EXPERIMENT # 12

DESIGN OF FIR FILTERS

Objective:

Design of FIR filters using MATLAB commands.

Description:

Digital filters refers to the hard ware and software implementation of the mathematical
algorithm which accepts a digital signal as input and produces another digital signal as
output whose wave shape, amplitude and phase response has been modified in a specified
manner.

Digital filter play very important role in DSP. Compare with analog filters they are
preferred in number of application due to following advantages.

Truly linear phase response

Better frequency response
Filtered and unfiltered data remains saved for further use.

There are two type of digital filters.

FIR (finite impulse response) filter

IIR (infinite impulse response) filter

Description Of The Commands Used In FIR Filter

Design FIR1:

FIR filters design using the window method. B = FIR1(N,Wn) designs an N'th order low
pass FIR digital filter and returns the filter coefficients in length N+1 vector B. The cut-
off frequency Wn must be between 0 < Wn < 1.0, with 1.0 corresponding to half the
sample rate. The filter B is real and has linear phase. The normalized gain of the filter
at Wn is -6 dB.

B = FIR1(N,Wn,'high') designs an N'th order highpass filter. You can also use B =
FIR1(N,Wn,'low') to design a lowpass filter. If Wn is a two-element vector, Wn = [W1
W2], FIR1 returns an order N bandpass filter with passband W1 < W < W2.

B = FIR1(N,Wn,'stop') is a bandstop filter if Wn = [W1 W2]. You can also specify If Wn

is a multi-element vector, Wn = [W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 ... WN], FIR1 returns an order N
multiband filter with bands 0 < W < W1, W1 < W < W2, ..., WN < W < 1.

B = FIR1(N,Wn,'DC-1') makes the first band a passband.

B = FIR1(N,Wn,'DC-0') makes the first band a stopband.
By default FIR1 uses a Hamming window. Other available windows, including Boxcar,
Hann, Bartlett, Blackman, Kaiser and Chebwin can be specified with an optional trailing
argument. For example, B = FIR1(N,Wn,kaiser(N+1,4)) uses a Kaiser window with
beta=4. B = FIR1(N,Wn,'high',chebwin(N+1,R)) uses a Chebyshev window.

For filters with a gain other than zero at Fs/2, e.g., highpass and bandstop filters, N must
be even. Otherwise, N will be incremented by one. In this case the window length
should be specified as N+2.

By default, the filter is scaled so the center of the first pass band has magnitude exactly
one after windowing. Use a trailing 'noscale' argument to prevent this scaling, e.g.

B = FIR1(N,Wn,'noscale')
B = FIR1(N,Wn,'high','noscale')
B = FIR1(N,Wn,wind,'noscale').

You can also specify the scaling explicitly, e.g. FIR1(N,Wn,'scale'), etc.

FREQZ Digital Filter Frequency Response.

[H,W] = FREQZ(B,A,N) returns the N-point complex frequency response vector H and
the N-point frequency vector W in radians/sample of the filter: given numerator and
denominator coefficients in vectors B and A. The frequency response is evaluated at N
points equally spaced around the upper half of the unit circle. If N isn't specified, it
defaults to 512.

[H,W] = FREQZ(B,A,N,'whole') uses N points around the whole unit circle.

H = FREQZ(B,A,W) returns the frequency response at frequencies designated in vector

W, in radians/sample (normally between 0 and pi).

[H,F] = FREQZ(B,A,N,Fs) and [H,F] = FREQZ(B,A,N,'whole',Fs) return frequency

vector F (in Hz), where Fs is the sampling frequency (in Hz).

H = FREQZ(B,A,F,Fs) returns the complex frequency response at the frequencies

designated in vector F (in Hz), where Fs is the sampling frequency (in Hz).

[H,W,S] = FREQZ(...) or [H,F,S] = FREQZ(...) returns plotting information to be used

with FREQZPLOT. S is a structure whose fields can be altered to obtain different
frequency response plots. For more information see the help for FREQZPLOT.

FREQZ(B,A,...) with no output arguments plots the magnitude and unwrapped phase of
the filter in the current figure window.
Designing A Low Pass Filter:
Suppose out target is to pass all frequencies below 1200 Hz

fs=8000; % sampling frequency

n=50; % order of the filter
w=1200/ (fs/2);
b=fir1(n,w,'low'); % Zeros of the filter
freqz(b,1,128,8000); % Magnitude and Phase Plot of the filter
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);

Designing High Pass Filter:

Now our target is to pass all frequencies above 1200 Hz

fs=8000;
n=50;
w=1200/ (fs/2); b=fir1(n,w,'high');
freqz(b,1,128,8000);
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);

Designing High Pass Filter:

fs=8000;
n=50;
w=1200/ (fs/2);
b=fir1(n,w,'high');
freqz(b,1,128,8000);
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);
Designing Band Pass Filter:
fs=8000;
n=40;
b=fir1(n,[1200/4000 1800/4000],’bandpass’);
freqz(b,1,128,8000)
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);

Designing Band Pass Filter:

fs=8000;
n=40;
b=fir1(n,[1200/4000 2800/4000],’stop’);
freqz(b,1,128,8000)
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);

Designing Notch Filter

fs=8000;
n=40;
b=fir1(n,[1500/4000 1550/4000],'stop');
freqz(b,1,128,8000)
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);

Designing Multi Band Filter

n=50;
w=[0.2 0.4 0.6];
b=fir1(n,w);
freqz(b,1,128,8000)
figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude Plot
grid
figure(3)
zplane(b,1);

Problems:

Design a band pass filter and band stop filter with the help of LPF and HPF
The filter has following specifications.
Band pass = 1200 – 2800 Hz
Band stop =1200-2800 Hz

Design a Multi band filter using HPF and LPF

The filter has following specifications

Pass band=1200 Hz – 1800 Hz
Stop band = 1900 Hz – 2200 Hz
Pass band = 2300 Hz – 2700 Hz
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________
TASK:
After going through given questions and answers related to the experiment, submit a separate report
which should include the analysis of results of the experiments.

Name: ________________

Registered No.:________________

Teacher’s Initials: ________________

Date Performed: ________________

EXPERIMENT # 13
DESIGN OF IIR FILTERS

Objective:
Designing of IIR filters by MATLAB commands.

Description:
Matlab contains various routines for design and analyzing digital filter IIR. Most of these
are part of the signal processing tool box. A selection of these filters is listed below.

Buttord ( for calculating the order of filter)

Butter ( creates an IIR filter)
Ellipord ( for calculating the order of filter)
Ellip (creates an IIR filter)
Cheb1ord (for calculating the order of filter)
Cheyb1 (creates an IIR filter)

Explanation Of The Commands For Filter

Design: Buttord:

Butterworth filter order selection.

[N, Wn] = BUTTORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs) returns the order N of the lowest order digital
Butterworth filter that loses no more than Rp dB in the pass band and has at least Rs dB
of attenuation in the stop band.

Wp and Ws are the pass band and stop band edge frequencies, normalized from 0 to 1
(where 1 corresponds to pi radians/sample). For example

Low pass: Wp = .1, Ws = .2

High pass: Wp = .2, Ws = .1
Band pass: Wp = [.2 .7], Ws = [.1 .8]
Band stop: Wp = [.1 .8], Ws = [.2 .7]

BUTTORD also returns Wn, the Butterworth natural frequency (or, the "3 dB
frequency") to use with BUTTER to achieve the specifications.

[N, Wn] = BUTTORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs, 's') does the computation for an analog filter, in
which case Wp and Ws are in radians/second. When Rp is chosen as 3 dB, the Wn in
BUTTER is equal to Wp in BUTTORD.
Ellipord:

Elliptic filter order selection.

[N, Wn] = ELLIPORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs) returns the order N of the lowest order digital
elliptic filter that loses no more than Rp dB in the pass band and has at least Rs dB of
attenuation in the stop band Wp and Ws are the pass band and stop band edge
frequencies, normalized from 0 to 1 (where 1 corresponds to pi radians/sample). For
example,

Low pass: Wp = .1, Ws = .2

High pass: Wp = .2, Ws = .1
Band pass: Wp = [.2 .7], Ws = [.1 .8]
Band stop: Wp = [.1 .8], Ws = [.2 .7]

ELLIPORD also returns Wn, the elliptic natural frequency to use with ELLIP to achieve
the specifications.

[N, Wn] = ELLIPORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs, 's') does the computation for an analog filter, in
which case Wp and Ws are in radians/second. NOTE: If Rs is much greater than Rp, or
Wp and Ws are very close, the estimated order can be infinite due to limitations of
numerical precision.

Cheb1ord:

Chebyshev Type I filter order selection.

[N, Wn] = CHEB1ORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs) returns the order N of the lowest order digital
Chebyshev Type I filter that loses no more than Rp dB in the pass band and has at least
Rs dB of attenuation in the stop band. Wp and Ws are the pass band and stop band edge
frequencies, normalized from 0 to 1 (where 1 corresponds to pi radians/sample). For
example,
Low pass: Wp = .1, Ws = .2
High pass: Wp = .2, Ws = .1
Band pass: Wp = [.2 .7], Ws = [.1 .8]
Band stop: Wp = [.1 .8], Ws = [.2 .7]

CHEB1ORD also returns Wn, the Chebyshev natural frequency to use with CHEBY1 to
achieve the specifications.

[N, Wn] = CHEB1ORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs, 's') does the computation for an analog filter, in
which case Wp and Ws are in radians/second.
Butter:
Butterworth digital and analog filter design.

[B,A] = BUTTER(N,Wn) designs an Nth order lowpass digital Butterworth filter and
returns the filter coefficients in length N+1 vectors B (numerator) and A (denominator).
The coefficients are listed in descending powers of z. The cutoff frequency Wn must be
0.0 < Wn < 1.0, with 1.0 corresponding to half the sample rate.

If Wn is a two-element vector, Wn = [W1 W2], BUTTER returns an order 2N

bandpass filter with passband W1 < W < W2.

[B,A] = BUTTER(N,Wn,'high') designs a highpass filter.

[B,A] = BUTTER(N,Wn,'stop') is a bandstop filter if Wn = [W1 W2].

When used with three left-hand arguments, as in [Z,P,K] = BUTTER(...), the zeros and
poles are returned in length N column vectors Z and P, and the gain in scalar K. When
used with four left-hand arguments, as in [A,B,C,D] = BUTTER(...), state-space matrices
are returned.

BUTTER(N,Wn,'s'), BUTTER(N,Wn,'high','s') and BUTTER(N,Wn,'stop','s') design

analog Butterworth filters. In this case, Wn is in [rad/s] and it can be greater than 1.0.

Ellip:
Elliptic or Cauer digital and analog filter design.

[B,A] = ELLIP(N,Rp,Rs,Wn) designs an Nth order low pass digital elliptic filter with Rp
decibels of peak-to-peak ripple and a minimum stop band attenuation of Rs decibels.
ELLIP returns the filter coefficients in length N+1 vectors B (numerator) and A
(denominator).The cutoff frequency Wn must be 0.0 < Wn < 1.0, with 1.0 corresponding
to half the sample rate. Use Rp = 0.5 and Rs = 20 as starting points, if you are unsure
about choosing them.

If Wn is a two-element vector, Wn = [W1 W2], ELLIP returns an order 2N band pass

filter with pass band W1 < W < W2. [B,A] = ELLIP(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,'high') designs a high
pass filter. [B,A] = ELLIP(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,'stop') is a band stop filter if Wn = [W1 W2].

When used with three left-hand arguments, as in [Z,P,K] = ELLIP(...), the zeros and
poles are returned in length N column vectors Z and P, and the gain in scalar K. When
used with four left-hand arguments, as in [A,B,C,D] = ELLIP(...), state-space matrices
are returned.

ELLIP(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,'s'), ELLIP(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,'high','s') and ELLIP(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,'stop','s')

design analog elliptic filters. In this case, Wn is in [rad/s] and it can be greater than 1.0.
Cheby1:

Chebyshev Type I digital and analog filter design.

[B,A] = CHEBY1(N,R,Wn) designs an Nth order lowpass digital Chebyshev filter with R
decibels of peak-to-peak ripple in the passband. CHEBY1 returns the filter coefficients in
length N+1 vectors B (numerator) and A (denominator). The cutoff frequency Wn must
be 0.0 < Wn < 1.0, with 1.0 corresponding to half the sample rate. Use R=0.5 as a
starting point, if you are unsure about choosing R.

If Wn is a two-element vector, Wn = [W1 W2], CHEBY1 returns an order 2N bandpass

filter with passband W1 < W < W2.

[B,A] = CHEBY1(N,R,Wn,'high') designs a highpass filter.

[B,A] = CHEBY1(N,R,Wn,'stop') is a bandstop filter if Wn = [W1 W2].

When used with three left-hand arguments, as in [Z,P,K] = CHEBY1(...), the zeros and
poles are returned in length N column vectors Z and P, and the gain in scalar K.

When used with four left-hand arguments, as in [A,B,C,D] = CHEBY1(...), state-space

matrices are returned.

CHEBY1(N,R,Wn,'s'), CHEBY1(N,R,Wn,'high','s') and CHEBY1(N,R,Wn,'stop','s')

design analog Chebyshev Type I filters.In this case, Wn is in [rad/s] and it can be greater
than 1.0.

Buttord and Butter Filter:

Designing IIR Low Pass Filter:

Suppose our target is to design a filter to pass all frequencies below 1200 Hz with pass
band ripples = 1 dB and minimum stop band attenuation of 50 dB at 1500 Hz. The
sampling frequency for the filter is 8000 Hz;

fs=8000;
[n,w]=buttord(1200/4000,1500/4000,1,50); % finding the order of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,w); % finding zeros and poles for filter
figure(1)
freqz(b,a,512,8000);

figure(2)
[h,q] = freqz(b,a,512,8000);
plot(q,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude plot
grid

figure(3)
f=1200:2:1500;
freqz(b,a,f,8000) % plotting the Transition band

figure(4)
zplane(b,a) % pole zero constellation diagram

Designing IIR High Pass Filter:

We will consider same filter but our target now is to pass all frequencies above 1200 Hz

[n,w]=buttord(1200/5000,1500/5000,1,50);
[b,a]=butter(n,w,'high');
figure(1)
freqz(b,a,512,10000);

figure(2)
[h,q] = freqz(b,a,512,8000);
plot(q,abs(h)); % Normalized Magnitude plot
grid

figure(3)
f=1200:2:1500;
freqz(b,a,f,10000)

figure(4)
zplane(b,a)

Designing IIR Band Pass Filter:

Now we wish to design a filter to pass all frequencies between 1200 Hz and 2800 Hz
with pass band ripples = 1 dB and minimum stop band attenuation of 50 dB. The
sampling frequency for the filter is 8000 Hz;

[n,w]=buttord([1200/4000,2800/4000],[400/4000, 3200/4000],1,50);
[b,a]=butter(n,w,'bandpass');
figure(1)
freqz(b,a,128,8000)

figure(2)
[h,w]=freqz(b,a,128,8000);
plot(w,abs(h))
grid

figure(3)
f=600:2:1200;
freqz(b,a,f,8000); % Transition Band

figure(4)
f=2800:2:3200;
freqz(b,a,f,8000); % Transition Band

figure(5)
zplane(b,a)

Designing IIR Band Stop Filter:

[n,w]=buttord([1200/4000,2800/4000],[400/4000, 3200/4000],1,50);
[b,a]=butter(n,w,'stop');
figure(1)
freqz(b,a,128,8000)
[h,w]=freqz(b,a,128,8000);

figure(2)
plot(w,abs(h));
grid

figure(3)
f=600:2:1200;
freqz(b,a,f,8000); % Transition Band

figure(4)
f=2800:2:3200;
freqz(b,a,f,8000); % Transition Band

figure(5)
zplane(b,a);

Problems
Design all above filter using following commands

Ellipord( )
Ellip( )
Cheb1ord( )
Cheby1( )

Compare the results of the butter worth LPF with ellip LPF and cheby1 LPF on following
basis
 Order
Minimum stop band attenuation achieved
Linearity in the phase plots with in the pass band and outside. Pole –zeros plot
which filter appears to have pole most closely to the unit circle

CONCLUSION:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________
TASK:
After going through given questions and answers related to the experiment, submit a
separate report which should include the analysis of results of the experiments.

Name: ________________

Registered No.:________________

Teacher’s Initials: ________________

Date Performed: ________________