ART APPRECIATION Aug.

23, 2022 HUMANITIES AS A SUBJECT

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF ART - Refers to the ARTS
- Aryan word “AR” meaning to “put together”
WHY HUMANITIES?
- Latin word “ARS” meaning ability or skill
 Legal Mandate
“The expression of ourselves without using of words”
 Article 14, Section 3, Paragraph 2, 1987 Constitution
 All college students must develop their critical and creative thinking.
 Students learn to appreciate the importance of VALUE.
ETYMOLOGY OF ART
HUMANITIES
 cover those areas of artistic creativity – embraces the visual arts,
Latin word: humanus – human, cultured, and refined. literature, music and dance
 expresses aesthetic ideas by use of skill & imagination
- Study of different cultural aspect of man, his frailties in life and how it
can be improved. DIVISION OF THE ARTS
- Study of man’s expressions, feelings, thought, intuition, values and
 VISUAL: arts that are primarily seen, occupies space
ideas.
 AUDITORY: heard, timed arts; exist in time
- Records man’s quest for answers to the fundamental questions he
 COMBINED/PERFORMING ARTS: combines visual & auditory elements
asks about himself and about life.
EXAMPLES:
HUMANITIES – are expressions of man’s feelings and thought.
 VISUAL ARTS: paintings, sculptures and architectures
- emphasizes dignity and worthiness of man and recognizes creative
 AUDITORY ARTS: music and poetry
expressions.
 COMBINED/PERFORMING ARTS: drama & theatre, dancing, cinema &
- aimed to shape student’s subjective energies (feelings, attitudes and
TV, opera
aspirations).
PURPOSES OF THE ARTS
 Culture the disparity between man and animal.
 Cultured: refinement of taste and manners 1. Create beauty
 Culture – Values – Attitude – Behavior – Habit 2. Provide decoration
3. Reveal truth
IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES 4. Immortalize
5. Express religious values
 Man needs an image of himself
6. Record and commemorate experience
 Understanding of his natures
7. Create order & harmony
 Necessary for the development of a complete, social man
 Provides man with a measure of his own passion & desire THE VISUAL EXPRESSION OF AN IDEA OF EXPERIENCE, FORMED WITH
 Regulate man’s behavior SKILL THROUGH THE USE OF A MEDIUM.

ART APPRECIATION
 Recognition of the good qualities and understanding of art
 Acquiring knowledge leads to appreciation
 Knowing vocabulary, concepts, themes, processes, materials
 Knowing context
 Does not require liking or loving
RELEVANCE of ART APPRECIATION
 To understand the present
 To stimulate thought
 To develop critical and innovative thinking skills
 To develop appreciation for others

IMAGINATION & CREATIVITY

IMAGINATION CREATIVITY ART IS UNIVERSAL (LANGUAGE)
Thinking of something Doing something ART is like each of these men’s view of the elephant. It is based on an
that is not present, like meaningful out from individual’s subjective experience of nature.
the impossible. your imagination.

“THE ART OF APPRECIATION BEGINS WITH SELF APPRECIATION”

– Amit Abraham –

Aug. 30, 2022

LESSON 2: ASSUMPTIONS AND NATURE OF ART
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE ART
 ART has been created by all people at all times, in all countries and it lives
because its well-liked and enjoyed.
ART IS CULTURAL (BELIEFS)
 ART involves experience; there can never be appreciation of art without
experience. ART IS NOT NATURE (MAN-MADE)
ART AS EXPERIENCE
ART AS EXPRESSION
ART IS SUBJECTIVE
People have different taste!
 ART is made by man;
  ART is everywhere.  VISUAL ARTS – are primarily seen
 ART is man’s oldest means of expression; – occupies space
 ART as a means of expression & communication.  AUDITORY ARTS – heard & timed arts
 COMBINED/PERFORMING ARTS – combines visual and auditory
PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS
elements
According to experts, these paintings were purported to belong to Upper
Paleolithic Age, several thousands of years before the current era. Pre-historic
men, with their crude instruments, already showcased and manifested earliest
attempts at recording man’s innermost interests, preoccupations, and Sep. 06, 2022
LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS OF ART
thoughts.
The humanities, then, ironically, have started even before the term has PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ARTS
been coined. Human persons have long been exercising what it means to be  Nature of art
a human long before he was even aware of his being one. The humanities  Interpretation
stand tall in bearing witness to this magnificent phenomenon. Any human  Representation
person, then, is tasked to participate, if not, totally partake in this long tradition  Expression
of humanizing himself.
PLATO: Art as MIMESIS
NATURE OF ART
- Greek word “mimos” which means to imitate.
1. Art is a diverse range of human activities - Art is imitation of what truly exists.
2. Art represents reality – representation - Art is an imitation and it is bad.
3. Art is an expression
ARISTOTLE: Art as REPRESENTATION
4. Art serves as a means of communication of emotions
5. Art matters – illustrates human experiences - Art is an imitation; it is even good.
6. Art is creation (made by man) - Imitation is natural to humans from childhood.
- Representation of nature
FUNCTIONS OF ARTS
KANT: Art for ART SAKE
 PERSONAL FUNCTION – self-expression or gratification
 SOCIAL FUNCTION – influence social behavior - Art needs to be free.
– display and celebration (festivals) - The role of art is to create beauty leading to satisfaction.
 PHYSICAL FUNCTION – form and function (furniture and architecture) - Every object is “artful” and beautiful, regardless of its utility, use and
– Community Planning value because beauty is universal.

CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS POPULAR ART EXPRESSIONS

VISUAL ARTS - art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of
structures.
- Kind of art form that people is most likely more exposed to.
- referred as the “mother of the arts” because it houses, serves as
- Paintings, drawings, lettering, printing, sculptures, digital imaging, and
background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art.
more.
APPLIED ARTS
FILM
- incorporate elements of style and design to everyday items with the
- Art of putting together successions of still images to create an illusion
aim of increasing their aesthetical value.
of movement.
- Artists in this field bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many things
- Focuses on aesthetic, cultural, and social value.
that are useful in everyday life. (FURNITURES)
- Both an ART and INDUSTRY
PERFORMANCE ART
THE FUNCTIONS OF ART
- a LIVE art
A. AS A THERAPY
- artist’s medium is mainly the HUMAN BODY.
- art can be as therapy for individuals with a variety of illnesses, both
- Also employs other kind of art: Visual art, props, or sound.
physical and mental.
- Combines visual and auditory elements
THEATER
B. ART AS ARTIFACT
- Uses live performers.
- A product of a particular time and place, an artwork represents the
- Usually follows a script
ideas and technology of that specific time and place.
DANCE - The insights we gain into cultures, including our own are enhanced
tremendously by such artifacts as paintings, sculptures, poems, plays,
- Series of movements that follows rhythm of music. and buildings.
 Dance (French dancier) refers to human movements used as form
of expression. C. PERSONAL FUNCTION OF ART
 Choreography is the art of making dances. (choreographer) - art is varied (diverse) and highly subjective (personal).
LITERARY ART - its function depends on the person – the artist who created the art.

- goes beyond the usual professional, academic, journalistic, and other D. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ART
technical form of writing. - Considered if it addresses a particular collective interest as opposed to
- focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a specific form or a personal interest.
norm. - Example: POLITICAL ART – convey message of protest and
- include both fiction and non-fiction; novels, biographies and poems. contestation.
POETRY PERFORMANCE
- an art form where the artist expresses his emotions through words.
ARCHITECTURE E. PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF ART
- the easiest to spot and understand.
 - found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical  ANIMALS
purpose.  LANDSCAPE
 SEASCAPE
F. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART  CITYSCAPE
- Music was used for dance and religion.  PORTRAITURE
- The ancient world saw music only as an instrument to facilities worship  GENRE
and invocation to gods.  VISIONARY EXPRESSION
- Music also was essential to dance because music assures
synchronicity among dancers.
- Art as a REPRESENTATION CLASSIFICATION: as to TYPE
- Art as a DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT 1. REPRESENTATIONAL art or OBJECTIVE art
- Art as a COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION  refer to object or events occurring in the real world.
 refer object that are commonly recognized by most people
 attempt to copy something that is real
UNDERSTANDING THE SUBJECT OF THE ART  images need not be true to life but it must clearly represent to be
SUBJECT recognizable
 uses form
- refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from  concerned with what is to be depicted
examining the artwork.
- matter to be described or portrayed by the artist
- may be a person, object, scene or event
- classified by: TYPE, SOURCE and KIND
CONTENT
- is the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork.
TYPE
 REPRESENTATIONAL
 NON – REPRESENTATIONAL
SOURCE
 NATURE
 RELIGION
 HISTORY
 GREEK and ROMAN MYTHODOLOGY
 FANTASY
 EMOTION
KIND
 STILL LIFE
 2. RELIGION
2. NON-REPRESENTATIONAL art or NON-OBJECTIVE art
 Art without any reference to any objects in our world.
 Abstract (no recognizable objects)
 It uses content
 concerned with how the artwork is depicted
 Visual Elements; shapes, lines, emotion, and even concept.

3. HISTORY

4. GREEK and ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

CLASSIFICATION: as to SOURCE
1. NATURE

5. FANTASY
 2. ANIMALS

6. EMOTION
3. LANDSCAPE

CLASSIFICATION: as to KIND 4. SEASCAPE

1. STILL LIFE
 non-moving, non-living objects
 usually set indoors
 contains at least one man-made object

5. CITYSCAPE
6. PORTRAITURE

7. GENRE (REALISM - makatotohanan)

CONTENT IN ART
LEVELS OF MEANING
8. VISIONARY EXPRESSION (ABSTRACT/IMAGINARY)
 FACTUAL pertains to the most rudimentary level of meaning for it
may be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the
artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one
another.
 CONVENTIONAL meaning, on the other hand, pertains to the
acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs,
symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. These
conventions are established through time, strengthened by
recurrent use and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and
scholars who study then.
EXAMPLES:  When SUBJECTIVITIES are consulted, a variety of meaning may
arise when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem
from the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come into play
when engaging with art.
 WEEK 4: ARTIST AND ARTISAN Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted
an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
ARTIST – is the dedicated only the creative side, making visually pleasing
work ONLY FOR THE ENJOYMENT and appreciation of the viewer. “DALAGANG BUKID”
– a person who performs any of the creative arts. Fernando Amorsolo, who was touted as the “Grand Old Man
– This captures all forms of art. of Philippine Art.”
– no functional value.
 The specialty of an artist is that he is able to create art for the sake of
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTIST AND ARTISAN
art itself without needing any ulterior motives.
DEFINITIONS OF ARTIST AND ARTISAN:
ARTISAN – a manual worker who make items with his or her hands.
– who through skills, experience and talent can create things of Artist: An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts.
great beauty as well as being functional.
– a skilled worker who makes things by hand. Artisan: An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things by hand.
– This includes various objects ranging from jewelry to furniture.
 An artisan should not be confused with an artist because there is a CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIST AND ARTISAN:
clear difference in the things that they create. An artisan is able to
produce something that has a functional value; although it should not ARTISTIC VALUE:
be limited to its use value alone.
Artist: The object has a clear artistic value.
MEDIUM – is the material use by an artist to express his or her feelings.
Artisan: The object has an artistic value.
VISUAL ARTS – are those whose mediums that can be seen and which
FUNCTIONAL VALUE:
occupy space.
Artist: The object has no functional value.
TWO-ART DIMENSIONAL ARTS (2D) – painting, drawing, printmaking, and
photography. Artisan: The object has a functional value.
THREE DIMENSIONAL ARTS (3D) – sculpture, architecture, landscape, OBJECT:
industrial design and crafts like furniture.
Artist: The object has a lot of aesthetic value and is appreciated for
this quality as it pleases the individual.
SOME OF THE GREATEST ARTISTS IN THE WORLD Artisan: The object though utilitarian has certain aesthetic attributes to
it.
“MONA LISA” by LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)
Known for Painting, drawing, sculpting, science, engineering,
architecture, anatomy.
“THE STARRY NIGHT” by VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853-1890)
Dutch post-impressionist
“THE CREATION OF ADAM” by MICHELANGELO (1475-1564) GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN AWARD (GAMABA)
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, Italian
  The National Living Treasures Award was created in 1902 HAJA AMINA APPI – recognized as master mat weaver among the
 is an award that acknowledges folk and indigenous artists who despite indigenous community for her unique designs, straightness of her
the modern times, remain true to their traditions. edging (tabig), and fineness of her sasa and kima.
 It is administered by the National Commission for Culture and Arts
(NCCA) through Gawad sa Manlilikha Committee.
“MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN” - who is a “citizen engaged in any traditional art
uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills have reached such a high
level of technical and artistic excellence and have been passed on
to and widely practiced by the present generation in his/ her
community with the same degree of technical and artistic
competence” (NCCA,2015).

ALONZO SACLAG – a Kalinga master of dance and the performing arts who
ARTISANS mastered not only the Kalinga musical instruments but also her
dance patterns and movements associated with his people’s ritual.
DARHATA SAWABI – a Tausug weaver of Pis Syabit, the traditional cloth
tapestry worn as a head cover.

FEDERICO CABALLERO – a Sulod Bukidnon epic chanter from Kalinog, Iloilo

EDUARDO MUTUC – an artist from Apalit, Pampanga who has dedicated his who ceaselessly works for the documentation of the oral literature,
life to creating religious and secular art in silver, bronze, and wood. particularly the epics of his people.
UWANG AHADAS – a Yakan musician who is a master of the kwintangan, GINAW BILOG – is a Hanunuo Mangyan poet who is considered as a master
kayu, and tuntungan instruments. of ambahan poetry.

MASINO INTARAY – a prolific and pre-eminent epic chanter and story-teller

recognized for his outstanding mastery of various traditional musical
LANG DULAY – a T’boli traditional weaver of T’nalak or T’boli cloth made of instruments of the Palawan people such as basal, kulilal, and bagil.
colorful abaca fabrics.

COLOGNE CATHEDRAL IN GERMANY

SALINTA MONON – a Tagbanua Bagobo traditional weaver of district abaca  An example of early Gothic architecture.
fabrics called Inabal.  This is also a collaboration between the artist who made the design
and the Artisan who help in the construction of the whole building.
ARTISAN AND GUILDS
 These guilds where towns had formalized groups of artisans or
craftsmen who took on a particular specialization or trade;
shoemakers, textile and glass workers, carpenters, carvers, masons,
armorers, and weapon-makers, among others. Here, the practice of
artists was not grounded on the idea of individual capacities or
success; rather, in the commitment to work together as a collective.
 Guilds were a type of social fellowship, an association structured with
rules, customs, rights, and responsibilities. With a lifetime commitment
 to a particular trade, an artisan develops immense skill and expertise 1. Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of national Artist)
in his craft. 2. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award)
PHILIPPINE ARTISANS
 The conferment of the Order of National Artist is the “highest national
 Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol. recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant
 Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans to carve, paint, and contributions to the development of Philippine Arts; namely, music, dance,
engrave images for churches and public sites. theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast art, and architecture and
allied arts. The order is jointly administered by the Philippines (CCP) and
conferred by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation by
What is an ART CURATOR? both institutions” (NCCA, 2015).

ART CURATORS – are employed by museums and art galleries to design,

develop and manage installations and exhibits. WEEK 5: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGNS
– requires them to acquire works of art, ensure proper storage
and help maintain museum collections. THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS
– typically specialize in specific areas of art, like Western, Asian
1. LINES
or contemporary art. The job duties of a curator are vast. They
2. COLORS
may put on public events like lectures and workshops, write
3. TEXTURE
grants and conduct fundraising activities. In addition, they
4. PERSPECTIVE
conduct research projects and write papers for publication...
5. SPACE
Role of an ART CURATOR? 6. FORM
7. VOLUME
 more of the interpretation and development of the artwork(s) or the
collection(s) through establishing the significance, relationship, and  The elements of art are the visual components which are required to
relevance of these materials----in isolation and/or as part of a wider create a work of art.
narrative.  Knowing the basics of the elements of the visual art can help any artist
 the ability to research and write, as an arbiter of design and layout, and to create a well-balanced and beautiful designs.
deciding for the display and hanging of materials foe exhibition.  To develop a more thorough understanding of artistic composition, one
must learn how to examine and utilize the various art elements.

PRODUCTION PROCESS ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS

1. PRE-PRODUCTION LINE – is a mark on a surface that describes a shape or outline.

2. PRODUCTION – It can create texture and can be thick and thin.
3. POST-PRODUCTION – TYPES: actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal and contour line.
 Serves as an essential building block of art, but it can also serve as the
content itself of a work of art, or be manipulated to evoke an emotional or
intellectual response from a viewer (Fichner-Rathus, 2010).
 It is an important element at the disposal of every artist.
TWO MAJOR AWARDS GIVEN TO ARTIST IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Always has direction, always moving.
 As used in any work of art, may either be straight or curved. This photo, for example, places the land and horizon along the bottom
 The first element of art and are continuous marks that are made on any third of the image, while the sky fills the top two-thirds of the shot. Further,
surface with a moving point. the photo was composed so the bride and groom are along the left-third of
 Can be used to express various things or feelings; it can be used to show the image.
various moods or anything abstract.  This photo uses both horizontal and vertical lines. Although the bulrushes
are the obvious use of vertical lines, the horizontal line of the horizon is
WHAT DO THESE LINES SUGGEST?
more subtle. Note, too, that the photo has been composed so the
VERTICAL LINES – are poised for action. They are poised, balanced, landscape follows the rule of thirds.
forceful, and dynamic. They express an impression of dignity.  Curved lines, sometimes referred as S curves, can help lead the eye
through a photo and can suggest gracefulness, sexiness, or sensuality.
 Only vertical lines can be used to express an orderly feeling. Despite the name, S curves don’t need to be shaped exactly like an “s.”
HORIZONTAL LINES – are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas Any strong leading line that winds or curves can be considered an S curve.
of calmness and quiescence. Some curved leading lines often used in photography include paths and
rivers.
 Only horizontal lines can give a feeling of peacefulness and stillness.  When including diagonal leading lines within a photo, it’s best if you can
position them so that they start and finish just above or below the corner of
DIAGONAL LINES – are used to create feelings of movement or action.
a photo, like the railroad tracks shown here. This will prevent the image
 Waves in the sea. from looking like it has been split in half. Because our eyes naturally scan
photos from left to right, composing an image to include diagonal leading
CURVED LINES – sometimes referred as S curves, suggest gracefulness or lines that flow from the bottom left to the top right of a photo is also a great
sexiness. way to compose a shot.
 If you want to photograph S curves, the human body makes for a  The body of this acoustic guitar is a great example of S curves. Note the
wonderful subject. use of other leading lines in this photo too – the diagonal lines of the guitar
 From the arch of a foot to the curve of a neck, you can find many ways strings, and the horizontal lines of the sheet of music in the background.
to capture curved leading lines by photographing the human form. THREE MAIN TYPES OF LINES
 Train rails
REPETITION – occurs when two or more lines are drawn within a corner
 There are various ways to integrate lines into a photograph to help following the lines of the corner.
strengthen the overall composition and draw attention to a specific focal
CONTRAST – lines that are in opposition to each other.
point.
 It is up to the artist how he conveys his message, in the best way possible TRANSITION LINE – is a line that connects two workflow elements.
through the use of lines. – lines allow you to define what the next step in a workflow will be.
 When using vertical lines within a photo, it’s a good idea to follow the rule
of thirds, failure to do so can result in a photo looking as though it’s been  To summarize, including leading lines within a photograph is a
cut in half. It is also important to try to keep the vertical line as straight as composition technique that can strongly influence the overall result of an
possible. Vertical leading lines can help to illustrate growth, authority, image.
strength, or dominance. Some examples of vertical leading lines in  Leading lines can direct a person’s eye to a main focal point or, if used
photography include photographs of trees or tall buildings. incorrectly, can draw the eye away from the subject or appear to cut a
 When composing your photo to include horizontal leading lines, make sure photo in half.
they’re as straight as possible and consider following the rule of thirds.
 THE ART ELEMENT OF COLOR – Theoretically all hues can be mixed from three basic hues, known
as PRIMARIES.
COLOR – refers to the visual perception of light being reflected from a surface
of an artwork. VALUE – refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is the quality which
– THREE GROUPS: primary, secondary and tertiary. depends on the amount of light and dark in color.
INTENSITY – refers to the brightness or darkness of color. It gives color
strength. When a hue is vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity.
When it is dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized.
TINTS – are values above the normal.
SHADES – are values below the normal.

COLOR WHEEL
COLOR WHEEL – is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around
a circle, that shows relationships between primary, secondary, and
tertiary colors, etc.

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS
 Colors have varied psychological and emotional connotations.
 BLACK is associated with death and gloom
 WHITE stands for purity and innocence
 RED is associated with blood, anger and fear
 GREEN implies happiness and abundance

MEANINGS OF COLORS CONVEYED BY THE ROSE

 RED is for “I love you”
 PINK conveys “Thank you”
 WHITE says “You are heavenly”
 CORAL speaks of desire.
ATTRIBUTES OF COLOR  WHITE ROSES denote secrecy, reverence and humility.
 DEEP PINK ROSES convey gratitude and appreciation.
HUE – is the term for the pure spectrum colors commonly referred to by the
 LIGHT PINK express sympathy, grace and gentility.
"color names" - red, orange, yellow, blue, green violet - which
 RED ROSES also mean courage and fortitude
appear in the hue circle or rainbow.
 YELLOW ROSES stand for freedom
 RED AND YELLOW stand for jovial /happy feelings
 ORANGE ROSES speak of enthusiasm and desire – Objects appear to be lighter in color as they recede into the
 RED AND WHITE convey unity distance or atmosphere.

TEXTURE THE ART ELEMENT OF SPACE

TEXTURE – is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. SPACE – refers to how the artist fills the surface on which a work of art is
– applies to how an object feels or appears to feel. created. It can also refer to the expression of depth within a work of
– can be either implied or actual. art.
– It has to do with the characteristics of surfaces which can be – refers to distances or areas around, between or within components
rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. of a piece.
– Space can be positive (white or light) or negative (black or dark),
IMPLIED TEXTURE – expresses the idea of how a surface might feel.
open or closed, shallow or deep and two-dimensional or three-
For example, a painting of a blanket might convey the idea
dimensional.
that the blanket is soft.
– Sometimes space isn't actually within a piece, but the illusion of it is.
ACTUAL TEXTURE – is texture that can actually be felt. For example, – When talking about a three-dimensional object, space is the actual
a ceramic bowl might feature a carved texture that could be volume that is taken up by the artwork.
felt when holding that bowl.
KINDS OF SPACE
POSITIVE SPACE – the areas in a work of art that are the subjects, or
PERSPECTIVE areas of interest.

PERSPECTIVE – deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of NEGATIVE SPACE – areas around the subjects, or areas of interest.
objects, by means of which the eye judges spatial relationships.
 Shape, Form, and Volume are words that are used to describe
KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE:
distinct areas or parts of works of art or architecture.
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE – is the representation of an appearance of
distance by means of converging lines.
– It has to do with the direction of lines and with the size of
objects.
– Painters usually show the effect of space and distance by
using converging lines and diminishing size.
– Parallel lines below the eye level seem to rise to a
vanishing point in the horizon, while those above the eye THE ART ELEMENT OF FORM
level seem to descend to the vanishing point.
FORM – refers to a three-dimensional object. As such, form is an art term that
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE – is the representation of relative distances of is only applied to those artworks that are three-dimensional, such as
objects by gradations of tone or color. sculpture and pottery.
– Objects become fainter in the distance due to the effect of the – applies to the over-all design of a work of art.
atmosphere. – It describes the structure or shape of an object.
– Forms, much like shapes, can be geometric or organic. Geometric
 forms have hard lines and edges. Organic forms are curvy and more
free-form.
ORGANIC FORMS – such as these snow-covered boulders typically
are irregular in outline, and often asymmetrical.
– are most often thought of as naturally occurring.
GEOMETRIC FORMS – are those which correspond to named regular
shapes, such as squares, rectangles, circles, cubes, spheres,
cones, and other regular forms.

VOLUME
VOLUME – refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions.
– It refers to solidity or thickness.