SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns, that is, 𝒎 = 𝒏.

𝐴. 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns, that is, 𝒎 = 𝒏.

𝐷. 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:
2 4 −2 10
9 −3 3 0
𝑆=
6 12 −5 −1
−8 −7 11 13
 Is a square matrix with all elements equal to zero
except the elements on the major diagonal.

𝐴. 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

 Is a square matrix with all elements equal to zero
except the elements on the major diagonal.

𝐶. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:
𝑎11 0 0 0 0 0
0 𝑎22 0 0 0 0
0 0 𝑎33 0 0 0
𝐷=
0 0 0 𝑎44 0 0
0 0 0 0 ⋱ 0
0 0 0 0 0 𝑎𝑛𝑛
 A matrix wherein all its elements are zero;
usually denoted by O

𝐴. 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶

 A matrix wherein all its elements are zero;
usually denoted by O

𝐷. 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝐷. 𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙
𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝐶

Example:

0 0 0 0
𝑂= 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
 Is a diagonal matrix with unity diagonal elements
and equivalent of a scalar number unity.

𝐴. 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷.
𝐷. 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
 Is a diagonal matrix with unity diagonal elements
and equivalent of a scalar number unity.

𝐷.
𝐷. 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
𝐷=
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
Is a square matrix for which all elements on the main diagonal are equal.

𝐴. 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶.𝐴.𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
Is a square matrix for which all elements on the main diagonal are equal.

𝐴. 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:

3 2 0 1 0 0
𝐴 = −1 3 4 𝐼= 0 1 0
5 0 3 0 0 1
 A sparse matrix is one in which most of the elements are zero. Most large
matrices arising in the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations
are sparse matrices.

𝐴. 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

 A sparse matrix is one in which most of the elements are zero. Most large
matrices arising in the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations
are sparse matrices.

𝐵. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:

0 0 3 0
0 0 0 8
𝑆=
1 0 3 0
0 0 7 0
 Is a square matrix wherein the elements
about its main diagonal are symmetric (i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ).

𝐴. 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

 Is a square matrix wherein the elements
about its main diagonal are symmetric (i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ).

𝐵. 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:

5 3 −7
𝐵= 3 1 0
−7 0 4
 Are special type of matrix which has only one column or one row. Are
represented by either a boldface lowercased letter, for example, 𝑥 or 𝑦.

𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵. 𝑅𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐶. 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

 Are special type of matrix which has only one column or one row. Are
represented by either a boldface lowercased letter, for example, 𝑥 or 𝑦.

𝐶. 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
 𝑎11 10
𝑎21 −3 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑋= 𝑎 =
31 5
𝑎41 8

𝑌 = 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14 = 9 −5 −6 13 𝑅𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

 Is a square matrix in which all the elements on one side of the major
diagonal are zero. The remaining elements may be zero or none-zero.

𝐴. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷.
𝐷. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
 Is a square matrix in which all the elements on one side of the major
diagonal are zero. The remaining elements may be zero or none-zero.

𝐷.
𝐷. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14
0 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24
𝑈= 0 0 𝑎33 𝑎34 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
0 0 0 𝑎44

𝑎11 0 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 0 0
𝐿= 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 0
𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 𝑎44
Is square matrix in which all the elements not on the major diagonal and the
two diagonals surrounding the major diagonal are zero. The elements on
these three diagonals may or may not be zero.

𝐴. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Is square matrix in which all the elements not on the major diagonal and the
two diagonals surrounding the major diagonal are zero. The elements on
these three diagonals may or may not be zero.

𝐶. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 0 0 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 0 0 0
0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 0 0
𝑇=
0 0 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑎45 0
0 0 0 𝑎54 𝑎55 𝑎56
0 0 0 0 𝑎65 𝑎66
 Has all zero elements except along particular diagonals.

𝐴. 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝐶. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

 Has all zero elements except along particular diagonals.

𝐶. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 0 𝑎14 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 0 𝑎25 0
0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 0 𝑎36
𝐵=
𝑎41 0 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑎45 0
0 𝑎52 0 𝑎54 𝑎55 𝑎56
0 0 𝑎63 0 𝑎65 𝑎66
 2 −3 −1 −5
1. What is + ?
−4 2 3 −2

−1 −8 1 −8
𝐴. 𝐵.
−1 0 −1 0

1 −8 1 8
𝐶. 𝐷.
−7 0 −1 0
 2 −3 −1 −5
2. What is − ?
−4 2 3 −2

3 2 1 2
𝐴. 𝐵.
7 4 −7 4

3 −8 3 2
𝐶. 𝐷.
−7 4 −7 0
 3 −5 4 −1 4 2
3. What is + ?
−1 4 6 −5 −2 3

2 −1 6 2 −1 6
𝐴. 𝐵.
−6 −2 9 −6 2 9

3 −8 2 −9 6
𝐶. 𝐷.
−7 4 −6 −2 9
 3 −5 4 −1 4 2
4. What is − ?
−1 4 6 −5 −2 3

4 −9 2 2 −1 6
𝐴. 𝐵.
4 6 3 −6 2 9

4 −9 2 2 −9 2
𝐶. 𝐷.
4 2 3 4 6 3
 −3 1 4
5. What is the transpose of the matrix ?
5 2 −1

4 −9 2 5 2 −1
𝐴. 𝐵.
4 6 3 −3 1 4

−3 5 5 −3
𝐶. 1 2 𝐷. 2 1
4 −1 −1 4
 2 −5 6
6. What is the transpose of the matrix −1 2 −4 ?
−3 −1 0

−5 2 −1 6 −4 0
𝐴. 6 −4 0 𝐵. 2 −1 −3
2 −1 −3 −5 2 −1

2 −1 −3 −2 5 −6
𝐶. −5 2 −1 𝐷. 1 −2 4
6 −4 0 3 1 0
 2 1 −2 4
7. If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = then what is 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 ?
5 −3 3 −2

0 16 2 13
𝐴. 𝐵.
10 −10 6 −8

−17 9
2 5
𝐶. −6 16 𝐷.
14 −8
19 −11
 1 2 −3 −2 6 4
8. If 𝐴 = −5 4 2 and 𝐵 = −1 −2 3 then what is 2𝐴 + 5𝐵?

−8 34 14 −8 34 14
𝐴. 𝐵.
−5 −2 19 −15 −2 19

12 2−26 5 −26
𝐶. 12 34 14 𝐷. 𝐷.
−15 −2 19 −5 1418 −8−11
 1 2 −3 −2 6 4
9. If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = then what is 2𝐴 + 5𝐵?
−5 4 2 −1 −2 3

−8 34 14 −8 34 14
𝐴. 𝐵.
−5 −2 19 −15 −2 19

12 34 14 2 5
𝐶. 𝐷.
−15 −2 19 14 −8
 1 −2 −1 4
10. If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = then what is 3𝐴𝑇 − 2𝐵𝑇 ?
4 −3 6 −2

1 24 5 24
𝐴. 𝐵.
2 −13 −14 −5

5 0 5 0
𝐶. 𝐷.
−14 −13 −14 −5