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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 discusses arithmetic operations on images, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, which are performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis using MATLAB functions. It explains how these operations can adjust brightness, blend images, and detect differences, along with methods for handling overflow issues. Additionally, it covers logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and NOT, which are used for special effects and binary image manipulation.

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18 views8 pages

Chapter 6

Chapter 6 discusses arithmetic operations on images, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, which are performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis using MATLAB functions. It explains how these operations can adjust brightness, blend images, and detect differences, along with methods for handling overflow issues. Additionally, it covers logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and NOT, which are used for special effects and binary image manipulation.

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abdo2652149
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 6

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS: FUNDAMENTALS AND


APPLICATIONS
• Arithmetic operations involving images are typically performed on a
pixel-by-pixel basis; that is, the operation is independently applied to each
pixel in the image.
• Given a 2D array (X) and another 2D array of the same size or a
scalar (Y), the resulting array, Z, is obtained by calculating:
▪ X opn Y = Z
▪ where opn is a binary arithmetic (+, −, ×, /) operator. This section
describes each arithmetic operation in more detail, focusing on how
they can be performed and what are their typical applications.
• Addition:
▪ Addition is used to blend the pixel contents from two images or add a
constant value to pixel values of an image.
▪ Adding the contents of two monochrome images causes their contents
to blend.

▪ Adding a constant value (scalar) to an image causes an increase (or


decrease if the value is less than zero) in its overall brightness, a process
sometimes referred to as additive image offset.
▪ Adding random amounts to each pixel value is a common way to
simulate additive noise.

• Addition in MATLAB:
▪ Image Processing Toolbox (IPT) has a built-in function to add two images
or add a constant (scalar) to an image: imadd.
▪ There are two ways of dealing with this overflow issue: normalization
and truncation.
▪ Normalization consists in storing the intermediate result in a temporary
variable (W) and calculating each resulting pixel value in Z using
equation:

where f is the current pixel in W, Lmax is the maximum possible intensity


value (e.g., 255 for uint8 or 1.0 for double), g is the corresponding pixel
in Z, fmax is the maximum pixel value in W, and fmin is the minimum
pixel value in W.
▪ Truncation consists in simply limiting the results to the maximum
positive number that can be represented with the adopted data type.
▪ Example (6.1):
X = uint8([200 100 100; 0 10 50; 50 250 120])

Y = uint8([100 220 230; 45 95 120; 205 100 0]) W = uint16(X) + uint16(Y)

fmax = max(W(:))

fmin = min(W(:))

Za = uint8(255.0*double((W-fmin))/double((fmax-fmin)))

Zb = imadd(X,Y)

• Subtraction:
▪ Subtraction is often used to detect differences between two images,
decrease its overall brightness, or obtain its negative.
▪ Subtracting a constant value (scalar) from an image causes a decrease in
its overall brightness, a process sometimes referred to as subtractive
image offset.

• Subtraction in MATLAB:
 function to subtract one image from another, or subtract a constant from an
image: imsubtract.
 function to calculate the absolute difference of two images: imabsdiff.
 function for calculating the negative (complement) of an image,
imcomplement.
X = uint8([200 100 100; 0 10 50; 50 250 120])
 Example 6.2:
Y = uint8([100 220 230; 45 95 120; 205 100 0])

Za = imsubtract(X,Y)

Zb = imsubtract(Y,X)

Zc = imabsdiff(Y,X)
▪ Image subtraction can also be used to obtain the negative of an image.
g = −f + Lmax
where Lmax is the maximum possible intensity value (e.g., 255 for uint8
or 1.0 for double), f is the pixel value in X, g is the corresponding pixel in
Z.

• Multiplication and Division


▪ Multiplication and division by a scalar are often used to perform
brightness adjustments on an image.
▪ In MATLAB:
• function to multiply two images or multiply an image by a constant: immultiply.
• function to divide one image into another or divide an image by a constant:
imdivide.
• Combining Several Arithmetic Operations
▪ function to perform a linear combination of two or more images:
imlincomb.
▪ In MATLAB:
X = uint8([200 100 100; 0 10 50; 50 250 120])

Y = uint8([100 220 230; 45 95 120; 205 100 0])

Z = uint8([200 160 130; 145 195 120; 105 240 150])

Sa = imdivide(imadd(X,imadd(Y,Z)),3)

a = uint16(X) + uint16(Y)

b=a+ uint16(Z)

Sb = uint8(b/3)

Sc = imlincomb(1/3,X,1/3,Y,1/3,Z,’uint8’)

LOGIC OPERATIONS: FUNDAMENTALS AND


APPLICATIONS
• Logic operations
▪ Performed in a bit-wise fashion on the binary contents of each pixel
value. The AND, XOR, and OR operators require two or more arguments,
whereas the NOT operator requires only one argument.
▪ The most common logic operations applied to binary images, using the
following convention: 1 (true) for white pixels and 0 (false) for black
pixels.
▪ The AND operation can be used to combine images for special effects
purposes.

▪ The OR operation can be used to combine images for special effects


purposes.

▪ The XOR operation is often used to highlight differences between two


monochrome images.
▪ The NOT operation extracts the binary complement of each pixel value,
which is equivalent to applying the “negative” effect on an image.

▪ In MATLAB
• functions to perform logic operations on arrays: bitand, bitor, bitxor, and bitcmp.

Important level 3 (IT, CS)


Made by Abdulrahman Salah Eldin

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