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Basics of Uc and Up

A microcontroller is a compact, cost-effective microcomputer designed for specific embedded system tasks, consisting of a processor, memory, and peripherals. They are categorized by bit configuration (8, 16, 32 bits), memory type (external vs embedded), architecture (Von Neumann vs Harvard), and instruction sets (CISC vs RISC). Common applications include controlling appliances, safety devices, and measurement tools.

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15 views10 pages

Basics of Uc and Up

A microcontroller is a compact, cost-effective microcomputer designed for specific embedded system tasks, consisting of a processor, memory, and peripherals. They are categorized by bit configuration (8, 16, 32 bits), memory type (external vs embedded), architecture (Von Neumann vs Harvard), and instruction sets (CISC vs RISC). Common applications include controlling appliances, safety devices, and measurement tools.

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www.abhiramwonna
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Microcontroller

❑A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer


❑Designed to perform the Specific tasks of embedded
systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving
remote signals, etc.
❑The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the
memory (RAM, ROM, and EPROM), Serial ports,
peripherals (timers, counters), etc.
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Divided into various 1) Bit: 8, 16, and 32 2) Memory: External

Types of categories based on


memory, architecture,
bits and Instruction
sets.
and Embedded

Microcontrollers
3) Architectures: Von- 4) Instruction sets:
neumann and Harvard CISC and RISC
 Based on bit configuration – divided into three categories.
1) 8-bit microcontroller −
 Used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc.
 For example, Intel 8031 and 8051 are 8 bits microcontroller.
Bit-based 2) 16-bit microcontroller −
 Used to perform arithmetic and logical operations where
higher accuracy and performance is required.
 For example, Intel 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.
3) 32-bit microcontroller −
 Used in automatically controlled appliances like automatic
operational machines, medical appliances, etc.
 Divided into two categories:
1) External memory microcontroller −
 This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way
that they do not have a program memory on the chip.
 Hence, it is named as external memory microcontroller.
Memory-  For example: Intel 8031 microcontroller.
based 2) Embedded memory microcontroller −
 this type of microcontroller is designed in such a way
that the microcontroller has all programs and data
memory, counters and timers, interrupts, I/O ports are
embedded on the chip.
 For example: Intel 8051 microcontroller.
 Divided into two categories:
1) Von-neumann architecture −
 Design is based on the concept of stored program
computers where program data and instruction data are
stored in the same memory.
 This architecture was designed by the famous
Architecture mathematician and physicist John Von Neumann in
1945.
- based 2) Harvard architecture −
 Design is based on the concept where there are separate
storage and separate buses (signal path) for instruction
and data.
 It was basically developed to overcome the bottleneck of
Von Neumann Architecture.
 Divided into two Categories:
1) CISC − Complex Instruction Set Computer.

Instruction  It allows the user to insert a single instruction as an


alternative to many simple instructions.
sets 2) RISC − Reduced Instruction Set Computers.
 It reduces the operational time by shortening the clock
cycle per instruction.
 Light sensing and controlling
devices like LED.
 Temperature sensing and

Applications of controlling devices like


microwave oven, chimneys.
 Fire detection and safety devices
Microcontrollers like Fire alarm.
 Electric cars and automated cars
 Measuring devices like
Voltmeter.

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