Python OOPs Concepts

Like other general-purpose programming languages, Python is also an

object-oriented language since its beginning. It allows us to develop
applications using an Object-Oriented approach. In Python, we can easily
create and use classes and objects.

An object-oriented paradigm is to design the program using classes and

objects. The object is related to real-word entities such as book, house,
pencil, etc. The oops concept focuses on writing the reusable code. It is a
widespread technique to solve the problem by creating objects.

Major principles of object-oriented programming system are given below.

o Class
o Object
o Method
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Data Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Class
 The class can be defined as a collection of objects.
 It is a logical entity that has some specific attributes and methods.
 For example: if you have an employee class, then it should contain an
attribute and method, i.e. an email id, name, age, salary, etc.

Syntax

1. class ClassName:
2. <statement-1>
3. .
4. .
5. <statement-N>
 Object
 The object is an entity that has state and behavior.
 It may be any real-world object like the mouse, keyboard, chair, table,
pen, etc.
 Everything in Python is an object, and almost everything has attributes
and methods.
 All functions have a built-in attribute __doc__, which returns the
docstring defined in the function source code.
 When we define a class, it needs to create an object to allocate the
memory.

Consider the following example.

Example:

1. class car:
2. def __init__(self,modelname, year):
3. self.modelname = modelname
4. self.year = year
5. def display(self):
6. print(self.modelname,self.year)
7.
8. c1 = car("Toyota", 2016)
9. c1.display()

Output:

Toyota 2016

 In the above example, we have created the class named car, and it has
two attributes modelname and year.
 We have created a c1 object to access the class attribute.
 The c1 object will allocate memory for these values.

We will learn more about class and object in the next tutorial.

Method
  The method is a function that is associated with an object.
 In Python, a method is not unique to class instances. Any object type
can have methods.

Inheritance
 Inheritance is the most important aspect of object-oriented
programming, which simulates the real-world concept of inheritance.
 It specifies that the child object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of the parent object.
 By using inheritance, we can create a class which uses all the
properties and behavior of another class.
 The new class is known as a derived class or child class, and the one
whose properties are acquired is known as a base class or parent class.
 It provides the re-usability of the code.

Polymorphism
 Polymorphism contains two words "poly" and "morphs".
 Poly means many, and morph means shape.
 By polymorphism, we understand that one task can be performed in
different ways.
 For example - you have a class animal, and all animals speak. But they
speak differently. Here, the "speak" behavior is polymorphic in a sense
and depends on the animal.
 So, the abstract "animal" concept does not actually "speak", but
specific animals (like dogs and cats) have a concrete implementation
of the action "speak".

Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is also an essential aspect of object-oriented
programming.
 It is used to restrict access to methods and variables.
 In encapsulation, code and data are wrapped together within a single
unit from being modified by accident.

Data Abstraction
  Data abstraction and encapsulation both are often used as synonyms.
 Both are nearly synonyms because data abstraction is achieved
through encapsulation.
 Abstraction is used to hide internal details and show only
functionalities.
 Abstracting something means to give names to things so that the
name captures the core of what a function or a whole program does.

Object-oriented vs. Procedure-oriented Programming

languages
The difference between object-oriented and procedure-oriented
programming is given below:

Inde Object-oriented Programming Procedural Programming

x

1. Object-oriented programming is the Procedural programming uses a list

problem-solving approach and used of instructions to do computation
where computation is done by using step by step.
objects.

2. It makes the development and In procedural programming, It is

maintenance easier. not easy to maintain the codes
when the project becomes lengthy.

3. It simulates the real world entity. So It doesn't simulate the real world. It
real-world problems can be easily works on step by step instructions
solved through oops. divided into small parts called
functions.

4. It provides data hiding. So it is more Procedural language doesn't

secure than procedural languages. provide any proper way for data
You cannot access private data from binding, so it is less secure.
anywhere.

5. Example of object-oriented Example of procedural languages

programming languages is C++, are: C, Fortran, Pascal, VB etc.
Java, .Net, Python, C#, etc.