Yangon Technological University

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Number System

By Dr. Thanda Win

Professor
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Yangon Technological University

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Outlines
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• Non-positional number system

• Position number system
• Decimal number system
• Octal number system
• Hexadecimal number system
• Conversion number system to another
• Fractional numbers in binary number system

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Two Types of Number System
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 Non-positional number system

 Characteristics
o Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IV for 4, etc,
o Each symbol represents the same value regardless of its position in the number.
o The symbols are simply added to find out the value of a particular number.
 Difficulty
o It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a number system.

 Positional number system

 Characteristics
o Use only a few symbols called digits.
o These symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in
the number.
“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Positional Number System
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 The value of each digit is determined by:

 The digit itself

 The position of the digit in the number

 The base of the number system

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Positional Number System
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 Decimal number system

 10 symbols or digits:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (base=10)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (10)

 Binary number system

 2 symbols or digits:
 0 and 1 (base=2)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (2)
 This number is used in computers

 Octal number system

 8 symbols or digits:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (base=8)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (8)

 Hexadecimal number system,

 16 symbols or digits:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B,C,D,E,F (base=16)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (16)

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Decimal Number System
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 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Binary Number System
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 Example

 Bit

 Bit stands for binary digit.

 A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1

 A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-bit number.

 Representing Numbers in Different Number Systems
101012 =2110
“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Octal Number System
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 Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23=8) are sufficient to represent any

octal number in binary.

 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Hexadecimal Number System
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 Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24=16) are sufficient to represent any

hexadecimal number in binary.

 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting a Number of Another Base to a Decimal Number
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 Method

 Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of each digit.

 Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the digits in the corresponding
columns.

 Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products.

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Contd.
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 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting a Decimal Number to a Number of Another Base
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 Division-Remainder Method

 Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
 Step 2: Record the remainder from step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of
the new base number
 Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
 Step 4: Record the remainder from step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base
number.
Repeat step 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes

zero in step 3.
• The last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new
base number.
“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Contd.
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 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting a Number of Some Base to a Number of Another Base

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 Method

 Step 1: Convert the origin number to a decimal number (base 10).

 Step 2: Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number.

 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Contd.
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“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting a Binary Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
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 Method
 Step 1: Divide the digits into group of three starting from the right
 Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit using the
method of binary to decimal conversion.
 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting an Octal Number to its Equivalent Binary Number
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 Method
 Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits may
be
 Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single
binary number.
 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting a Binary Number to its Equivalent Hexadecimal Number
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 Method
 Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four starting from the right.

 Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal digit.
 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Converting a Hexadecimal Number to its Equivalent Binary Number
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 Method

 Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit

binary number.

 Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4 digits each) in a single
binary number.
 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Formation of Fractional Number in Binary Number System
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 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Formation of Fractional Number in Octal Number System
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 Example

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
 Next Lecture
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 Computer Arithmetic

 Binary Addition

 Binary Subtraction

 Binary Multiplication

 Binary Division

• Signed Binary Numbers

• Additive Method of Multiplication and Division

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.
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ANY QUESTIONS?

“Computer Fundamentals”, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinh, 6th Edition, 2011.