Optical Networking

Fundamentals

Kent Dailey and Brad Riapolov

BRKOPT-1007

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 • Introduction
• What is DWDM?
• Optical Fiber Crash Program
Agenda • DWDM Components
• DWDM in Routers
• Conclusion

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Traditional IP Engineer’s view of Optical Networking
- Grey optics connect buildings/floors
together, a mystery beyond
- Layer 1 demands a different skillset
from Ethernet
- Fiber optic technology has a steep
learning curve
- Traditional Engineers understand IP,
not Transport, hard to find both
skillsets
- Fiber optic networks are costly

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What is DWDM
 What is WDM – Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Optical (light) signals of different wavelengths do not interfere with
each other on a fiber
Each wavelength represents an independent optical channel

Channel 1

Channel 2
Fiber optic cable

Channel 3

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 WDM is Agnostic
• Protocol Agnostic—Any-Rate
Ethernet, TDM, Fiber Channel, etc.
• Bit-Rate Agnostic—Each
Wavelength can be different bit-
rates
• Allows Infrastructure Evolution to
meet your needs – i.e. Future
Rates

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xWDM Channel Overview
WDM CWDM DWDM (C-Band)

# of Typically 2 Typically 8 Typically 40/80/96-

Wavelengths channels and
beyond with Flex
Typical 1310nm and 1471nm, 1491nm… 1528.77nm…
Wavelengths 1550nm 1591nm, 1611nm 1566.72nm

Channel N/A 20nm 100GHz/50GHz

Spacing 0.8nm/0.4nm and
lower
Flex Options as well
Applicable N/A ITU-T G.694.2 ITU-T
Standards 18 Wavelengths are G.692
incl. in Standard

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ITU-T Grid
ITU wavelengths = lambdas = channels centered around 1550 nm (193 THz)
0.4 nm spacing

Wavelength
(nm)
1528.77 nm 1552.52 nm 1578.23 nm
(Center channel)
50 GHz spacing

Frequency
(THz)
196.2 THz 193.1 THz 190.1 THz
(Center channel)
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Optical Fiber
Crash Program
 Applications for Different Fiber Types
Fiber Type Application Notes
SMF (G.652) • Good for Single-Channel at 1310 nm
1 NDSF • OK for Single-Channel at 1550
• Good for DWDM (w/Dispersion Mgmt when needed)
DSF (G.653) • OK for Single-Channel at 1310 nm
• Good for Single-Channel at 1550 nm
• Bad for DWDM (C-Band) (causes non-linear effects)
NZDSF +/- (G.655) • OK for Single-Channel at 1310 nm
2 • Good for Single-Channel at 1550 nm
• OK for DWDM (C + L Bands)
Extended Band (G.652.C) reduced • Good for Single-Channel at 1310 nm
water peak • OK for Single-Channel at 1550 nm
• OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt.)
• Good for CWDM (>8 wavelengths)

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 Fiber Evolution
G.652 NDS Fiber
G.653 DS Fiber
0.6 G.655 NZDS Fiber
20

Dispersion (ps/nm*km)
Water Mark
0.5
Attenuation (dB/km)

Conventional Fiber Non Zero Dispersion Fiber

10
0.4
0
0.3
-10
0.2
Dispersion-Shifted
Fiber
0.1 -20
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (nm)
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Channel Allocation/Fiber
Up to 160 - 240
Channels available
1st Window That Way (850 nm)
0.6
Attenuation (dB/km)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength(nm)
(nm) C-Band
L-Band
S-Band
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Transmission Impairments Loss (dB/km)

L-band:1565–1625nm
2.0

C-band:1530–1565nm
S-band:1460–1530nm
Attenuation—Loss of Signal Strength
0.5

0.2

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Wavelength (nm)

Time Slot

Chromatic Dispersion (CD)—Distortion of 2.5Gb/s Fiber

pulses 10Gb/s Fiber

S+N

Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR)—Effect of

Noise in Transmission N

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Attenuation: Optical Budget
Basic Optical Budget = Tx Output Power – Rx Input Sensitivity

MIN TX = -10 dBm MIN RX = -20 dBm

Max Budget = 10 dB

Engineered links usually assume 0.25dB/km or worse for 1550nm transmission

Simply…10dB Budget = 40km
Real Fiber Loss Measurements are preferred (i.e., OTDR, Laser Source/Meter)

Optical Budget is affected by:

➢ Fiber attenuation
➢ Splices
➢ Patch Panels/Connectors
➢ Optical components (filters, amplifiers,
etc.)
➢ Micro and Macro Bends in fiber
➢ Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors)

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 Reference Slide
Laser Output Power and
Receiver Sensitivity and dBm
• Fiber loss expressed in dB but transmitter/receiver power is expressed in dBm
• This is why both the transmitter output power and the receiver sensitivity is
expressed in dBm:
PowerdBm=10log(PmW/1mW)

dB and dBm are additive, hence the simplification

Examples:
• 2mW is Powerdbm = 10log(2mW/1mW)=3dBm
• 1mW is Powerdbm = 10log(1mW/1mW)=0dBm

dB is decibels and dBm is decibels-milliwatt

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Chromatic Dispersion (CD)
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 2

The Optical Pulse tends to Spread as it propagates down the fiber

generating Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI)
• Total dispersion is a function of the length of fiber and its dispersion factor –
linear value
• Can limit transmission distance for 10G and above wavelengths
• Can be compensated by:
• Using negative dispersion fiber modules (DCM/DCF) - adds losses
• Electronically with Coherent Optics generally at 100G and higher

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Solution for Lower Speed Signals:
Dispersion Compensating Unit

DCUs use fiber with

chromatic dispersion of
opposite sign/slope and
of suitable length to bring
the average dispersion of
the link close to zero.

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Solution for Higher Speed Signals:
Coherent Detection
Direct Detection
• Must correct for impairments in the physical domain (insert DCU’s)
• Forced to live with non-correctable impairments via network design (limit distance,
regenerate, adjust channel spacing)
• Dumb detection (OOK), no Digital Signal Processing, only FEC
DCU DCU DCU
DD DD

Regen
Coherent Detection
• Moves impairment correction from the optical domain into the digital domain
• Allows for digital correction of impairments (powerful DSP) vs. physical correction of
impairments (DCU’s). Adds advanced FEC
• Massive performance improvements over Direct Detection

CD

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 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR)
• OSNR is a measure of the ratio of signal level to the level of system noise
• As OSNR decreases, possible errors increase
• OSNR is measured in decibels (dB)
• EDFAs are the source of noise

Signal level dBm) Signal level

OSNR = -----------------
Noise level
Noise level (dBm)

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 Final Solution: Regeneration
Regeneration involves the 3‘R’s:
e- Reshape Retime Reamplify

e-

• Bit-Rate and Protocol Specific

• Most Costly Solution for multi-channel WDM Networks – 2x
Interfaces required for every Channel

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DWDM
Components
Typical Components of DWDM Systems
• DWDM Mux/Demux filters
• Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADMs)
• Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM)
• Optical amplifiers (EDFA or RAMAN)
• Transponders/Muxponders

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 DWDM Mux and Demux Filters Block Diagram
N light pulses of different wavelengths
Cisco MD-64 Mux/Demux
1, 2, ….N
1 1
Composite
2 signal 2

Demux
Mux
3 3

DWDM
fiber
N N

From N To N
transmitters receivers
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 ROADM Types
“Broadcast and Select” Architecture “Route and Select” Architecture
Degree B
Per Degree Degree B
Add/Drop Select Route
WSS WSS WSS

M/D
Per Degree
M/D
Select Add/Drop

Route
WSS

Select
Fiber Connections

WSS
Select
WSS

Degree A

Degree C
Fiber Connections and/or

Degree C
Degree A

and/or
Mesh Mesh Patch Panel

Select
WSS

Route
WSS
Patch Panel
Select
WSS

Flexible Add/Drop
Per Degree
Add/Drop
M/D Structure

DWDM Services

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 ROADM Types
“Broadcast and Select” Architecture “Route and Select” Architecture
Degree B
Per Degree Degree B
Add/Drop Select Route
WSS WSS WSS
Second WSS added at ingress of each degree

M/D
Per Degree
M/D
Add/Drop ➢
Select
➢ WSS on Mux (TX) side of each degree
➢ Demux WSS ‘routes’ any combination of waves to
➢ Ingress channels from each degree are passively
any output port (drop and other degrees)

Route
WSS

Select
split (broadcast) to all other degrees (plus the per- Fiber Connections

WSS
Select
WSS

Degree A

Degree C
Fiber Connections
degree add/drop) and/or

Degree C
Degree A

and/or ➢ Mux WSS ‘selects’ any combination of waves from

Mux WSS blocks all channels
Mesh not intended for that Mesh Patch Panel

Select
WSS
➢

Route
WSS
its input ports (add and other degrees)
Patchthat
degree (selects those Panel
are)
Select
WSS

➢ By eliminating the splitter, insertion loss is

➢ Splitter loss also increases with the number of
reduced, preserving channel OSNR
degrees
➢
Flexible Add/Drop
Enables Omni-Directional and Colorless at large
Per Degree
Add/Drop
M/D Structure
scale
DWDM Services

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 ROADM Types
“Broadcast and Select” Architecture “Route and Select” Architecture
Degree B
Per Degree Degree B
Add/Drop Select Route
WSS WSS WSS

M/D
Per Degree
M/D
Select Add/Drop

Route
WSS

Select
Fiber Connections

WSS
Select
WSS

Degree A

Degree C
Fiber Connections and/or

Degree C
Degree A

and/or
Mesh Mesh Patch Panel

Select
WSS

Route
WSS
Patch Panel
Select
WSS

Flexible Add/Drop
Per Degree
Add/Drop
M/D Structure

DWDM Services

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Simple ROADM Architecture
Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.
(Pass-through/Add/Block)

West Splitter
Pass
Pass-Through Wavelengths
DWDM
Add
Pass
Signal

Add n Ch. Demux drop drop

Add
DWDM Wavelengths Drop
Modules Wavelengths

Host Host Host Host

Device 1 3 Device Device 3 1 Device

Drop DWDM
Add Modules
Wavelengths
drop drop Wavelengths
n Ch. Demux Add

DWDM Pass

Signal Pass-Through Wavelengths

East
Add
Splitter
Pass

Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.

(Pass-through/Add/Block)
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 Pass-Through Wavelengths

Simple ROADM Architecture

Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.
(Pass-through/Add/Block)

West Splitter
Pass
Pass-Through Wavelengths
DWDM
Pass
Signal

n Ch. Demux

DWDM
Modules

Host Host Host Host

Device 1 3 Device Device 3 1 Device

DWDM
Modules

n Ch. Demux

DWDM Pass

Signal Pass-Through Wavelengths

Splitter
Pass
East
Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.
(Pass-through/Add/Block)
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 Add/Drop Wavelengths

Simple ROADM Architecture

Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.
(Pass-through/Add/Block)

West Splitter
DWDM
Add
Signal

Add n Ch. Demux drop drop

Add
DWDM Wavelengths Drop
Modules Wavelengths

Host Host Host Host

Device 1 3 Device Device 3 1 Device

Drop DWDM
Add Modules
Wavelengths
drop drop Wavelengths
n Ch. Demux Add

DWDM
Signal
East
Add
Splitter

Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.

(Pass-through/Add/Block)
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Simple ROADM Architecture
Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.
(Pass-through/Add/Block)

West Splitter
Pass
Pass-Through Wavelengths
DWDM
Add
Pass
Signal

Add n Ch. Demux drop drop

Add
DWDM Wavelengths Drop
Modules Wavelengths

Host Host Host Host

Device 1 3 Device Device 3 1 Device

Drop DWDM
Add Modules
Wavelengths
drop drop Wavelengths
n Ch. Demux Add

DWDM Pass

Signal Pass-Through Wavelengths

East
Add
Splitter
Pass

Software Controlled Selectors – n Ch.

(Pass-through/Add/Block)
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DWDM Services Types
these terms are often interchanged, and many cards can support multiple

A M

Alien: Foreign DWDM→Wavelength Muxponder: Many→Wavelength

T X

Transponder: One→Wavelength Crossponder: Muxponder+

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DWDM Services Types
these terms are often interchanged, and many cards can support multiple

A M

Alien: Foreign DWDM→Wavelength Muxponder: Many→Wavelength

T X

Transponder: One→Wavelength Crossponder: Muxponder+

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 Optical Modulation Brief
Constellation diagram of QSPK modulation
Polarization Total BW
Modulation Description bps
Multiple Multiple
OOK On-off Keying 1 1 1
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying 1 2 2
(D)QPSK (Differential) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 2 2 4
8-QAM 8-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 3 2 6
16-QAM 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 4 2 8
Constellation diagram of 16-QAM modulation
32-QAM 32-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 5 2 10
64-QAM 64-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 6 2 12

All of these can be and generally are polarization-multiplexed to double the symbol rate

Transverse polarization of light

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/optical-networking/routed-optical-networking/221071-understand-coherent-optical-
modulation.html

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DWDM Service Card Shelves vs. Native Routers

Cisco NCS 2015

14-RU Cisco 8201-32FH
15x Service Slots 1-RU
Up to 8.5Tbps 32x 400Gbps
Up to 5,250W Up to 12.8Tbps
Up to 2,000W
fulfill

Add Pluggables as
Cisco NCS 1014
needed
2-RU Use 400G Coherent or
4x Service Slots
Up to 12.8Tbps
Gray Optics
Up to 2,500W

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DWDM in
Routers
DWDM Directly in Routers with simple Optical
Line Systems
Pre-Amplifier Booster
Optical Line System (as needed)
(EDFA) (EDFA)
EDFA

EDFA
Fiber Infrastructure

Booster Pre-Amplifier
(EDFA) (EDFA) OTDR (optional)

4, 48, 64-ch
M/D M/D
Optical
Mux/Demux

Client Infrastructure

• H2H (Hop-to-Hop) only (no Optimal Bypass)

• ZR @ 400G & ZR+ @ 100/200/300/400G
• Compact 1RU NCS1001 with EDFA and OTDR
options

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 400G DCO’s: Native DWDM Interfaces in Routers
400G-ZR 400G-ZR+ 400G-ZR+
Bright

Access to Metro Networks Access to Long Haul Networks

400GE 100GE, 200GE, 400GE, 100G, 200G, 300G, 400G

400G Trunk
Client n x100GE MXP Mode Trunk Rates
Up to 1,400km at 400G
Up to 120km
Longer distances at lower trunk rates
TX Power TX Power C-FEC and TX Power
C-FEC
-10dBm -10dBm O-FEC +0dBm
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What’s the Reach – ZR and ZR+
Single channel
Unamplified, Dark Fiber
~10dB Span Budget
(approx. 40km distance)

Single or Multi-Channel
Amplified, Point-to-point DWDM
400G-ZR and 400G-ZR+
max distance is ~120km

Multi-Channel

Full featured DWDM

Inline EDFA/RAMAN Amplifiers (ROADMs, ILAs)
400G-ZR+ max distance is 1,400km
and can be downshifted to 300G, 200G, and 100G
to support further distances and worse OSNR

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What’s the Reach – including Bright ZR+
Single channel
Unamplified, Dark Fiber
~20dB Span Budget
400G-BrZR+ supports up to 2x the loss and distance
(approx. 80km distance)

Single or Multi-Channel
Amplified, Point-to-point DWDM
400G-ZR, 400G-ZR+, 400G-BrZR+ 400G-BrZR+ could require less amplification due to the
max distance is ~120km increased TX Power

Multi-Channel

Full featured DWDM

Inline EDFA/RAMAN Amplifiers (ROADMs, ILAs)
400G-ZR+ and 400G-BrZR+ max distance is 1,400km 400G-BrZR+ has 0.6dB of OSNR
and can be downshifted to 300G, 200G, and 100G Improvement
to support further distances and worse OSNR

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 QSFP-DD OLS: EDFA’s Native to Routers

• Transforms separate EDFA system

into a QDD Pluggable – continuing
platform reduction options
• Extends the distance capabilities of
ZR Pluggables further
• Supports 4/8/16/32 channel systems
• Colored or Colorless Add-Drop
• Combines Booster and Preamplifiers – each
with 17dBm output and up to 25 dB gain

OR
Mux/Demux
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 Traditional vs. Coherent Deployments
Prior Nx Muxponders
4x 100G 4x 100G

Outside Plant
+ + + + + + ROADM

Fiber
Router / Gray 4x Fiber Gray Transponder/ Optical Chassis Fiber Jumper ROADM – OLS
Switch Pluggable Jumpers Pluggable Muxponder Layer

Now Consolidates
transponder onto Reduces redundant
400G pluggable Eliminates need for
client pluggable optic
optical transponder /
module spend on

Outside Plant
muxponder chassis spend
+ + optical line system OLS

Fiber
Latency
400G Capable QDD-400G
Fiber Jumper
Service Separation ROADM or
Router / Switch ZR/ZR+/BrZR
+ Traffic Engineering simpler OLS Layer

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Comparison of Network Protection Mechanisms
Optical Protection Schemes
IP Protection
None – 1:1 1+1 1+1+R PSM

< 50ms Electrical N-x Optical Paths IP Protection is as fast

“Easily” done Fast Optical Switching
Switching (OTN) available for restoration as Optical Switching

Diverse Hardware and Diverse Paths No additional Optical Minimal Additional

All Paths are useable
Paths could have diverse HW Trunk (2) Hardware

+1 Optical Requires Omni- Loss of Light Switching

<50% Link Utilization Less Hardware
Trunk/Card/HW directional, CDC HW prone to problems

Failback is not Failback is not Failback is not

No or little IP Layer coordinated with IP coordinated with IP New Skillset within IP
coordinated with IP
Interaction Layer Layer
Layer
Only 2-paths for Multi-path support if Only 2-paths for
redundancy available redundancy

Additional Power, real estate, and costs

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Demo Time!
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 Summary
• DWDM is not any harder than IP Optical Networking Simplification
Networks

• DWDM is not going away

• Industry advances DWDM

Interfaces in Routers

• Like-for-Like and additional

functionalities are available • Lower CapEx and OpEx
• Quicker time-to-market
• Don’t be afraid to get started • Improved Troubleshooting

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Good links
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/optical/15000r5_0/planning/guide/r50engp
l/r50appc.html

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routed-optical-
networking/routed-optical-networking-wp.html

https://www.ciscolive.com/on-demand/on-demand-
library.html?search=dailey#/session/1707505548618001pxaU

https://www.ciscolive.com/c/dam/r/ciscolive/us/docs/2020/pdf/DGTL-BRKOPT-
2007.pdf

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 • Visit the Cisco Showcase
for related demos

• Book your one-on-one

Meet the Engineer meeting

Continue • Attend the interactive education

with DevNet, Capture the Flag,
your education and Walk-in Labs

• Visit the On-Demand Library

for more sessions at
www.CiscoLive.com/on-demand

Contact us at: Brad Riapoloy, [email protected]

Kent Dailey, [email protected]

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Thank you

#CiscoLive