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DSA Lab Manual (Merge Sort)

The document is a lab manual for implementing the Merge Sort algorithm in C++. It outlines the algorithm's theory, time and space complexities, provides a C++ code implementation, and includes a procedure for executing the program. The conclusion emphasizes Merge Sort's efficiency and stability, making it suitable for large datasets.

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Irfan Ul Haq
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21 views3 pages

DSA Lab Manual (Merge Sort)

The document is a lab manual for implementing the Merge Sort algorithm in C++. It outlines the algorithm's theory, time and space complexities, provides a C++ code implementation, and includes a procedure for executing the program. The conclusion emphasizes Merge Sort's efficiency and stability, making it suitable for large datasets.

Uploaded by

Irfan Ul Haq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Structures and Algorithms Lab Manual

Experiment: Merge Sort Algorithm


Objective
To understand and implement the Merge Sort algorithm, a divide-and-conquer sorting technique,
in C++.
Theory
Merge Sort is a stable and comparison-based sorting algorithm that follows the divide-and-
conquer approach. The algorithm works as follows:
1. Divide: Split the array into two halves until each sub-array contains a single element.
2. Conquer: Recursively sort the sub-arrays.
3. Combine: Merge the sorted sub-arrays to produce a single sorted array.
Time Complexity:
 Best Case: O(n log n)
 Worst Case: O(n log n)
 Average Case: O(n log n)
Space Complexity: O(n) (due to auxiliary arrays used in merging)
Algorithm
1. Define a function mergeSort to divide the array into halves.
2. Define a function merge to combine two sorted arrays into a single sorted array.
3. Recursively apply mergeSort to both halves of the array.
4. Use the merge function to combine the sorted halves.

C++ Code Implementation


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Function to merge two sub-arrays


void merge(int arr[], int left, int mid, int right) {
int n1 = mid - left + 1;
int n2 = right - mid;

// Create temporary arrays


int L[n1], R[n2];

// Copy data to temp arrays L[] and R[]


for (int i = 0; i < n1; i++)
L[i] = arr[left + i];
for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++)
R[j] = arr[mid + 1 + j];

// Merge the temp arrays back into arr[left..right]


int i = 0; // Initial index of the first sub-array
int j = 0; // Initial index of the second sub-array
int k = left; // Initial index of the merged sub-array

while (i < n1 && j < n2) {


if (L[i] <= R[j]) {
arr[k] = L[i];
i++;
} else {
arr[k] = R[j];
j++;
}
k++;
}

// Copy the remaining elements of L[], if any


while (i < n1) {
arr[k] = L[i];
i++;
k++;
}

// Copy the remaining elements of R[], if any


while (j < n2) {
arr[k] = R[j];
j++;
k++;
}
}

// Function to implement merge sort


void mergeSort(int arr[], int left, int right) {
if (left < right) {
int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

// Sort the first and second halves


mergeSort(arr, left, mid);
mergeSort(arr, mid + 1, right);

// Merge the sorted halves


merge(arr, left, mid, right);
}
}

// Function to print the array


void printArray(int arr[], int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}

// Main function
int main() {
int arr[] = {38, 27, 43, 3, 9, 82, 10};
int arr_size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

cout << "Given array is:\n";


printArray(arr, arr_size);

mergeSort(arr, 0, arr_size - 1);

cout << "\nSorted array is:\n";


printArray(arr, arr_size);
return 0;
}
Procedure
1. Write the code in your preferred IDE or text editor.
2. Compile the program using a C++ compiler.
3. Execute the program and observe the output.
4. Test the code with different input arrays to validate the algorithm.

Output
Example Input:
Given array is:
38 27 43 3 9 82 10
Example Output:
Sorted array is:
3 9 10 27 38 43 82

Practice Questions
1. Analyze the time complexity of the Merge Sort algorithm for arrays of size 4, 8, and 16.
2. Modify the code to sort an array of floating-point numbers.
3. Implement Merge Sort iteratively instead of recursively.

Conclusion
Merge Sort is an efficient, stable, and widely used sorting algorithm with a consistent time
complexity of O(n log n). It is especially useful for large datasets where stability and predictable
performance are critical.

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