Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy

NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Lab Session 01
OBJECT:
To measure the power of Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive load by Analogue Wattmeter
and then to calculate its power factor.

APPARATUS:
1. RLC Load Bank
2. Voltmeter.
3. Ammeter.
4. Wattmeter.
5. Power supply 220 V
6. Connecting wires

THEORY:
The wattmeter is a measuring instrument used to measure electric power. The wattmeter consists of a
‘Pressure Coil’ and ‘Current Coil’. The current coil of the instrument carries the current, while the pressure
coil carries the current proportional to, and in phase with the voltage. The deflection of the watt meter
depends upon the current in these two coils and upon the power factor. Inductance in the pressure coil
circuit should be divided as far as possible, since it causes the pressure coil current to lag the applied voltage.
A high non-inductive resistance is connected in series with the pressure coil in order that the resultant of
the coil itself shall be small in comparison, with the resistance of the whole pressure coil circuit taken by
the pressure coil shall be small.
The Wattmeter is a power measuring device. This instrument consists of a deflecting scale, having current
and voltage coil. There are various measurement levels having 480 W,240W, 120W and 60 W. Each level
has a different multiplier constant mentioned on meter.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Watt Meter
Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the voltmeter in parallel and connect the ammeter in series with the source.
2. Connect the watt meter according to the instruction already written on the labeled diagram i.e.
current coil in series and potential in parallel with the load.
3. Now vary the load i.e. first apply only resistive load, then use resistive and inductive load and
finally resistive and capacitive load. Carefully measure voltage, current and power each time.
4. Finally measure power, voltage and current and calculate power factor at all observations

WORKING FORMULA:
𝑃
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ =
𝑉𝐼

OBSERVATIONS: -
Power V I
No Load Power factor =cos(Ф)
(Watt) (Volts) (Amp)
R Load
1
_________

RL Load
2
_________

RC Load
3
_________

CALCULATIONS (attach a separate Calculation sheet)

Calculate Power Factor at each different load observation and then calculate the capacitor required to
make power factor unity if we apply in series with the same RL load as we have used in observation.

SIMULATION TASK (attach simulations report in prescribed format given)

Use the same rating of R, RL and RC load and simulate your results on Multisim or Simulink or any
software to fill the observation table. Further, use RL value as in observation and apply the capacitor
you calculated via calculation in series with RL forming RLC series circuit in simulation and find the
observations. In simulation task you will make a table with observations of 4 items i.e., R, RL, RC
and series RLC

RESULTS:
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Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Lab Session 02
OBJECT:
Measure the Power (P), Power factor (Cos φ), and VAR by wattmeter, Power Factor meter &
Network Analyzer.

APPARATUS:
1. Circuit kit.
2. 220 V supply.
3. Power factor meter.
4. Electronic watt meter.
5. Network Analyzer
5. Ammeter.
6. RLC Load Bank

THEORY:
The Wattmeter is a power measuring device. This instrument consists of a deflecting scale, having current
and voltage coil. There are various measurement levels having 480 W,240W, 120W and 60 W. Each level
has a different multiplier constant mentioned on meter.
A power factor meter is an electrical measuring instrument that determines the power factor (PF) of a power
system, which is the ratio of real power to apparent power. The meter consists of a current coil, voltage
coil, phase-shifting network, and a moving coil or digital display. It works by measuring voltage and
current, shifting the phase of one signal, multiplying and integrating the signals, and calculating the power
factor. The result is displayed on the meter, indicating how efficiently the system is using electrical power.
Network Analyzer is a complete solution for power measurements. It can measure Voltage, current, Real
Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, Power factor and other parameters. The Network Analyzer is a
one-meter solution for power measurement where you can just use cursor to navigate between other values.

Watt Meter Power Factor Meter Energy Analyzer

PROCEDURE:
1. First, connections for voltmeter, ammeter, watt meter and power factor meter are completed
at a bench with RLC load bank, and then Network Analyzer is set up using RLC load bank.
2. Vary the load through RLC load bank and fill observation table.
3. First use Resistive Load, then resistive and Inductive load (RL) and finally apply a capacitor
Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

in parallel with RL load and note the observations and fill in the table.

Connection Diagram:

OBSERVATIONS:
Using Power Factor Meter, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt meter.
Voltage Current Power Real Reactive Apparent
Load Angle Complex Power
Load Vrms Irms Factor Power Power Power
Ф=cos-1 (pf) S=P +j Q (VA)
Volts Amps pf P (W) Q (VAR) S (VA)
R load
________

RL Load
________

Parallel
RLC
Load
________

Using Network Analyzer

Voltage Current Power Real Reactive Apparent Complex

Load Angle
Load Vrms Irms Factor Power Power Power Power
Ф=cos (pf)
-1
Volts Amps pf P (W) Q (VAR) S (VA) S=P +j Q (VA)
R load
_________

RL Load
_________
Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Parallel
RLC Load
_________

CALCULATIONS: (attach a separate Calculation sheet)

Calculate load angle, reactive power, apparent power and complex power using formula for the first
observation set i.e. using all meters separately.
Then, in second observation calculates only load angle and complex power using formula

Simulation Task: (attach simulations report in prescribed format given)

Simulate the lab experiment using the first observation set i.e. having all different meters for every
observation in circuit and fill observation table.

RESULTS:
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Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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_______________________________________________________________________________

Lab Session 03
OBJECT:
Measurement of Electrical Energy by Electronic Wattmeter and comparison of Electrical energy
measurement from Analogue Energy meter (KWh) and digital Energy Meter (KWh).

APPARATUS:
1. Digital Energy meter.
2. Analogue Energy meter
3. Electronic watt meter.
4. Stopwatch.
5. Resistive Load.

THEORY:
Analogue Energy Meter: -
Induction type meters are the most common form of AC meters. These meters measure electric energy
in kilowatt-hour. The principle of these meters is practically the same as that of the induction watt
meters. In these meters magnet and spindle are used.
The watt-hour meter consists of two main coils i.e. pressure coil and current coil.
The pressure coil is attached to the power source while the current coil is attached in series to the load.
The breaking magnet is provided to control the speed of the disc. The breaking magnet decreases the
breaking torque.
Digital Energy Meter:
A single-phase digital energy meter accurately tracks the amount of electricity consumed in a household
or small business. It shows energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) on a digital screen and offers
features like tamper detection, data logging, and power factor measurement as well.
It is more accurate than older mechanical meters, helps prevent energy theft, and enables better energy
management. It measures voltage and current through voltage and current sensors. It calculates power
consumption and integrates this over time to determine the total energy used.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑁)
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑊ℎ = 𝐸 =
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐾)
Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Analogue Meter Digital Meter

PROCEDURE:
1. First, the connection is completed as per circuit diagram.
2. Take observations at induction type analogue meter and digital energy meter on half load
(5 bulbs) and Full load (10 Bulbs).
3. Power is measured by Electronic Wattmeter at every observation and time of 1 min is fixed
for observing revolutions / impulses at energy meters.
4. Observe the error which will be minimum for both energy measurements.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

AC Supply
220-240 V

OBSERVATION: -
For Analogue Energy Meter
Energy Calculations
Meter Power Revolutions Energy by Energy by
Type S.No Load (P) (N) Wattmeter Energy meter
Difference
KW Rev E=Pxt E =N/K
KWh KWh
1 5 Bulbs are ON
Energy Meter
Analogue

2 10 Bulbs are ON
Dig

Me
erg
ital
En

ter

1 5 Bulbs are ON
y
Instrumentation Measurement of Electrical Energy
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

2 10 Bulbs are ON

CALCULATIONS: (attach a separate Calculation sheet)

RESULTS:
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