature. The working
fluids used in the refrigeration cycles are called refrigerants.

QL is the magnitude of the heat removed from the

refrigerated space at temperature TL, QH is the magnitude of
the heat rejected to the warm space at temperature TH, and
Wnet,in is the net work input to the refrigerator.

The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms

of the coefficient of performance, denoted by
COPR.
Desired output QL QL
=
COP = =
Required input Wnet ,in QH − QL
R

Notice that the value of COPR can be greater than unity. That is, the amount of heat
removed from the refrigerated space can be greater than the amount of work input. This is
in contrast to the thermal efficiency, which can never be greater than 1. In fact, one reason
for expressing the efficiency of a refrigerator by another term—the coefficient of
performance—is the desire to avoid the oddity of having efficiencies greater than unity.

5
Heat pump: Essentially the same as a refrigerator; only
the objective is to maintain a heated space at a high
temperature. This is accomplished by absorbing heat
from a low-temperature source, such as well water or
cold outside air in winter, and supplying this heat to a
warmer medium such as a house.
Desired output QH QH
=
COP = =
Required input Wnet ,in QH − QL
HP

⇒ COPHP =COPR + 1

6
The Carnot Refrigeration Cycle

• Completely reversible cycle operating between a constant

temperature heat source and sink.
• Used as reference against which the real cycles are
compared.

Four reversible processes:

• 1-2 Isentropic compression;
• 2-3 Isothermal rejection of heat;
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion;
• 4-1 Isothermal addition of heat
The COP of refrigerators and heat pumps operating on such a cycle can be expressed as:

TL TH
COPR,Carnot = and COPHP,Carnot =
TH − TL TH − TL

These are the highest coefficients of performance that a refrigerator or a heat pump
operating between the temperature limits of TL and TH can have. All actual refrigerators or
heat pumps operating between these temperature limits have lower coefficients of
performance.

7
• High COP achieved with TL high & TH low,
within imposed temperature requirements i.e.
TL must be below temperature of refrigerated
space and TH above that of heat sink (e.g.
atmosphere) temperature.

• Try to keep ∆t small but that is also restricted

by equipment size & cost.

Achieving Carnot cycle performance using (a) gas (b) vapour as a refrigerant:

(a) gas
(a) Cycle differs from Carnot cycle operating
b/w the same two temperatures by the
addition of areas x (increasing the work
required) and y (increasing the work required
and decreasing the refrigeration effect). That
is, its COP will be less than that of a Carnot
refrigeration cycle under the same
temperature limits.

8
(b) vapour as a refrigerant:
(b) Theoretically possible, using a vapour which
evaporates at TL and condenses at TH. However,
modifications based on practical considerations are
required.
(i) Wet compression can damage the compressor, so
dry compression is required.

(ii) Economics of power recovery and an

expansion engine driven by a two-phase fluid
mixture do not justify the use of an expansion
engine (turbine); it is replaced by a throttling
device, which essentially leads to an isenthalpic
expansion process.

9
The Standard (or Ideal) Vapour Compression Cycle
1-2 Isentropic compression of saturated
vapour

2-3 Heat rejection at const. pressure

(refrigerant desuperheated and condensed)

3-4 Isenthalpic expansion of saturated liquid

4-1 Isothermal addition of heat at constant

pressure

10
Comparison with Carnot Refrigeration Cycle

The standard vapour compression refrigeration

cycle introduces irreversibilities due to:

(i) non-isothermal heat rejection (process 2-3)

(ii) isenthalpic throttling (process 3-4).

Consequently, the cooling effect reduces and

work input increases, thus reducing the system
COP.

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• Refrigeration effect = h1 − h4
• Refrigeration capacity = m (h1 − h4)

Q L m ( h1 − h4 ) h1 − h4
=
COPR = =
QH − QL m ( h2 − h1 ) h2 − h1
 

• Power (in kW) per kW of refrigeration = Inverse of COPR

• Refrigerating efficiency = COPR/COPR,Carnot
• Ton of Refrigeration (TR): Originally 1 TR was defined as the rate of heat transfer
required to make 1 short ton (2000 lbs) of ice per day from water (latent heat of fusion =
144 Btu/lb) at 0oC. 1 TR = 200 Btu/min or 211 kJ/min.
• Relevant refrigerant properties available either in tabulated or graphical form

12
• Relevant refrigerant properties available either in tabulated or graphical
form. Refer to the Tables and Figures Annexure.

13
Use of Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger
A counterflow heat exchanger which serves to subcool the refrigerant liquid and
superheat the refrigerant vapour.

14
Addition of the liquid-suction heat exchanger may have positive or
negative performance implications.

Figure shows an example of the impact of the heat exchanger on the COP
calculated for four different refrigerants at evaporator and condenser
temperatures of −23°C and 42.5°C, respectively.

15
 Actual Vapour-Compression Cycle
Non-isentropic compression
- Pressure drop in evaporator
- Subcooling of liquid refrigerant
- Pressure drop in evaporator
- Superheating of vapour in evaporator

- Additional effects include pressure drops

across compressor suction and discharge
valves, pressure drops and heat gains in
connecting piping etc.

• The pressure drop in the evaporator, in the suction line and across the suction valve has
a significant effect on system performance.

• It increases specific volume at suction, compression ratio (hence volumetric efficiency)

and discharge temperature.

• All these effects lead to reduction in system capacity, increase in power input and also
affect the life of the compressor due to higher discharge temperature.

• Compared to the vapour lines, the system is less sensitive to pressure drop in the
16
condenser and liquid lines. However, this also should be kept as low as possible.
 Chapter 10
The vapor compression Cycle

Most important refrigeration cycle

The vapor-compression cycle is the most widely used refrigeration cycle in
practice.
In this cycle a vapor is compressed, then condensed to a liquid, following which
the pressure is dropped so that fluid can evaporate at a low pressure.

17
Carnot heat engine cycle
The Carnot cycle is one whose efficiency cannot be exceeded when operating between
two given temperatures. The Carnot cycle operating as a heat engine is familiar from the
study of thermodynamics.

Figure 10-1 (a) Carnot heat engine; (b) temperature-entropy diagram of the Carnot heat engine.

The Carnot heat engine receives energy at a high level of temperature, converts a
portion of the energy into work, and discharges the remainder to a heat sink at a low
level of temperature.
Carnot refrigeration cycle
The Carnot refrigeration cycle performs the reverse effect of the heat engine, because
it transfers energy from a low level of temperature to a high level of temperature.
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The refrigeration cycle requires the addition of external work for its operation.
The processes which constitute the cycle are:
1-2.Adiabatic compression
2-3.Isothermal rejection of heat
3-4.Adiabatic expansion
4-1.Isothermal addition of heat

Figure 10-2 (a) Carnot refrigeration cycle; (b) temperature-entropy diagram of the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
Coefficient of performance
The performance of a refrigeration cycle is measured in terms of coefficient of
performance and it is defined as: useful refrigeration divided by network.

19
Coefficient of performance
With the help of pressure-enthalpy diagram, the significant quantities of the standard
vapor compression cycle will be determined.
These quantities are ,
• The work of compression
• The heat rejection rate
• The refrigerating effect
• The coefficient of performance
• The volume flow rate per kw of refrigeration
• and the power per kW of refrigeration.

20
The work of compression in kJ per kg is the change in enthalpy in process 1-2 or h1 – h2 .
This relation can be derived from the study-flow energy balance equation across the
compression process.
𝐸𝐸̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝐸𝐸̇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
∆𝐸𝐸̇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0 (Steady flow)
𝐸𝐸̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐸𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑊𝑊̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑄𝑄̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑊𝑊̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜃𝜃
Where θ = h+ke+pe kJ/kg is the flow energy
Since single inlet and outlet,
𝑄𝑄̇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚̇1 ℎ1 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑊𝑊̇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚̇2 (ℎ2 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)
𝑚𝑚̇1 = 𝑚𝑚̇2 = 𝑚𝑚̇ (mass balance)
Δke = Δpe = 0 => negligible
On per unit mass basis,
q + h₁ = w + h₂
As the process 1 -2 is adiabatic compression, heat transfer, q = 0
w = h₁ - h₂
The difference in enthalpy is a negative quantity, indicating that the work is done on the
system.
Knowledge of the work of compression is important b/c it may be one of the largest
operating costs of the system.

21
The heat rejection in kJ per kg is the heat transferred from the refrigerant in process 2-
3, is calculated from the steady flow energy balance equation across the condenser.

𝐸𝐸̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝐸𝐸̇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

∆𝐸𝐸̇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0 (Steady flow)
𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑊𝑊̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑄𝑄̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑊𝑊̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜃𝜃
𝑄𝑄̇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚̇2 ℎ2 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑊𝑊̇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚̇3 (ℎ3 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)
𝑚𝑚̇1 = 𝑚𝑚̇2 = 𝑚𝑚̇ (mass balance)
Δke = Δpe = 0 => negligible
𝑊𝑊̇𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0 (no work required)
On per unit mass basis,
q = h₃ - h₂
which is negative, indicating that heat is transferred from the refrigerant.

The refrigerating effect in kilojoules per kilogram is the heat transferred in process 4-1,
or h1 - h4.(steady flow energy balance equation across the evaporator). Knowledge of
the magnitude of the term is necessary because performing this process is the ultimate
purpose of the entire system.

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The coefficient of performance of the standard vapor-compression cycle is the
refrigerating effect divided by the work of compression:
ℎ −ℎ
Coefficient of performance, COPr = 1 4
ℎ2 − ℎ1
Sometimes volume flow rate is computed at the compressor inlet or state point 1. The
volume flow rate is a rough indication of the physical size of the compressor. The
greater the magnitude of the term, the greater the displacement of the compressor in
cubic meters per second must be.

23
Example: A plant using R134a evaporates at 0°C and condenses at 35°C. The
refrigeration capacity of the plant is 352 kW and it operates on the ideal vapour
compression cycle. Determine the following: (a) the dryness fraction at entry to the
evaporator, (b) the refrigeration effect (c) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, (d) the
volumetric flow rate at the suction state, (e) the compressor power, (f) the rate of heat
rejection at the condenser, (g) COP of the plant and its refrigerating efficiency.

Solution:

(a) h4 = hf + x(hg – hf) at 0˚C

p
From property table for R134a, we find
35 °C
hf = 200 kJ/kg, hg = 398.60 kJ/kg
At t3 = 35˚C: p3 = (0.86263 + 0.91185)/2
= 0.88724 MPa 0 °C
h3 = hf at 35˚C = (247.54 + 250.48)/2
= 249.01 kJ/kg

24
 Since h4 = h3 ⇒ x = 0.25 using the values and expressions given above
(b) h1 = hg at 0˚C = 398.60 kJ/kg; Ref. effect = h1 – h4 = 149.59 kJ/kg

Q L m ( h1 − h4 ) where Q L = 352
(c) Ref. capacity = kW ⇒ m = 2.353 Kg/s

(d) Suction is inlet to compressor, that is state 1 where

v1 = vg at 0˚C = 0.06931 m3/kg ⇒ Volume flow rate =

V1 mv
= 0.1631 m3/s
1

(e) Compressor power = W m ( h2 − h1 ) and state 2 lies in the superheated region

For isentropic compression s2 = s1 = sg at 0˚C = 1.7271 kJ/kg·K

p2 = p3 = 0.88724 MPa. The values in superheated table are at higher or lower pressures.
Double interpolation is therefore required to find h2 using tables.

p = 1.000 MPa p = 0.800 MPa

25
 First interpolation:
p = 1.000 MPa p = 0.800 MPa Second interpolation:
s h s h p s H
1.7139 419.99 1.7144 415.58 1.000 1.7271 424.19
1.7271 424.19 1.7271 419.49 0.88724 1.7271 421.54
1.7482 430.91 1.7437 424.61 0.800 1.7271 419.49

Thus h2 = 421.54 kJ/kg Wc m ( h2 − h1 )

⇒= =54 kW

Alternatively we can use the p-h chart. Draw a constant entropy line from state 1 and state 2
lies where it intersects the p = 0.88724 MPa line. Read the value h2 from the chart.

Q H m ( h2 − h3 )
(f) = =406 kW

Q L TL 273
(g) COPR =  = 6.52 and COPR,Carnot = = = 7.80
Wc TH − TL 308 − 273

COPR
Ref. efficiency= =0.836 or 83.6 %
COPR,Carnot

26
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30
 Q7: A plant using R134a evaporates at 0°C and condenses at 35°C. The
refrigeration capacity of the plant is 352 kW and it operates on the ideal
vapour compression cycle. Determine the following: (a) the dryness fraction
at entry to the evaporator, (b) the refrigeration effect, (c) the mass flow rate
of refrigerant, (d) the volumetric flow rate at the suction state, (e) the work
done in compression, and the corresponding compressor power, (f) heat
rejected and the rate of heat rejection at the condenser, (g) COP of the plant
and its refrigerating efficiency.
(a): the dryness fraction at entry to the evaporator
h4= hf +x (hg-hf) at 0° C
From table, hf=200.00 Kj/kg, hg = 398.60 kJ/kg
Also h4 = h3 ; refer to properties at T3=35 deg C
From table taking mean pressure at 34 and 36 deg C
P3 = (0.86263+0.91185)/2 = 0.88724 MPa
h3=hf at 35 deg C = (247.54+250.48)/2=249.01 kJ/kg
h4−hf 249.01−200.00
x= = = 0.25
hg−hf 398.60−200.00

(b): the refrigeration effect

h1=hg at 0 deg =398.60 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect = h1-h4=398.60-249.01= 149.59 kJ/kg
(c): the mass flow rate of refrigerant
Refrigerating capacity = ṁ (h1 − h4)
31
352 = ṁ 149.59 ⇒ ṁ = 2.353 kg/s
(d): the volumetric flow rate at the suction state,
v1=vg at 0 deg C =0.06931 m3/kg (from table)
V̇ 1 = ṁ v1 = 2.353 0.06931 = 0.1631m3/s
(e): wc=h2-h1 ,where point 2 lies in the superheated region
s2=s1=1.7271 kJ/kg K, P2=P3 @ 35 deg C, =88724 MPa
From super heated property table

P=1.000 MPa P=0.800 MPa

s h T s h T
1.7139 419.99 40 1.7144 415.58 31.33
1.7271 424.19 43.85 1.7271 419.49 35.09
1.7482 430.91 50 1.7437 424.61 40

p s h T => h2=421.54 kJ/kg

1.0000 1.7271 424.19 43.85 wc = 421.54-398.60= 22.94 k
0.88724 1.7271 421.54 38.91
𝑊𝑊̇𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 2.353 22.94 = 54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.8000 1.7271 419.49 35.09

32
(f): heat rejected and the rate of heat rejection at the condenser,
qH= h2-h3 = 421.54-249.01 = 172.53 kJ/kg
Q̇ H = ṁ h2 − h3 = 406 kW
[check, Q̇ H = Ẇ c + Q̇ c = 54 + 352 = 406 kW ]
(g):
COP of the plant and its refrigerating efficiency
h1 − h4 149.59
COPR = = = 6.52
h2 − h1 22.94
TL 273
COPR,carnot = = = 7.8
TH − TL 308 − 273
COPR
Refrigerating efficiency = = 0.836 or 83.6%
COPR,carnot

33
Q8. A plant using R134a at 0°C and condenses at 35°C, with 5K of superheat at the
evaporator outlet and 5K of sub-cooling at the outlet from the condenser. The duty is 352
kW of refrigeration. Assuming isentropic compression and ignoring pressure drops in the
piping, evaporator and condenser, calculate the following: (a) the dryness fraction at
entry to the evaporator, (b) the refrigeration effect, (c) the mass flow rate of refrigerant,
(d) the volumetric flow rate at the suction state, (e) the work done in compression, (f) the
compressor power, (g) the temperature of the superheated vapour at discharge from the
compressor (h) the rate of heat rejection, (i) the COP, (j) the refrigerating efficiency.

Fig. 9.7 Pressure-enthalpy diagram of a simple, actual,

vapour-compression cycle showing superheat at
evaporator outlet and sub-cooling at condenser outlet.
34
 Saturated values from table
ℎ4́ is hf at 0° C= 200.00 kJ /kg ℎ1́ is hg at 0° C= 398.68 kJ /kg

ℎ3́ is hf at 35° C= 248.94 kJ /kg

(a) the dryness fraction at entry to the evaporator

ℎ4 = ℎ3
h4 = hf + x hg − hf at 0℃
ℎ3 is approximately hf at 30℃ = 241.72 kJ/kg
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ℎ3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = ℎ3́ − 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇
𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 of refrigerant at 35 ℃ is =1.471 and at 30 ℃ is 1.446
1.471 + 1.446 kJ
mean cp value is = 1.4585 K
2 kg
Therefore,
ℎ3 = ℎ3́ − 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 = 248.94 − 1.4585 5 = 241.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

ℎ4 −ℎ𝑓𝑓 241.72−200
Thus, 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ = = 0.21 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑔𝑔 −ℎ𝑓𝑓 398.68−200

35
36
(b) the refrigeration effect 𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿 = ℎ1 − ℎ4
ℎ1́ is hg at 0° C= 398.68 kJ /kg
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0℃ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 0.897 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0.9205 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 5 𝐾𝐾
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.897 + 0.9205 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝,1 = = 0.909 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)
2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ1 = ℎ1́ + 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑇 = 398.68 + 0.909 5 = 403.14 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

refrigerating effect
𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 = 403.14 − 241.72 = 161.43 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

(c) the mass flow rate of refrigerant

Q̇ L = ṁ h1 − h4 , Q̇ L = 352 kW ⇒ ṁ = 2.18 kg/s
(d) the volumetric flow rate at the suction state,
𝑣𝑣1́ is vg at 0° C= 0.06931 m3 /kg
Assuming that over a small temperature change near saturation , Charles law may be applied
𝑣𝑣1 𝑣𝑣1́ 𝑇𝑇1 278
= ⇒ 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑣 ́ = 0.06931 = 0.07058m3/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇1́ 𝑇𝑇1́ 1 273

𝑣𝑣̇ 1 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑣𝑣1 = 0.154 m3 /sec

37
(e) ℎ1 − ℎ1́
𝑠𝑠1 = + 𝑠𝑠1́ Since, ∆ℎ = 𝑇𝑇∆𝑠𝑠, 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑇𝑇
Where T is the average of 0 °C and 5 °C temperature, that 2.5 °C
4.54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠1 = + 1.7271 = 1.7436 𝐾𝐾; 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝3́ = 0.88724 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
275.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
P=1.000 MP P=0.800 MP
s h t s h t

1.7139 419.99 40 1.7144 415.58 31.33

1.7436 429.45 48.66 1.7436 424.58 39.97

1.7482 430.91 50 1.7437 424.61 40

p s h t
1.000 1.7436 429.45 48.66 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
⇒ ℎ2 = 426.70
0.88724 1.7436 426.70 43.76 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
⇒ 𝑡𝑡2 = 43.76 °C
0.800 1.7436 424.58 39.97

𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 426.70 − 403.14 = 23.56 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

(f) The compressor power 𝑊𝑊̇𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 51.36 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

(g) The temperature of the superheated vapor at discharge from the compressor
From table in part (e) 𝑡𝑡2 = 43.76 ℃

(h) The rate of heat rejection

𝑞𝑞𝐻𝐻 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 426.70 − 241.72 = 184.98 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄̇𝐻𝐻 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑞𝑞𝐻𝐻 = 403.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(i) The COP
ℎ1 − ℎ4 161.43
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅 = = = 6.85
ℎ2 − ℎ1 23.56
(j) The refrigerating efficiency

𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿 273
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = = 7.8
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿 308 − 273

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅 6.85
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = = 0.878
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 7.8
Q10-7. A refrigerant 22 vapor compression system includes a liquid-to-suction heat
exchanger in the system. The heat exchanger warms saturated vapor coming from the
evaporator from -10 to 5°C with liquid which comes from the condenser at 30°C. The
compressions are isentropic in both cases listed below.
(a) Calculate the coefficient of performance of the system without the heat exchanger
but with the condensing temperature at 30°C and an evaporating temperature of -10°C.
[5.46]
(b) Calculate the coefficient of performance of the system with the heat exchanger?
(c) If the compressor is capable of pumping 12.0 L/s measured at the compressor
suction, what is the refrigeration capacity of the system without the heat exchanger?
[30.3 kW]
(d) With the same compressor capacity as in (c), what is the refrigerating capacity of
the system with the heat exchanger?

40
(a) Calculate COP without heat exchanger

ℎ1 = ℎ𝑔𝑔 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 10 ℃ = 401.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

From table p
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 30 ℃ = 236.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 above
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3 2
𝑠𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑔 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 10 ℃ = 1.7658
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝐾𝐾
ℎ4 = ℎ3 = 236.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 4 1
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑠1 ⇒ ℎ2 = 430 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 h
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ1 − ℎ4 401.20 − 236.62
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅 = = = 5.71
ℎ2 − ℎ1 430 − 401.20
41
(b) COP with the heat exchanger
ℎ1 ≅ 412 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 p
3
ℎ2 ≅ 445 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 From chart 4 2
ℎ6 = 401.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
From table
ℎ3 = 236.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 5 6 1

Energy balance about the heat exchanger

𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ6 ) h

ℎ4 = ℎ3 − ℎ1 + ℎ6 = 236.62 − 412 + 401.20 = 225.82 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

ℎ5 = ℎ4
ℎ6 − ℎ5 401.2 − 225.82
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅 = = = 5.32
ℎ2 − ℎ1 445 − 412
(c) Refrigerating capacity without heat exchanger
𝐿𝐿
Volume flow rate, ∀̇= 12 = 12 𝑋𝑋 10−3 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚3
𝑣𝑣1 = 0.06527 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅 − 22 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
∀̇1
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝑚𝑚̇ = = 0.184 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑣1
𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = 𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ1 − ℎ4 = 0.184 401.20 − 236.62 = 30.28 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 42
(d) Refrigerating capacity the heat exchanger
∀̇1 = 12 𝑋𝑋 10−3 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
1 1
Using chart , 𝑣𝑣1 = = = 0.0714 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜌𝜌1 14

∀̇1
𝑚𝑚̇ = = 0.168
𝑣𝑣1

𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = 𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ6 − ℎ5 = 0.168 401.20 − 225.82 = 29.46 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

43
 3
4 2

ρ1=14
6 1
5

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The classifications of refrigeration systems and
renewable sources.

A heat pump can be used to heat a house in winter and to cool it in summer.

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