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Study Guide Hypothesis Testing

This study guide covers the fundamentals of hypothesis testing, including the definitions of null and alternative hypotheses, the steps involved in hypothesis testing, and the types of tests (t-tests and z-tests) used based on sample size and standard deviation knowledge. It also explains the concept of p-values, confidence intervals, and the power of a test, along with common test values and practical tips for using a TI-84 calculator. Key formulas for calculating test statistics and confidence intervals are provided for reference.

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Ema Qadhimi
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32 views3 pages

Study Guide Hypothesis Testing

This study guide covers the fundamentals of hypothesis testing, including the definitions of null and alternative hypotheses, the steps involved in hypothesis testing, and the types of tests (t-tests and z-tests) used based on sample size and standard deviation knowledge. It also explains the concept of p-values, confidence intervals, and the power of a test, along with common test values and practical tips for using a TI-84 calculator. Key formulas for calculating test statistics and confidence intervals are provided for reference.

Uploaded by

Ema Qadhimi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Study Guide: Hypothesis Testing, t-

Tests, and Confidence Intervals


1. Hypothesis Testing Basics
- Null Hypothesis (H0): The claim or assumption being tested, typically stating no effect or
no difference.
- Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The claim you are trying to find evidence for, indicating a
difference or effect.
- One-tailed test: Tests if the parameter is either greater than or less than a specific value
(e.g., H0: μ = 7.5 vs. Ha: μ > 7.5).
- Two-tailed test: Tests if the parameter is different from a specific value (e.g., H0: μ = 7.5
vs. Ha: μ ≠ 7.5).

2. Steps in Hypothesis Testing


1. State the hypotheses: Define H0 and Ha.
2. Check the conditions: Verify the conditions for the test (e.g., random sampling, normality,
etc.).
3. Choose the significance level (α): Commonly α = 0.05, but can vary.
4. Calculate the test statistic: Depending on the test, this could be a t-statistic or a z-statistic.
5. Find the P-value: The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as (or more
extreme than) the one computed from the data, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
6. Make a decision:
- If P-value < α, reject H0.
- If P-value ≥ α, fail to reject H0.
7. Conclusion: Based on the decision, state whether there is enough evidence to support Ha.

3. Test Statistics
- Z-test: Used for large sample sizes (n ≥ 30) or known population standard deviations.
- Formula: z = (x̄ - μ₀) / (σ/√n)
- T-test: Used for smaller sample sizes (n < 30) or when the population standard deviation is
unknown.
- Formula: t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s/√n)
- Use degrees of freedom: df = n - 1

4. P-values
- Definition: The probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one
observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
- If the P-value is small (less than the significance level, α), it suggests that the null
hypothesis is unlikely.
- One-tailed test: P-value is for the direction specified by Ha.
- Two-tailed test: P-value is the probability of the statistic being as extreme or more
extreme in both directions (positive and negative).

5. Confidence Intervals
- A confidence interval (CI) provides a range of plausible values for the population
parameter.
- For a population mean:
CI = x̄ ± t₀.₀₅ × (s / √n)
where t₀.₀₅ is the critical t-value corresponding to the desired confidence level (e.g., 95%,
99%).

- The critical value t₀.₀₅ can be found using the t-distribution table or calculator.
- The interpretation: "We are X% confident that the true population parameter lies within
this interval."

6. Key T-Tests and Z-Tests


- One-sample t-test: Test whether a sample mean differs from a known population mean
(μ₀).
- Two-sample t-test: Test whether the means of two independent groups differ.
- Paired t-test: Test the difference in means for related or paired data.
- Z-test for proportions: Test whether a sample proportion differs from a known population
proportion.

7. Sample Size and Power


- Power of a test: The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
Power is influenced by:
- Sample size: Larger sample sizes increase power.
- Effect size: Larger differences between the null hypothesis and true values increase
power.
- Significance level (α): Higher significance levels increase power.

- Type I Error (α): Rejecting H0 when it is true (false positive).


- Type II Error (β): Failing to reject H0 when it is false (false negative).

8. Example Hypothesis Tests


1. Testing if the mean time working in a job has changed:
- Hypotheses: H0: μ = 7.5 vs. Ha: μ ≠ 7.5
- If P-value < α, reject H0 and conclude that the mean time has changed.

2. Testing if the mean weight of burgers is different from 250g:


- Hypotheses: H0: μ = 250 vs. Ha: μ ≠ 250
- If the P-value is very small (e.g., P = 0.002), reject H0 and conclude the mean weight is
different.
9. Common Test Values
- Critical t-value for a 95% CI (two-tailed):
- For df = 19: t₀.₀₂₅ ≈ 2.093
- For df = 29: t₀.₀₂₅ ≈ 2.045

- Critical z-value for a 95% CI:


- z₀.₀₂₅ ≈ 1.96

10. TI-84 Tips


- For a one-sample t-test:
1. Press STAT → TESTS → T-Test.
2. Choose Stats if you have the summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, sample
size).
3. Enter the values for μ₀, the sample mean, standard deviation, and sample size.
4. Select the direction of the test (two-tailed, greater than, less than).
5. Press Calculate to get the test statistic and P-value.

- For a confidence interval:


1. Press STAT → TESTS → TInterval.
2. Choose Stats if you have summary data.
3. Enter the sample mean, standard deviation, and sample size.
4. Select the confidence level (e.g., 95%).
5. Press Calculate.

Key Formulas
- Z-test (for large samples):
z = (x̄ - μ₀) / (σ/√n)
- T-test (for small samples):
t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s/√n)
- Confidence Interval (for mean):
CI = x̄ ± t₀.₀₅ × (s / √n)

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