Resistive Circuits I

Prof. Tae Hoon Lee

 RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

LEARNING GOALS
• Ohm’s law - defines the simplest passive element: the
resistor
• Kirchhoff’s laws - the fundamental circuit conservation
laws - Kirchhoff current (KCL), Kirchhoff voltage (KVL)
• Learn to analyze the simplest circuits
• Single loop - the voltage divider
• Single node-pair - the current divider
• Series/parallel resistor combinations - a technique
to reduce the complexity of some circuits
• Wye - delta transformation - a technique to reduce
common resistor connections that are neither series nor
parallel
• Circuits with dependent sources
 Some practical resistors

Symbol
 RESISTORS

+ v(t ) − v = F (i ) General Model for a Resistor

i (t ) v = Ri A linear resistor obeys OHM’s Law

Resistance Conductance

The constant, R, is called the If instead of expressing voltage as

resistance of the component and a function of current one expresses
is measured in units of Ohm () current in terms of voltage, OHM’s
law can be written
From a dimensional point of view,
Ohms is a derived unit of V/A 1
i= v
Standard Multiples of Ohm R
1
M Mega Ohm(106 ) We define G = as Conductanc e
R
k Kilo Ohm(103 ) of the component and write
i = Gv
The unit of conductance is
Siemens
“Real resistor”

v = F (i ) General Model for a Resistor

i
i
+ Actual v-I relationship
v R
−
Circuit Represent ation

Linear approximation

Linear range

Ohm’s Law is an approximation

valid while voltages and currents
remain in the Linear Range
Two special resistor values

+ i=0
v=0
−
Short Open
Circuit Circuit

R=0 R=
G= G=0
OHM’S LAW PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

v = Ri i = Gv OHM' s Law Given Voltage and Resistance

One equation and three variables. Compute Current V
I=
Given ANY two the third can be found + R

Given current and resistance 12[V ] R = 3

Find the voltage
− I = 4[ A]

I = 2A + Determine direction of the

current using passive sign
R = 5 V = 10[V ] Notice use of convention
passive sign
−
convention
Table 1 Keeping Units Straight
Voltage Current Resistance
Given Current and Voltage
Find Resistance Volts Amps Ohms

+ I = 4[ A]
Volts mA k
20[V ] R = 5 mV A m
−
mV mA 
V
R=
I
 +

−

Given voltage and conductance OHM’S LAW v (t ) = Ri (t ) UNITS?

Reference directions satisfy − 4[V ] = (2)i (t )  i (t ) = −2[ A]

Passive sign convention
i (t ) = Gv (t ) OHM’S LAW
Units?
Conductance in siemens, voltage
in volts. Hence, current in amperes
i (t ) = 8[ A]
 RESISTORS AND ELECTRIC POWER A MATTER OF UNITS

Resistors are passive components Working with SI units Volt, Ampere

that can only absorb energy. Watt, Ohm, there is never a problem.
Combining Ohm’s law and the One must be careful when using
expressions for power we can derive multiples or sub multiples.
several useful expressions.
EXAMPLE : R = 40 k, i = 2mA
P = vi (Power)
The basic strategy is to
v = Ri , or i = Gv (Ohm' s Law) express all given variables
Problem solving tip: There are four in SI units.
variables (P,v,i,R) and two equations.
Given any two variables one can find v = (40 *103 ) * (2 *10−3 A) = 80[V ]
the other two.
P = Ri 2 = (40 *103 ) * (2 *10−3 A) 2 =
Given P , i Given v, R
160 *10−3 [W ]
P v v v2
v= ,R = i = , P = vi =
i i R R
Given i, R Given P, R
P
v = Ri , P = vi = Ri 2 i = , v = Ri = PR
R
If not given, the reference
direction for voltage or current
can be chosen and the other is
given by the passive sign convention.
DETERMINE CURRENT AND POWER ABSORBED
BY RESISTOR

= 6mA
V2
P = VI = I R =
2
R
P = (12[V ])(6[mA ]) = 72[mW ]
 0.6[ mA ]
V 6[V ]
I= =
R 10k

VS2
P=
R

VS = 6[V ]

VS2 = (10  103 )(3.6  10−3W )

 P =?

I 0.5  10−3[ A]
VS = IR  VS = VS = = 10[V ]
G 50  10−6 [ S ]

P=I R=
2 I2
P=
(0.5 10 −3
[ A] )
2
= 5[mW ]
G 50  10−6 [ S ]
 P=I R 2

80  10−3[W ]
R=
P = VS I (4 10 A)
−3 2

80[ mW ] R = 5 k
VS = = 20[V ]
4[mA ]
SAMPLE PROBLEM
R = V/I = 2.4 Ohms
Resistance of Lamp __________
P = 60W
+ I = P/V = 5A
+
Current through Lamp ________
12V -
q =  current
HALOGEN
− LAM P
Charge supplied by
battery in 1min ________
Q=5*60[C]

Possibly useful relationships

Recognizing the type of problem: P = VI =

V2
= I 2R
This is an application of Ohm’s Law R
We are given Power and Voltage. V = IR
We are asked for Resistance, Current
and Charge.
 KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

“CHARGE CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED”

NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS A node connects several components,
but it does not hold any charge.

Total current flowing into the node

must be equal to total current out
of the node

(a conservation of charge principle)

NODE: point where two, or more, elements

are joined (e.g., big node 1)
LOOP: A closed path that never goes
twice over a node (e.g., the blue line)
The red path is NOT a loop node

BRANCH: Component connected between two

nodes (e.g., component R4)
 KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Sum of currents flowing into a node is

equal to sum of currents flowing out of
the node


5A − 5A
A current flowing into a node
is equivalent to the negative
flowing out of the node

Algebraic sum of current (flowing) out of

a node is zero

Algebraic sum of currents flowing into a

node is zero
A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.
It may be stretched out or compressed for visual purposes...
But it is still a node.
A GENERALIZED NODE IS ANY PART OF A
CIRCUIT WHERE THERE IS NO ACCUMULATION
OF CHARGE

... OR WE CAN MAKE SUPERNODES BY

AGGREGATING NODES

Leaving 2 : i1 + i6 − i4 = 0
Leaving 3 : − i2 + i4 − i5 + i7 = 0
Adding 2 & 3 : i1 − i2 − i5 + i6 + i7 = 0
INTERPRETATION: SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING
NODES 2&3 IS ZERO
VISUALIZATION: WE CAN ENCLOSE NODES 2&3
INSIDE A SURFACE THAT IS VIEWED AS A
GENERALIZED NODE (OR SUPERNODE)
PROBLEM SOLVING HINT: KCL CAN BE USED
TO FIND A MISSING CURRENT

b SUM OF CURRENTS INTO

NODE IS ZERO

I X = ? 5 A + I X + (−3 A) = 0
5A I X = −2 A
c a
Which way are charges
3A flowing on branch a-b?

d
...AND PRACTICE NOTATION CONVENTION AT
THE SAME TIME...

I ab = 2 A, d NODES: a,b,c,d,e
BRANCHES: a-b,c-b,d-b,e-b
I cb = −3 A c -3A
4A
I bd = 4 A Ibe = ?
b
I be = ? a
2A
e

I be + 4 A + [−(−3 A)] + (−2 A) = 0

 WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS

− i1 ( t ) + i2 ( t ) + i3 ( t ) = 0
i1 ( t ) − i4 ( t ) + i6 ( t ) = 0

− i 3 ( t ) + i5 ( t ) − i 8 ( t ) = 0

THE FIFTH EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE

FIRST FOUR... IT IS REDUNDANT!!!
 FIND MISSING CURRENTS

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE INTERCONNECTION.

THE TYPE OF COMPONENT IS IRRELEVANT.

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIT.

WRITE KCL EQUATIONS FOR THIS CIRCUIT

•THE LAST EQUATION IS AGAIN LINEARLY

DEPENDENT OF THE PREVIOUS THREE.

•THE PRESENCE OF A DEPENDENT SOURCE

DOES NOT AFFECT THE APPLICATION OF
KCL. KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE
TOPOLOGY.
 Here we illustrate the use
of a more general idea of
node. The shaded surface
encloses a section of the
circuit and can be considered
as a BIG node.

SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING BIG NODE = 0

I 4 + 40mA − 30mA − 20mA − 60mA = 0
I 4 = 70mA
THE CURRENT I5 BECOMES INTERNAL TO THE
NODE AND IT IS NOT NEEDED!!!
 Find I1 Find I T

I1 = −50mA IT = 10mA + 40mA + 20mA

Find I1 Find I1 and I2

10mA − 4mA − I1 = 0 I 2 + 3mA − I1 = 0 I1 + 4mA − 12mA = 0

Find ix

10i x + i x − 44mA = 0 i x − 10i x + 120mA − 12mA = 0

i x = 4mA

I 3 + I 2 − I1 = 0 I5 + I 4 − I3 = 0
I1 I3 I5
I1 = _______
14 mA

+
-
I5 = _______
4mA
I2 I4

I2 = 6mA, I3 = 8mA, I4 = 4mA

 DETERMINE THE CURRENTS INDICATED
I3

2I 2
I1 I 4 = 2mA
I4
+
-

+
-
I6
I 5 = 5mA
5mA I5 I 2 8mA
THE PLAN

I1 = 2mA , I 2 = 3mA , I 3 = 5mA MARK ALL THE KNOWN CURRENTS

FIND NODES WHERE ALL BUT ONE CURRENT

I 6 − I1 − 2 I 2 = 0  I 6 = 8mA ARE KNOWN

I5 + I 2 − I6 = 0
I 4 + I3 − I5 = 0
 FIND I x
Ix − 3mA

I X + I1 − 2 I X = 0

I1 + 4mA − 1mA = 0
VERIFICATION
I b = 1mA + I X = −2mA
I1 − 3mA 1mA 2 I X + 4mA = I b
Ib

2I x 4mA
 This question tests KCL and
convention to denote currents
Use sum of currents leaving node = 0

A F
I X + (−5 A) + (3 A) + 10 A = 0
5A
I EF
Ix D E
B I EF + 4 A − 10 A = 0
I DE = 10A
I EG = 4 A
3A
C G
Ix = -8A
On BD current flows from__
B to __
D
I EF = 6A
OnEF current flows from__
E to __
F
 KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION LAWS

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINERING

THIS IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE

“ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATE NOR DESTROYED”
 KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) A “THOUGHT EXPERIMENT”

KVL is a conservation of energy principle B VB

W = qVAB
A positive charge gains energy as it moves −

+V B
to a point with higher voltage and releases AB
energy if it moves to a point with lower +V

C
−
voltage
q + W = qVBC

VA + VCA −
VC
B
W = q(VB − VA ) VB W = qVCA
If the charge comes back to the same
initial point the net energy gain
q + must be zero (conservative network)
VA
Otherwise the charge could end up with
infinite energy, or supply an infinite
q amount of energy
+ + Vab − q(V AB + VBC + VCD ) = 0
LOSES W = qVab
a b KVL: the algebraic sum of voltage
q
+ − Vcd + drops around any loop must be zero
GAINS W = qVcd −V + 
c d + (−V ) −
A B A B
A VOLTAGE RISE IS
A NEGATIVE DROP
 PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: KVL IS USEFUL
TO DETERMINE A VOLTAGE - FIND A LOOP
INCLUDING THE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE
THE LOOP DOES NOT HAVE TO BE PHYSICAL

+
Vbe
−
− VS + VR + VR + VR = 0
1 2 3

EXAMPLE : VR1 , VR3 ARE KNOWN,

DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE Vbe
VR = 18V
VR + Vbe + VR − 30[V ] = 0
1

1 3

VR = 12V
2

LOOP abcdefa
BACKGROUND: when discussing kcl we saw A sneak preview on the number of
that not all possible kcl equations linearly independent equations
are independent. we shall see that the
same situation arises when using kvl. IN THE CIRCUIT DEFINE
N NUMBER OF NODES
B NUMBER OF BRANCHES
N −1 LINEARLY INDEPENDEN T
KCL EQUATIONS
B − ( N − 1) LINEARLY INDEPENDEN T
KVL EQUATIONS

EXAMPLE: FOR THE CIRCUIT SHOWN WE HAVE

N = 6, B = 7.
HENCE THERE ARE ONLY TWO INDEPENDENT
KVL EQUATIONS.

THE THIRD EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE

OTHER TWO!!
FIND THE VOLTAGES Vae ,Vec DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE HANDLED WITH THE
SAME EASE

GIVEN THE CHOICE, USE THE SIMPLEST LOOP

 Vad = ______
Vac − 4 − 6 = 0 Vac = ______
10V
Vbd = ______
6V

Vbd = _______
11V
MUST FIND VR FIRST
1

− 12 + VR + 1 + 10VR = 0  VR = 1V
1 1 1

Vbd − 2 − 4 = 0 DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE NOT REALLY

DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE

REMINDER: IN A RESISTOR THE VOLTAGE AND

CURRENT DIRECTIONS MUST SATISFY THE
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

Vad − 12 − 8 − 6 = 0
Veb − 4 + 6 − 12 = 0 +
V
Vad = _______, Veb = ________ − − V +
SAMPLE PROBLEM

+ 4V − b + Vx − DETERMINE
+ R = 2k +
+ +
Vx = 4V
V1 V2
Vab = -8V
- -

− −
Power disipated on
V1 = 12V , V2 = 4V a
the 2k resistor Remember
P2k = past topics

We need to find a closed path where only one voltage is unknown

FOR V X V X + V2 + Vab = 0
V X + V2 − V1 + 4 = 0 Vab = −V X − V2
V X + 4 − 12 + 4 = 0
 10k 5k There are no loops with only
one unknown!!!

+ − Vx + +- Vx/2 +
+
+ Vx
25V - V1 -
4
− −
The current through the 5k and 10k
resistors is the same. Hence the
voltage drop across the 5k is one half
of the drop across the 10k!!! VX VX
V1 − + =0
VX VX 4 2
− 25[V ] − V X − + =0
2 4 VX
V1 = − = 5[V ]
V X = −20[V ] 4