Lecture Presentation

Law of Conservation of Mass

“We may lay it down as

Chapter 3 an incontestable axiom
that, in all the operations
of art and nature, nothing
Stoichiometry: is created; an equal
Calculations with amount of matter exists
Chemical Formulas both before and after the
experiment. Upon this
and Equations principle, the whole art of
performing chemical
experiments depends.”
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789 Stoichiometry

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Recall Chapter 2 Recall Chapter 2

Early Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of substances present at the • Lavoisier 1774 Law of conservation of mass
end of a chemical process is the same as the
mass of substances present before the The total mass of substances present after a
process took place. chemical reaction is the same as the total mass
before the reaction

(Matter cannot be created or destroyed.)

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Recall Chapter 2

Mass is conserved during a chemical reaction Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations are concise

representations of chemical reactions.
Homework: Practice examples A & B

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Slide 9

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation TR2 AU: The ACS Style Guide and other standard reference works say these "states of matter" should be set on line--change OK thruout chapters?
Trumbull Rogers, 1/3/2011

TR

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Stoichiometry

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Products appear on the right

Reactants appear on the left side of the equation. side of the equation.
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Anatomy of a Chemical Equation Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The states of the reactants and products are

Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.
written in parentheses to the right of each
compound. Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different

Information

Reaction Types
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each
element in a molecule.
• Coefficients tell the number of molecules. Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Combination Reactions Decomposition Reactions
• In combination
reactions two or • In a decomposition
more substances reaction one substance
react to form one breaks down into two or
product. more substances.

• Examples: • Examples:
– CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
– 2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
– 2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + O2(g)
– N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
– C3H6(g) + Br2(l)  C3H6Br2(l) Stoichiometry
– 2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g) Stoichiometry

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Combustion Reactions Sample Exercise 3.4 Writing Balanced Equations for Combustion
Reactions
Write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when methanol,CH3OH(l), is burned in air.
All Carbon and hydrogen atoms Solution
initially present are converted When any compound containing C, H, and O is combusted, it reacts with the O2(g) in air to produce CO2(g)
to CO2 and H2O respectively • Combustion reactions and H2O(g). Thus, the unbalanced equation is
are generally rapid CH3OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

reactions that produce The C atoms are balanced, one on each side of the arrow. Because CH3OH has four H atoms, we place the
coefficient 2 in front of H2O to balance the H atoms:
a flame. CH3OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Adding this coefficient balances H but gives four O atoms in the products. Because there are only three O
atoms in the reactants, we are not finished. We can place the coefficient in front of O2 to give four O
 most often involve Atoms in the reactants

hydrocarbons reacting
Although this equation is balanced, it is not in its most conventional form because it contains a fractional
with oxygen in air. coefficient. However, multiplying through by 2 removes the fraction and keeps the equation balanced:
2 CH3OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
• Examples: Practice Exercise
Write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when ethanol, C2H5OH(l), burns in air.
– CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Answer: C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
– C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Stoichiometry
Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Formula Weight (FW)
• A formula weight is the sum of the atomic
weights for the atoms in a chemical formula.
Formula
Weights • For example, the formula weight of calcium
chloride, CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.08 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.453 amu)
110.99 amu

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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Sample Exercise 3.5 Calculating Formula Weights

Molecular Weight (MW) Calculate the formula weight of (a) sucrose, C12H22O11 (table sugar), and (b) calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2.

Solution

• A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic (a) By adding the atomic weights of the atoms in sucrose, 12 C atoms = 12(12.0 amu) = 144.0 amu
22 H atoms = 22(1.0 amu) = 22.0 amu
we find the formula weight to be 342.0 amu:
weights of the atoms in a molecule. 11 O atoms = 11(16.0 amu) = 176.0 amu
342.0 amu

(b) If a chemical formula has parentheses, the subscript 1 Ca atom = 1(40.1 amu) = 40.1 amu
outside the parentheses is a multiplier for all atoms inside. 2 N atoms = 2(14.0 amu) = 28.0 amu
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular Thus, for Ca(NO3)2 we have 6 O atoms = 6(16.0 amu) = 96.0 amu
164.1 amu
weight would be
Practice Exercise
C: 2(12.011 amu) Calculate the formula weight of (a) Al(OH)3 and (b) CH3OH.

+ H: 6(1.00794 amu) Answer: (a) 78.0 amu, (b) 32.0 amu

30.070 amu

Stoichiometry
Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Calculating Percent Composition from a Chemical
Percent Composition
formula

One can find the percentage of the

mass of a compound that comes from
each of the elements in the compound
by using this equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% Element = x 100
(FW of the compound)

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry
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Percent Composition
Example: The percentage of carbon in ethane

(2)(12.011 amu)
%C =
(30.070 amu)
24.022 amu
= x 100
30.070 amu
= 79.887% Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Establishing Formulas from the Experimentally Determined
Percent Composition of Compounds Sample Exercise 3.6 Calculating Percentage Composition
Calculate the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (by mass) in C12H22O11.

Percent composition gives us the relative proportions Solution

Let’s examine this question using the problem-solving steps in the accompanying “Strategies in Chemistry: Problem
of the elements in a compound on mass basis. How Solving” essay.

can we convert this information to be on a mole basis? Analyze We are given a chemical formula and asked to calculate the percentage by mass of each element.

Plan We use Equation 3.10, obtaining our atomic weights from a periodic table. We know the denominator in
5 Step approach: Equation 3.10, the formula weight of C12H22O11, from Sample Exercise 3.5. We must use that value in three
calculations, one for each element.
Solve
1. Choose an arbitrary sample size (say 100g so that the masses are numerically
equal to the percentages).

2. Convert masses to amounts in moles.

3. Write a formula using the amounts calculated in step 2

4. Convert formula to small whole numbers (by dividing by the smallest number Check Our calculated percentages must add up to 100%, which they do. We could have used more significant figures
for our atomic weights, giving more significant figures for our percentage composition, but we have adhered to our
calculated in step 2). suggested guideline of rounding atomic weights to one digit beyond the decimal point.
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry
5. Multiply all subscripts by a small whole number to make the subscripts integral.

Sample Exercise 3.6 Calculating Percentage Composition

Continued

Practice Exercise
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen, by mass, in Ca(NO3)2.

Answer: 17.1%

Moles

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Avogadro’s Number Molar Mass
• By definition, a molar mass is the mass
of 1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol).

– The molar mass of an element is the mass

number for the element that we find on the
periodic table.

• 6.02 x 1023 – The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the

• 1 mole of 12C has a same number as the molar mass (in
mass of 12.000 g. g/mol).
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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Using Moles Mole Relationships

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular

scale to the real-world scale.

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Mole Relationships

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains Finding

Avogadro’s number of those particles.

• One mole of molecules or formula units contains

Empirical
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound. Formulas
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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Calculating Empirical Formulas Calculating Empirical Formulas

The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have

seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
One can calculate the empirical formula from
the percent composition.

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Calculating Empirical Formulas Calculating Empirical Formulas
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid, of moles:
5.105 mol
1 mol C: = 7.005  7
C: 61.31 g x = 5.105 mol C 0.7288 mol
12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H 5.09 mol
1.01 g H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol 0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O 0.7288 mol
16.00 g
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
Stoichiometry 0.7288 mol Stoichiometry

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Calculating Empirical Formulas Combustion Analysis

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:

C7H7NO2

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Combustion Analysis

 C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced.

 H is determined from the mass of H2O produced.

 O is determined by difference after the C and H have been determined.

Stoichiometry

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Sample Exercise 3.15 Determining an Empirical Formula by

Combustion Analysis
Isopropyl alcohol, sold as rubbing alcohol, is composed of C, H, and O. Combustion of 0.255 g of isopropyl
alcohol produces 0.561 g of CO2 and 0.306 g of H2O. Determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.

Solution
Analyze We are told that isopropyl alcohol contains C, Plan We can use the mole concept to calculate grams of
H, and O atoms and given the quantities of CO2 and C in the CO2 and grams of H in the H2O. These masses
H2O produced when a given quantity of the alcohol is are the masses of C and H in the alcohol before
combusted. We must determine the empirical formula combustion. The mass of O in the compound equals the
for isopropyl alcohol, a task that requires us to calculate mass of the original sample minus the sum of the C and
the number of moles of C, H, and O in the sample. H masses. Once we have the C, H, and O masses, we can
proceed as in Sample Exercise 3.13.

Solve
To calculate the mass of C from the measured mass of
CO2,we first use the molar mass of CO2, 44.0 g/mol, to
convert grams of CO2 to moles of CO2. Because each
CO2 molecule has only one C atom, there is 1 mol of C
atoms per mole of CO2 molecules. This fact allows us
to convert moles of CO2 to moles of C. Finally, we use
the molar mass of C, 12.0 g, to convert moles of C to
grams of C:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 3.15 Determining an Empirical Formula by Sample Exercise 3.15 Determining an Empirical Formula by
Combustion Analysis Combustion Analysis
Continued Continued

The calculation for determining H mass from H2O mass Check The subscripts work out to be moderate-size whole numbers, as expected.
is similar, although we must remember that there are 2
mol of H atoms per 1 mol of H2O molecules: Practice Exercise
The mass of the sample, 0.255 g, is the sum of the Mass of O = mass of sample - (mass of C + mass of H) (a) Caproic acid, responsible for the odor of dirty socks, is composed of C, H, and O atoms. Combustion of
masses of C, H, and O. Thus, the O mass is = 0.255 g - (0.153 g + 0.0343 g) = 0.068 g O a 0.225-g sample of this compound produces 0.512 g CO2 and 0.209 g H2O.What is the empirical formula
of caproic acid? (b) Caproic acid has a molar mass of 116 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
The number of moles of C, H, and O in the sample is
Therefore Answer: (a) C3H6O, (b) C6H12O2

To find the empirical formula, we must compare the

relative number of moles of each element in the sample.
We determine relative number of moles by dividing
each of our calculated number of moles by the
smallest number:

The first two numbers are very close to the whole C3H8O
numbers 3 and 8, giving the empirical formula

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward

Stoichiometric Calculations Stoichiometric Calculations

Starting with the

mass of Substance
A, you can use
the ratio of the
coefficients of A and
B to calculate the
The coefficients in the balanced equation give mass of Substance
the ratio of moles of reactants and products. B formed (if it’s a
product) or used (if
it’s a reactant).
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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 Stoichiometric Calculations
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Limiting
Reactants
Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams. Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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Determining Limiting Reagent Determining Limiting Reagent

The reactant that is completely consumed (the The reactant that is completely consumed (the
limiting reagent) determines the quantities of the limiting reagent) determines the quantities of the
products formed. products formed.

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry
 Limiting Reactants Limiting Reactants

• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in In the example below, the O2 would be the
the smallest stoichiometric amount. excess reagent.
– In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first (in
this case, the H2).

Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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Theoretical Yield Percent Yield

• The theoretical yield is the maximum One finds the percent yield by
amount of product that can be made. comparing the amount actually obtained
– In other words, it’s the amount of product (actual yield) to the amount it was
possible as calculated through the possible to make (theoretical yield):
stoichiometry problem.

• This is different from the actual yield, actual yield

Percent yield = x 100
which is the amount one actually theoretical yield
produces and measures.
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry

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