LESSON I

The Indefinite Integral

Many of the most important applications of calculus lead to the inverse problem: Given the
derivative of a function, to find the function. The required function is called the integral of the
given derivative, the process is called integration and the given function is the integrand.

The Power Formula

∫ u n du=lnǀuǀ+C , n=─1

Example 1: ∫ ( 3 x +1+
3 1
2x
2 ) 4
1
dx = 3∫ 3 x3 dx +∫ dx + ∫ x−2
2
3x 1 −1
= + x− x + C
4 2
4
3x 1
= + x− + C
4 2x

Example 2: ∫¿¿
Let u = a2 – y2; then du = ─2ydy
Introduce the factor ─2 under the integral sign and its reciprocal in the front
−1
∫ ¿ ¿ = 2 ∫ ¿ ¿ = −¿ ¿

Example 3: ∫¿¿
If we let u = a2 – x2; then du = ─2xdx,
However, it is not present in the integrand. The ─2 can be inserted but not the
missing factor x. The only recourse is to expand the equation followed by term-by-term
integration.
−2 2 3 1 5
∫ ¿ ¿ = ∫ (a 4−2 a2 x 2+ x 4) dx = a4x 3 a x + 5 x +C

1. ∫ x 2 dx
Solution:
2 +1 3
x x
∫ x dx= 2+
2
1
+C= +C
3
1
2. ∫ 2 dx
x
Solution
 1 −2
2
is also equal ¿ x
x
−2 +1 −1
−1 −1
∫ x12 dx=x−2 dx= −2+1x
+C=
x
−1
+C=
x
+ C=
x
+C

3. ∫ √3 x dx
Solution
1
√3 x is also equal ¿ x 3
1 4 4
1 +1
x3 x3 3 x3
∫ √ x dx=x dx = 1 +C= 4 +C= 4 +C
3 3

+1
3 3

4. ∫ ( 3 x +5 ) dx
Solution
Distribute the dx
1 +1 0 +1 2
3x 5x 3x
∫ ( 3 x +5 ) dx=∫ 3 xdx +5 dx=
1+ 1 0+1
+ +C=
2
+ 5 x +C

Word problems:
1. At any point (x, y) on a particular curve, the tangent line has a slope equal to 4x – 5. If
the curve contains the point (3, 7), find its equation.
dy
= 4x – 5
dx
y=2 x −5 x+ C ===> Family of curves
2

Solve for C (substitute the values of x and y)

2. Find the function f(x) for which f’(x) = x2 – 2 and passing through 1 , ( 43 )
3
x
f ( x )=¿ ∫ (x −2) = −2 x +C
2

3
4
Solving for C: =¿ ¿
3
C = 3, so the equation is
3
x
−2 x +3 = 0
3
 3. A rocket is fired vertically into the air. Its velocity at t seconds after lift-off is represented
by the equation v ( t )=6 t +0.5 meter per second. Before launch, the top of the rocket is 8
meters above the launch pad. Find the height of the rocket at time t.
s ( t )=¿ Height of rocket at time t
s' ( t )=¿ Rate at which height is changing but
'
s ( t )=v (t ) , therefore s(t ) is the antiderivative of v (t)
s ( t )=¿ ∫ v (t ) dt=∫ ( 6 t+ 0.5 ) dt = 3t2 + 0.5t + C
Solving for C: when t = 0, s = 8
8 = 3(0)2 + 0.5(0) + C
C=8
The equation is s(t ) = 3t2 + 0.5t + 8
4. A company’s marginal cost function is C’(x) = 0.015x2 – 2x + 80 dollars where x denotes
the number of items produced in one day. The company has a fixed cost of $1000 per
day. (a) Find the cost of producing x units per day. (b) If the current production level is
x = 30, determine the amount if the production level is increased to x = 60.
C(x) = ∫ ( 0.015 x 2−2 x +80 ) dx = 0.005x3 – x2 + 80 x + C
Solving for C: when x = 0, C(x) = 1000, therefore, C = 1000
(a) The equation is 0.005x3 – x2 + 80 x + 1000
(b) C(60) = 0.005(60)3 – (60)2 + 80(60) + 1000 = 3280
(c) C(30) = 0.005(30)3 – (30)2 + 80(30) + 1000 = 2635

EXERCISES: INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

1. ∫ ( 15 x 4 −6 x 2+ 2 ) dx
dv
2. ∫ v2
3. ( 1
∫ √ t− √t dt )
4. ∫ ( y−4 − y−2 ) dy
5. ∫ ¿ ¿
dx
6. ∫ ¿
¿¿
dv
7. ∫ ¿
¿¿
dx
8. ∫ ¿
¿¿
9. ∫ ¿ ¿
2
10. ∫ y dy ¿
¿¿
11. ∫ x ¿ ¿
12. ∫ x ¿ ¿
 dx
13. ∫ ¿
¿¿
ydy
14. ∫
√ a2 − y 2
zdz
15. ∫
√ 4 z 2 +a 2
16. ∫ ( 1−x 2 ) dx
17. ∫ x ¿ ¿
2

18. ∫ x ¿ ¿
19. ∫ x 2 ( x 3−1 ) dx
4 4
x +a
20. ∫ 3
dx
x
2 2
x −a
21. ∫ 2
dx
x
22. ∫ ¿ ¿
23. ∫ ¿ ¿

Integrate by two different methods and show that the answers are equivalent
1. ∫ y (4+ y )dy
2

2. ∫ y ¿ ¿
2

3. ∫¿¿¿
4. ∫¿¿¿
Prove:
2
1. ∫ √1+5 x dx = 15 ¿
2. ∫¿¿
dt
3. ∫ √ 1−t =−2¿