Chemistry Workbook

Year 9
Session 2020-2021
Cambridge Checkpoints
Science
Marry Jones, Diane
Fellowes-Freeman and
David Sang
Name

Grade/Year Section

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 UNIT # MATERIAL PRPERTIES

Chapter Name of the Chapter Page No

No

4.1 The nature of the atom 60

4.2 More about the structure of the atom 62

4.3 Periodic table and trends in group I(alkali metals) 64

4.4 Trends in some other group(halogens and noble gases) 66

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 UNIT # MATERIAL PRPERTIES
GRADED CLASSWORK 1
Q1

Q2

Q3

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Q4.

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Q5. Matching terms and facts

Electron Proton Neutron

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 GRADED CLASSWORK 2
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

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Q4.

Q5.
a. Oxygen has the atomic number 8 and the mass number 16.
 Oxygen has ……………. protons; ……………. neutrons and ……………. electrons.
 Use this information to draw the atomic structure of oxygen.

b. Phosphorus has the atomic number 15 and the mass number 31.
 Phosphorus has ……………. protons; ……………. neutrons and ……………. electrons.
 How are the electrons arranged in an atom of phosphorus?

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c. Argon has the electronic structure 2,8,8.
 How many protons does argon have? ………………………………………………………
 The mass number for argon is 40. How many neutrons does argon have? …………………
 Draw the atomic structure of argon.

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 GRADED HOMEWOK 1
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

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Q4

Q5. The elements in Group 1 are sometimes called the alkali metals. They have some properties in common.
a. Complete the statements below using the terms shown here. You may use each of these terms once,
more than once or not at all.
acid calcium down easily hard hydrogen less lithium magnesium more
not oil oxygen potassium reactive sodium soft unreactive up

i. The first three elements in Group 1 are ……………., ……………. and ……………. .
ii. The Group 1 elements are very ……………. . They can ……………. be cut with a knife.
iii. The Group 1 elements are stored under ……………. because they are very ……………. .
iv. When these elements react with water they form the gas ……………. .
v. The elements are ……………. reactive with water as you go ……………. the group.

b. Complete the table below.

Element Symbol Description of reaction with water Electronic structure

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

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 GRADED HOMEWORK 2
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

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 Q4

Q5a
Q5a

Q5b

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NOTES: THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
All substances are made up of small particles called atoms.

Atoms consist of a minute nucleus in the centre, where all the positive charge and most of mass of the atom is
concentrated, surrounded by electrons.

Shells (Orbits) the circular paths through which the electrons move around the nucleus.

The nucleus is made up of two types of particles protons and neutrons.

THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES OF AN ATOM

The atom consists of three subatomic particles: proton, neutron and electro.

A proton is a positively charged particle present in the nucleus. Each proton carries a unit of charge.

A neutron is a neutral particle (uncharged) with mass equal to that of a proton present in the nucleus.

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An electron is a negatively charged particle; the mass of the electron is small that bit can often be ignored. The
electrons move around the nucleus in specific orbits.

Subatomic Relative Mass Electric Charge Symbol

Particles
Proton 1 +1 p

Neutron 1 0 n

Electron 0.0005 -1 e

The nucleus is positively charged due to the presence of positively charged protons. the number of protons
and electrons in an atom must be equal, since atoms are electrically neutral.

Atomic number or Proton number (Z) - is the number of protons in the nucleus pr the number of electrons in
an atom.

Mass number or nucleon number (A) - is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOM: The arrangement of electrons in different shells is called electronic
structure. Electrons occupy the shell closest to the nucleus first, but only limited number of electrons can be
accommodated in each shells.

Maximum numbers of electrons that can be accommodated in each shell are;

1st shell is K shell and can have 2 electrons
2nd shell is L shell and can have 8 electrons
3rd shell is M shell and can have 8 electrons.
Example:
Oxygen- atomic number 8
Electronic structure: 2, 6
16
8

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PERIODIC TABLE : A table in which elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers is
called a periodic table.

• Modern periodic table was proposed by henry Moseley.

• A periodic table can be used to predict the physical and chemical properties of the elements.

• Metals are arranged towards the left side and non metals towards the right side of the periodic table.

GROUPS : The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups.

• There are 8 groups(or 18 in modern periodic table) in the Periodic Table.

PERIODS : The horizontal rows in the Periodic Table are called periods.
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 • There are 7 periods in the periodic table.

TRENDS AND PROPERTIES OF GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

Reference table of trends course book pages # 64, 66, and 67

GROUP 1 : The elements of group 1 are called alkali metals.

• They are the first group on the extreme left side of the periodic table.

• They contain one electron in the outer shell.

• They are very reactive metals. Therefore stored in oil to avoid contact with air and water.

• On reacting with water they give metal hydroxide and hydrogen

Sodium + water ----------> sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

• They are soft metals which can be cut with a knife.

• Atomic size increases down the group due to increase in atomic number and atomic mass.

• Their reactivity increases down the group ( lithium -- least reactive , caesium ---- most reactive )

• Melting and boiling points decrease down the group.

Uses : Lithium ------ used in rechargeable batteries.

Potassium ------ fertilizers

GROUP 7 : The elements of group 7(group 17 in modern periodic table) are called halogens.

• Fluorine, chlorine , bromine , iodine and astatine belong to this group.

• They are the second last group on the right side of the periodic table.

• They contain 7 electrons in the outer shell.

• The atomic size decreases down the group.

• They are very reactive non metals and their reactivity decreases down the group ( fluorine -- most
reactive, iodine --- least reactive )

• Their melting and boiling points increase down the group.

• They are poisonous and coloured. The colour gets darker down the group.

Fluorine -- pale yellow gas

Chlorine --- yellowish green gas
Bromine ---- reddish brown liquid

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 Iodine -------- grey black
• They exist as diatomic molecules (F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 )

Uses: fluorine: in tooth paste

chlorine : as bleaching agent, to kill bacteria in water

iodine: as antiseptic

Group 0 or 8 : The elements of 0 group are called noble gases.

• Helium , neon , krypton , xenon and radon belong to this group.

• They are the last group on the right side of the periodic table.

• They contain 8 electrons in the outer shell except helium which contains 2 electrons in the outer shell.

• They are very unreactive non metals.

• They are monoatomic.

• They have low melting and boiling points which increase down the group.

• Their atomic increases down the group.

Uses : helium ---- used in balloons and air ships

Neon ----- used in advertising signs

Argon ----- used in bulbs

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