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Wojbor A. Woyczyński

A First Course in Statistics

for Signal Analysis

Birkhäuser
Boston • Basel • Berlin
 Wojbor A. Woyczyński
Department of Statistics and
Center for Stochastic and Chaotic Processes
in Science and Technology
Case Western Reserve University
10900 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44106
U.S.A.

Cover design by Joseph Sherman.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 60-01, 60G10, 60G12, 60G15, 60G35, 62-01, 62M10, 62M15,
62M20

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Woyczyński, W. A. (Wojbor Andrzej), 1943-
A first course in statistics for signal analysis / by Wojbor A. Woyczyński.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8176-4398-2 (alk. paper)
1. Signal processing–Statistical methods. I. Title.
TK5102.9.W69 2005
621.382’2’05195–dc22 2005053570

ISBN-10: 0-8176-4398-2 eISBN: 0-8176-4516-0

ISBN-13: 978-0-8176-4398-0

Printed on acid-free paper.

c 2006 Birkhäuser Boston

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writ-
ten permission of the publisher (Birkhäuser Boston, c/o Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 233
Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or
scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter de-
veloped is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they
are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are
subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in the United States of America. (JLS/MP)

987654321

www.birkhauser.com
 This book is dedicated to my children:
Martin Wojbor, Gregory Holbrook, and Lauren Pike.
They make it all worth it.
Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1 Description of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Types of random signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Time domain and frequency domain descriptions . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Characteristics of signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Spectral Representation of Deterministic Signals:

Fourier Series and Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Complex Fourier series for periodic signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Approximation of periodic signals by finite Fourier sums . 26
2.3 Aperiodic signals and Fourier transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Basic properties of the Fourier transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Fourier transforms of some nonintegrable signals; Dirac
delta impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.6 Discrete and fast Fourier transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.7 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3 Random Quantities and Random Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.1 Discrete, continuous, and singular random quantities . . . . 48
3.2 Expectations and moments of random quantities . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3 Random vectors, conditional probabilities, statistical
independence, and correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 The least-squares fit, regression line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.5 The law of large numbers and the stability of
fluctuations law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.6 Estimators of parameters and their accuracy; confidence
intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.7 Problems, exercises, and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
viii Contents

4 Stationary Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.1 Stationarity, autocovariance, and autocorrelation . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2 Estimating the mean and the autocorrelation function,
ergodic signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

5 Power Spectra of Stationary Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

5.1 Mean power of a stationary signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.2 Power spectrum and autocorrelation function . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.3 Power spectra of interpolated digital signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.4 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

6 Transmission of Stationary Signals through Linear Systems . 127

6.1 The time domain analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2 Frequency domain analysis and system bandwidth . . . . . . . 136
6.3 Digital signal, discrete-time sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

7 Optimization of Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Linear Systems . . . . . . 147

7.1 Fixed filter structure, known input signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.2 Filter structure matched to signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.3 The Wiener filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.4 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

8 Gaussian Signals, Correlation Matrices, and Sample

Path Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
8.1 Linear transformations of random vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.2 Gaussian random vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.3 Gaussian stationary signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.4 Sample path properties of general and Gaussian
stationary signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.5 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9 Discrete Signals and Their Computer Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

9.1 Autocorrelation as a positive definite function . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9.2 Cumulative power spectrum of discrete-time stationary
signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
9.3 Stochastic integration with respect to signals with
uncorrelated increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.4 Spectral representation of stationary signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
9.5 Computer algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.6 Problems and exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Bibliographical Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Introduction

This book was designed as a text for a first, one-semester course in sta-
tistical signal analysis for students in engineering and physical sciences.
It had been developed over the last few years as lecture notes used by
the author in classes mainly populated by electrical, systems, computer
and biomedical engineering juniors/seniors and graduate students in
sciences and engineering who have not been previously exposed to this
material. It was also used for industrial audiences as educational and
training material and for an introductory time series analysis class.
The only prerequisite for this course is a basic two- to three-semester
calculus sequence; no probability or statistics background is assumed
except the usual high school elementary introduction. The emphasis is
on a crisp and concise but fairly rigorous presentation of fundamental
concepts in the statistical theory of stationary random signals and rela-
tionships between them. The author’s goal was to write a compact but
readable book of approximately 200 pages countering the recent trend
towards fatter and fatter textbooks.
Since Fourier series and transforms are of fundamental importance
in random signal analysis and processing, this material is developed
from scratch in Chapter 2 emphasizing the time domain vs. frequency
domain duality. Our experience showed that although harmonic anal-
ysis is normally included in the calculus syllabi, students’ practical un-
derstanding of its concepts is often hazy. Chapter 3 introduces basic
concepts of probability theory, law of large numbers and the stability of
fluctuations law, and statistical parametric inference procedures based
on the latter.
In Chapter 4 the fundamental concept of a stationary random sig-
nal and its autocorrelation structure is introduced. This time domain
analysis is then expanded to the frequency domain by discussion in
Chapter 5 of power spectra of stationary signals. How stationary sig-
nals are affected by their transmission through linear systems is the
subject of Chapter 6. This transmission analysis permits a preliminary
x Introduction

study of the issues of designing filters with the optimal signal-to-noise

ratio; this is done in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 concentrates on Gaussian
signals where the autocorrelation structure completely determines all
the statistical properties of the signal. The text concludes, in Chapter 9,
with a description of algorithms for computer simulations of stationary
random signals with given power spectrum density. The routines are
based on the general spectral representation theorem for such signals,
which is also derived in this chapter.
The book is essentially self-contained, assuming the indispensable
calculus background mentioned above. Complementary bibliography,
for readers who would like to pursue the study of random signals in
greater depth, is described at the end of this volume.
Some advice to students using this book: The material is deliber-
ately written in a compact, economical style. To achieve understanding
needed for independent solving of the problems listed at the end of
each chapter in the Problems and Exercises sections, it is not sufficient
to read through the text in the manner you would read through a news-
paper or a novel. It is necessary to look at every single statement with
a “magnifying glass” and to decode it in your own technical language
so that you can use it operationally and not just be able to talk about
it. The only practical way to accomplish this goal is to go through each
section with pencil and paper, explicitly completing, if necessary, rou-
tine analytic intermediate steps that were omitted in the exposition for
the sake of the clarity of the presentation of the bigger picture. It is
the latter that the author wants you to keep at the end of the day; there
is no danger in forgetting all the little details if you know that you can
recover them by yourself when you need them.
Finally, the author would like to thank Professors Mike Branicky and
Ken Loparo of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
and Professor Robert Edwards of the Department of Chemical Engineer-
ing of Case Western Reserve University for their kind interest and help
in development of this course and comments on the original version of
this book. My graduate students Alexey Usoltsev and Alexandra Piry-
atinska also contributed to the editing process and I appreciate the time
they spent on this task. Partial support for this writing project from the
Columbus Instruments International Corporation of Columbus, Ohio,
Dr. Jan Czekajewski, President, is here also gratefully acknowledged.
Three anonymous referees spent considerable time and effort try-
ing to improve the original manuscript. I appreciate their help. Special
thanks go to Professor Craig Zirbel of the Department of Mathemat-
ics and Statistics at Bowling Green State University, who carefully read
the manuscript with his usual attention to detail, aesthetics, and peda-
gogical worthiness of the exposition. His sage advice was incorporated
almost without exception in the final version of the book.
Notation

Note: This is to be used only as a guide and not as a set of formal

definitions.

BWn equivalent-noise bandwidth of the system

BW1/2 half-power bandwidth of the system
C the set of all complex numbers
Cov(X, Y ) = E[(X − EX)(Y − EY )]
covariance of X and Y
δmn Kronecker delta, = 0 if m ≠ n and = 1 if
m=n
δ(x) Dirac delta “function”
Ex energy of signal x(t)
γX (τ) = E(X(t) − μX )(X(t + τ) − μX )
autocovariance function of a stationary sig-
nal X(t)
E(X) expected value (mean) of random quan-
tity X
FX (x) cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of
random quantity X
fX (x) probability density function (p.d.f.) of ran-
dom quantity X
ϕX,Y = E(XY ) correlation of X and Y
φX (τ) = E(X(t)(X(t + τ)) autocorrelation function of a stationary sig-
nal X(t)
h(t) impulse response function of a linear sys-
tem
H(f ) transfer function of a linear system
|H(f )|2 power transfer function of a linear system
L20 (P) space of all zero-mean random quantities
with finite variance
mα (X) = E|X|α αth absolute moment of random quantity X
xii Notation

μk (X) = E(X k ) kth moment of random quantity X

N(μ, σ 2 ) Gaussian (normal) probability distribution
with mean μ and variance σ 2
P period of a periodic signal
P(A) probability of event A
PWx power of signal x(t)
QX (α) = FX−1 (α) α’s quantile of random quantity X
R resolution
R the set of all real numbers
ρX,Y = Cov(X, Y)/(σX σY ) correlation coefficient of X and Y
Std(X) = σX = Var(X) the standard deviation of random quan-
tity X
SX (f ) power spectral density of stationary signal
X(t)
SX (f ) cumulative power spectrum of stationary
signal X(t)
X = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xd ) a random vector in dimension d
T sampling period
x(t), y(t), etc. deterministic signals
xav time average of signal x(t)
Var(X) = E(X − EX)2 = EX 2 − (EX)2
the variance of random quantity X
a “floor” function, the largest integer not ex-
ceeding number a
u(t) Heaviside unit step function; u(t) = 0 for
t < 0, and = 1 for t ≥ 0
W (n) discrete-time white noise
W (n) cumulative discrete-time white noise
W (t) continuous-time white noise
W (t) the Wiener process
x(t) ∗ y(t) convolution of signals x(t) and y(t)
X(f ), Y (f ) Fourier transforms of signals x(t) and y(t),
respectively
X, Y , Z random quantities (random variables)
z∗ complex conjugate of complex number z;
i.e., if z = α + jβ, then z∗ = α − jβ
.,. inner (dot, scalar) product of vectors or sig-
nals
 if, and only if
:= is defined as
A First Course in Statistics
for Signal Analysis
1

Description of Signals

Signals are everywhere, literally. The universe is bathed in the back-

ground radiation, the remnant of the original Big Bang, and as your eyes
scan this page, a signal is being transmitted to your brain where differ-
ent sets of neurons analyze it and process it. All human activities are
based on processing and analysis of sensory signals, but the goal of this
book is somewhat narrower. The signals we will be mainly interested
in can be described as data resulting from quantitative measurements
of some physical phenomena, and our emphasis will be on data that
display randomness that may be due to different causes, such as errors
of measurements, algorithmic complexity, or the chaotic behavior of
the underlying physical system itself.

1.1 Types of random signals

For the purposes of this book, signals will be functions of real variable
t interpreted as time. To describe and analyze signals we will adopt the
functional notation: x(t) will denote the value of a nonrandom signal at
time t. The values themselves can be real or complex numbers, in which
case we will symbolically write x(t) ∈ R, or, respectively, x(t) ∈ C. In
certain situations it is necessary to consider vector-valued signals with
x(t) ∈ Rd , where d stands for the dimension of the vector x(t) with d
real components.
Signals can be classified into different categories depending on their
features. For example, there are the following:
• Analog signals are functions of continuous time and their values form
a continuum. Digital signals are functions of discrete time dictated by
the computer’s clock, and their values are also discrete and dictated
by the resolution of the system. Of course, one can also encounter
mixed-type signals which are sampled at discrete times but whose
values are not restricted to any discrete set of numbers.
2 1 Description of Signals

1
Fig. 1.1.1. Signal x(t) = sin(t)+ 3 cos(3t) [V] is analog and periodic with period
P = 2π [s]. It is also deterministic.

• Periodic signals are functions whose values are periodically repeated.

In other words, for a certain number P > 0, we have x(t + P ) = x(t)
for any t. The number P is called the period of the signal. Aperiodic
signals are signals that are not periodic.
• Deterministic signals are signals not affected by random noise; there
is no uncertainty about their values. Stochastic or random signals in-
clude an element of uncertainty; their analysis requires use of statis-
tical tools, and providing such tools is the principal goal of this book.

For example, signal x(t) = sin(t) + 13 cos(3t) [V] shown in Fig-

ure 1.1.1 is deterministic, analog, and periodic with period P = 2π [s].
The same signal, digitally sampled during the first five seconds at time
intervals equal to 0.5 s, with resolution 0.01 V, gives tabulated values:

t 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
x(t) 0.50 0.51 0.93 1.23 0.71 −0.16 0.51 −0.48 −0.78 −1.21

This sampling process is called the analog-to-digital conversion:

given the sampling period T and the resolution R, the digitized signal
xd (t) is of the form
 
x(t)
xd (t) = R for t = T , 2T , . . . , (1.1.1)
R

where the (convenient to introduce here) “floor” function a is defined

as the largest integer not exceeding real number a. For example, 5.7 =
5, but 5.0 = 5 as well.
1.1 Types of random signals 3

0.5

-0.5

-1

0 2 4 6 8 10

sin(t)+ 13
Fig. 1.1.2. Signal x(t) = cos(3t) [V] digitally sampled at time intervals
equal to 0.5 s with resolution 0.01 V.

0.5

-0.5

-1

0 2 4 6 8 10
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10

1
Fig. 1.1.3. Signal x(t) = sin(t) + 3 cos(3t) [V] in the presence of additive ran-
dom noise with average amplitude of 0.2 V. The magnified noise component
itself is pictured underneath the graph of the signal.

Note the role the resolution R plays in the above formula. Take,
for example, R = 0.01. If the signal x(t) takes all the continuum of
values between m = mint x(t) and M = maxt x(t), then x(t)0.01 takes all
x(t)
the continuum of values between 100m and 100M, but  0.01  takes
4 1 Description of Signals

Fig. 1.1.4. Several computer-generated trajectories (sample paths) of a random

signal called the Brownian motion stochastic process or the Wiener stochastic
process. Its trajectories, although very rough, are continuous. It is often used
as a simple model of diffusion. The random mechanism that created different
trajectories was the same.

only integer values between 100m and 100M. Finally, 0.01 x(t) 0.01  takes
as its values only all the discrete numbers between m and M that are
0.01 apart.
Randomness of signals can have different origins, such as the quan-
tum uncertainty principle, the computational complexity of algorithms,
the chaotic behavior in dynamical systems, or the random fluctuations
and errors in measurement of outcomes of independently repeated ex-
periments.1 The usual way to study them is via their aggregated statis-
tical properties. The main purpose of this book is to introduce some
of the basic mathematical and statistical tools useful in the analysis
of random signals that are produced under stationary conditions, that
is, in situations where the measured signal may be stochastic and con-
tain random fluctuations, but the basic underlying random mechanism
producing it does not change over time; think here about outcomes of
independently repeated experiments, each consisting of tossing a sin-
gle coin.
At this point, to help the reader visualize the great variety of random
signals appearing in the physical sciences and engineering, it is worth-
while to review a gallery of pictures of random signals, both experi-
mental and simulated, presented in Figures 1.1.4–1.1.8. The captions
explain the context in each case.
1
See, e.g., M. Denker and W. A. Woyczyński, Introductory Statistics and Ran-
dom Phenomena: Uncertainty, Complexity, and Chaotic Behavior in Engi-
neering and Science, Birkhäuser Boston, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
1.1 Types of random signals 5

Fig. 1.1.5. Several computer-generated trajectories (sample paths) of random

signals called Lévy stochastic processes with parameter α = 1.5, 1, and 0.75,
respectively (from top to bottom). They are often used to model anomalous
diffusion processes wherein diffusing particles are also permitted to change
their position by jumping. Parameter α indicates the intensity of jumps of
different sizes. Parameter value α = 2 corresponds to the Wiener process
with trajectories that have no jumps. In each figure, the random mechanism
that created different trajectories was the same. However, different random
mechanisms led to trajectories presented in different figures.
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Clara Barton.

Inspired by the love of humanity and the world-wide motto of the Red Cross: “In
time of peace and prosperity, prepare for war and calamity.” Clara Barton.
 © Clinedinst, Washington, D. C.

AMBASSADOR BAKHMETEFF

The veneration in which

Russians of every class hold the
name of Clara Barton.—Russian
Ambassador Boris Bakhmeteff
(in Boston in 1917).

The Ambassador requested me

to transmit to you the expression
of every loyal Russian
appreciation for the splendid
work done by the American Red
Cross during the last war, and
especially for its assistance to the
needy in Russia.—G. Gagarine,
First Secretary to the Embassy
(in Washington in 1920).

Some forty nations are in the Red Cross treaty, and from every military hospital
in every one of these nations floats the same flag.
Clara Barton.

Of all existing organizations, there is possibly not one that has causes for
sentiment of higher devotion and more prayerful gratitude than the Red Cross,
which owes its very life to pity and help for the woes of the world. Clara Barton.
The Red Cross means not national aid for the needs of the people, but the
people’s aid for the needs of the nation.
Clara Barton.

History records the wonderful achievements of the Red Cross, greatest of relief
organizations, though it cannot record the untold suffering which has been averted
by it. Clara Barton.

I desire to enroll all to whom this message may come as subscribing, or

sustaining, members of the Red Cross; and I wish this idea to spread and grow
until it develops into a great National Red Cross movement. Then my hope will be
realized. And when the call shall come I can lay the burden of my work tenderly
and lovingly into the lap of the whole people, with whom I have labored so many
years, and who will keep and cherish it always because it is the sacred cause of
humanity they hold. Clara Barton.

In France recently there was found in the mails an unstamped postcard

addressed, “Clara Barton, Heaven,” and on the card was written, “You certainly
founded a wonderful institution,” and signed “A Soldier.” Press Dispatch.

No country is more liable than our own to great overmastering calamities,

various, widespread and terrible. Clara Barton.
Seldom a year passes that the nation, from sea to sea, is not by the shock of some
sudden, unforeseen disaster, brought to utter consternation and stands shivering
like a ship in a gale, powerless, terrified and despairing. Clara Barton.
Through Clara Barton’s influence the International Congress of Berne adopted
the “American Amendment.”
Mary R. Parkman, Author.

Although the original purpose and object of the Red Cross was indeed to heal the
wounds and sickness incident to warfare, there will remain the work under the
“American Amendment,” in which the Red Cross goes forth to heal other great ills
of life.
Clara Barton.
 INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS—AMERICAN
RED CROSS—AMERICAN AMENDMENT
The International Treaty of Geneva—Red Cross—dates from
August 23rd, 1864. The Red Cross is a Confederation of Societies in
different countries for the amelioration of the condition of wounded
soldiers in arms, in campaigns on land and sea. The World Society
originated with Henri Dunant of Switzerland, after seeing the
condition from neglect of the wounded at the battle of Solferino,
Italy, on June 24, 1859. Gustave Moynier, also of Switzerland, called
a meeting at Geneva, Switzerland, and the organization followed—
August 23, 1864.
France was the first nation to adopt the treaty, this being
September 23, 1864. The United States was the thirtieth in the list of
nations adopting the treaty, this being on March 1, 1882. Up to the
present time 49 nations have acceded to the Treaty of Geneva. In this
list are the following possessing a National Red Cross Society:

1. Wurtemberg
2. Belgium
3. Prussia
4. Denmark
5. France
6. Italy
7. Spain
8. Hessie (Grand Duchy)
9. Portugal
10. Sweden
11. Norway
12. United States
13. Saxony
14. Baden
15. Switzerland
16. Russia
17. Austria
18. Netherlands
19. Bavaria
20. Turkey
21. Great Britain
22. Montenegro
23. Serbia
24. Roumania
25. Greece
26. Peru
27. Argentine
28. Hungary
29. Bulgaria
30. Japan
31. Congo
32. Venezuela
33. Uruguay

The following are governments that have signed the Geneva

convention but have not Red Cross Chapters recognized by the
International Committee:

34. Bolivia
35. Brazil
36. Chili
37. Colombia
38. Cuba
39. Ecuador
40. Guatemala
41. Haiti
42. Panama
43. Siam
44. Luxembourg
45. Mexico
46. Persia
47. Honduras
48. Nicaragua
49. China

Anticipating the adoption of the treaty by the United States, in

July 1881 the American Association of the Red Cross was organized,
seventy-five persons present with Clara Barton the President. The
United States Senate having acceded to the Treaty of Geneva, its
ratification was proclaimed by President Arthur July 26, 1882. This
association was incorporated April 17, 1883, under the name
American National Red Cross; reincorporated by Act of Congress, the
charter signed by President McKinley June 6, 1900. That charter was
repealed and a new charter substituted, the same being adopted by
an Act of Congress and approved by President Roosevelt January 5,
1905. Under the new charter the name continued to be The American
National Red Cross. Section 4 of this Act was amended by an Act of
Congress, and approved by President Taft June 23, 1910. This
amendment relates to the collection of moneys by authorized agents,
the use of the Red Cross emblem or any other insignia colored, and
similar matters. A second amendment was adopted by Congress and
approved by the President December 12, 1912, and relates to the time
of the annual meeting.
 The American National Association of Red Cross (organized in
July 1881) was independent of the Treaty of Geneva; it was a private
association, but Miss Barton was constantly urging this
Government’s adhesion to the Red Cross Treaty of Nations. In
compliment to Clara Barton, she was invited to address a meeting at
Dansville, New York. As a result there was formed on August 2, 1881,
the first local Society of the Red Cross in the United States of
America.
In September 1881, the Michigan forest fires occurred. This
became the first test of the merits of the Red Cross work in America.
Miss Barton was at this time also invited to make an address on this
subject to the citizens of Syracuse, New York. A proposition to
organize an auxiliary in that city was made at the close of the
meeting. The amount there raised for the relief of the Michigan
sufferers was $3,807.28, the new Red Cross Auxiliary Society
numbering 250 members. This, in brief, is the history of the
inception of the Red Cross and the two auxiliaries in America.
 ELUTHEROS K. VENIZELOS

Although I never met Miss

Barton, her achievement in
establishing the American Red
Cross is such as to win for her
the lasting gratitude of many
millions of people all over the
world.

Greece, in particular, will never

forget the noble work
accomplished here by the
American Red Cross. Its aid has
been invaluable during the world
war and I am therefore glad to be
given this opportunity to pay this
small tribute to the founder and
first President of this splendid
organization.
Elutheros K. Venizelos,

The Ex-Premier of Greece.

 Of the Michigan forest fires Clara Barton said: “So sweeping has
been the destruction that there is not food enough left in its wake for
a rabbit to eat, and indeed there is no rabbit, if there were food.”
In the spring of 1882 for hundreds of miles there overflowed the
raging waters of the Mississippi, destroying homes and causing great
suffering. Again the new association responded to the cries of
distress. While the National Association was in session, devising
ways and means for extending relief, a messenger came from the U.
S. Senate announcing that the United States had acceded to the
Treaty of Geneva. “Through all the past years, during which the Red
Cross has sought recognition, protection and cooperation of the
Government,” says Clara Barton, “it has been but for one purpose—to
be ready.” The relief of suffering in national disasters, hitherto
unknown in the history of the world through Miss Barton had
become popular among the American people.
The ratifying powers at Berne accepted the National American Red
Cross with the proposed Clara Barton amendment, generally known
as the American Amendment. The system for relief work in national
disasters, made popular in the United States through Clara Barton,
was later approved and adopted by the International Red Cross
Committee of the Treaty of Geneva. It has therefore become a part of
the Red Cross system of all Treaty nations. These nations,
representing a population of more than one billion of human beings,
or four-fifths of the human race, are now enjoying the beneficence of
the constructive genius of Clara Barton.
 LXXXVI

Clara Barton—one of God’s noblest. Augusta (Ga.) Journal.

One of the world’s greatest.
Sacramento (Cal.) Record-Union.

Honored in three continents. St. Paul (Minn.) Dispatch.

Her movement spanned the globe.
Springfield (Mo.) Republican.

The preferring of charges against Clara Barton, and her subsequent

investigation, is one of the rankest instances of injustice in the history of this
country. Unfounded charges, political spite and the hope of remuneration,—the
charges were refuted and the schemers were discredited, but politics had
triumphed and Miss Barton was cast aside. Los Angeles (Cal.) Examiner.
It was demanded of Clara Barton that she give an accounting of goods and food
distributed to dying and wounded on the battlefield. The unspeakable Turk never
did anything as bad as this.—But that investigation was only an exigency, an
excrescence, a malformation, a wart on the nose. The Fra, East Aurora, N. Y.

Squint-eyed slander. Beaumont and Fletcher.

Slanderous as Satan. Shakespeare.
Slander expires at a good woman’s door. Ewald.

’Twas slander filled her mouth with lying words,

Slander, the foulest whelp of sin.
Pollock—Course of Time.

Slander, meanest spawn of Hell—

And woman’s slander is the worst.
Tennyson—The Letters.

’Tis slander “whose breath

Rides on posting winds and doth belie
All corners of the world.” Cymbeline.

If the end brings me out all right what is said against me won’t amount to
anything. Abraham Lincoln.
Truth is generally the best vindication against slander.
Abraham Lincoln.

Speak not evil of the dead. Chilo.

They that slander the dead are like envious dogs that bark, and bite, at bones.
Zeno.

A poor lone woman. Shakespeare.

Done to death by slanderous tongues. Shakespeare.
Speak me fair in death. Shakespeare.
And thereby hangs a tale. Shakespeare.

The greater the truth the greater the libel. Lord Mansfield.

The greatest friend of truth is Time. Colton-Lacon.

Truth is the daughter of Time. Mazzini.
Truth is Truth. Tennyson.

There is nothing so powerful as truth. Daniel Webster.

Truth pierces the clouds; it shines like the sun and, like it, is imperishable.
Napoleon.
The happiest women, like the happiest nations, have no history.
George Eliot.

All error, false hate, malice, evil company and their kindred, are sure to find
their true value, and though apparently successful are doomed to die at last. Clara
Barton.
The Almighty has his own purposes. Abraham Lincoln.

We never know the uses the Master will put us to. His designs are known only to
himself. Clara Barton.
 When you come to the certain conclusion that only truth and justice are eternal,
you will find it easy to wait and let the Heavens rule. Clara Barton.
Nothing but truth lives. Clara Barton.

My Lord will help me. Joan of Arc.

God shows me the way I shall go. Joan of Arc.

We are all lost! We have burned a saint.

Tressart, Secretary to Henry VI.

Would that my soul were where I believe the soul of that woman is.
John Alespie,
Peter Maurice.
(Two of the judges that condemned Joan of Arc.)

First in the list of American great women is Clara Barton; first in her ideals; first
in her achievements. In America, she ranks with Jeanne d’Arc, of France, to whom
the English are now (1818) placing a monument in Manchester.
Corra Bacon-Foster, Author, Clara Barton, Humanitarian.

Joan of Arc was rather tall, well shaped, dark, with a look of composure,
animation and gentleness. Guizot.

It is not true, I think, that Miss Barton has ever done anything to disentitle her to
a conspicuous recognition in the Red Cross Building. Ex-Secretary of State
Richard Olney (in 1917). (The eminent American selected by the “Remonstrants”
in 1903, and unanimously approved by the Red Cross, to name the members of the
Red Cross Proctor Committee—to investigate the “charges.”)
 GROVER CLEVELAND

The President, March 4, 1885–

March 4, 1889; March 4, 1893–
March 4, 1897

Miss Barton, I want you to

represent the United States at
the International Red Cross
Conference at Carlsruhe,
Germany.
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
(in 1887),

Secretary of State, under Grover

Cleveland.

I thank you, Mr. Secretary, but I

cannot do so; I am ill.—Clara
Barton.

Miss Barton, all the country

knows what you have done, and
 are more than satisfied.
Regarding your illness, you have
had too much fresh water, Miss
Barton, I recommend salt.—
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen.

There is, and can be, no foundation for such a charge.... During all the twenty-
five years that Miss Barton has devoted herself to the Red Cross work she has been
in receipt of an individual income which it has been her pleasure to use in
defraying her own expenses and for such helpers as the extensive correspondence
compelled.

(Signed Red Cross Committee

By Walter P. Phillips Chairman,
Samuel M. Jarvis,
J. B. Hubbell.)

(In a Memorial to Congress, March 3, 1903—from House Document No. 552, Vol.
49, 58th Cong.)
Wherein ... was removed from his position, under Miss Barton, he said: “I can
stand a great deal of cuffing, but then my time will come, so help me God I will not
humbly submit to all I am having to bear.” ... was brought to Washington from a
distant State ... principal witness for the “Remonstrants.” Mr. Stebbins and I were
convinced that ...’s object was blackmail.
W. H. Sears, Attorney for Red Cross.

... conspired to supplant Miss Barton by destroying her name and fame. Miss
Barton resigned in my favor. Hoping to secure justice for Miss Barton I accepted
the Presidency, but finding that I would be unable to assume the onerous duties as
her successor, with Miss ...’s insatiable desire to be at the head of the Red Cross, I
resigned in favor of a party Miss ... dared not oppose. Affidavit by Mrs. John A.
Logan. (From a book of 177 pages by General W. H. Sears, in a report to the
Library Committee of Congress, in 1916.)

... not one of whom (“remonstrants”) ever went to a field nor gave a dollar, above
fees; and half of whom were never known as members until now they appear in
protest against the management. Clara Barton (1903).

As to the threat of an investigation, if there be any, Miss Barton cannot assent

that it be suppressed by any act of hers. Red Cross Committee, 1903. From House
Document No. 552, Vol. 49th, 58th Congress.
 The Red Cross up to this time, 1898, had kept clear of political rings, and
uncontaminated. Miss Barton was the acknowledged chief in authority. The
Society had begun to win the most enviable reputation; it was growing to be a
power; and politicians who had hogged everything else, from a cross-roads
postoffice to a foreign minister, had begun to lay plans for displacing Miss Barton
with a wife, niece, or daughter of a Washington politician. Miss Barton was
probably not aware of this unholy scheme at this time. Perhaps, even if she had
been, it would not have disturbed the serenity of her countenance for she was
working for God and humanity. Under the Red Cross; or the Spanish-American
War (Page No. 154, book published 1898; Author, Doctor Henry M. Lathrop;
Editor, John R. Musick.)
BLACKMAIL ALLEGED—“CONGRESSIONAL
INVESTIGATION”—TRUTH OF HISTORY
Joan of Arc was born in 1410; Clara Barton in 1821—411 years
later. The former became the leader of the armies of France; the
latter, the leader of humanitarianism in America. Each was a patriot
—self-sacrificing—serving not for self-glory, but for a great cause.
The little clique of politicians and military aristocracy plied Joan of
Arc for five months with “catch questions” on “trumped-up” charges,
then condemned her to be burned at the stake. The little clique of
politicians and social aristocracy plied Clara Barton with “catch
questions” on “trumped-up” charges, then tried to condemn her to
eternal ignominy. General Leonard Wood, humanity’s friend and
chivalric, with whom Clara Barton served in the camp, the hospital,
and on the battlefield, says: “There is a call for women actuated by
the same spirit of service as a Deborah, a Joan of Arc, a Molly Pitcher
—women who will carry forward the work begun by Clara Barton and
Florence Nightingale.”
Let the ends thou aimest at be thy country’s
Thy God’s and Truth.

Clara Barton met her fate in the Nation’s Capital. Says The Fra:
“The clique went before Congress and secured an amended charter to
the Red Cross, which included none of Miss Barton’s friends.
Because the name of Clara Barton headed the list, the bill was
passed; the members of Congress supposed it was a bill that Miss
Barton wanted. This was done without Miss Barton’s knowledge or
consent. However, Miss Barton was ignored by the new organization.
Her name has never been mentioned in their reports or publications;
she has never been invited to attend any meeting of the Society
which she had created, and established in this country.”
The Red Cross then was non politics, non society, non salary, non
graft. President Clara Barton was obdurate, non pliable. She could
not be used. Her virtues became her undoing. She was retired. From
Europe, for inspiration in America, was brought the English heroine;
—suppressed or belittled, the American Red Cross Mother in semi-
official literature, “At Home and Abroad.” The coup won—the
conspiracy completely triumphed. And how the official records
disclose.
Washington is the rendezvous of “in full dress” criminals—
character-assassins,—“that strange bedlam composed largely of
social climbers and official poseurs.” They carry a stiletto, half truth,
but in desperate cases make use of slander, of forty-five calibre. Their
prospective victims range from rich Uncle Sam down to a poor lone
woman, of charity. They ply their vocations sometimes, through
envy, for self-glorification; sometimes, through ambition, for self-
exaltation. While Washington was having the honor of dishonoring
the great American philanthropist, a western town was offering as a
present to her a fifty thousand dollar home, just to have the honor of
her presence there. Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, Miss Barton’s three
cospirits and co-workers for humanity, met their fate while guarded
by detectives; under certain customs prevailing in the West and
South, as there is no protection from slander against a woman,
“Chivalry” would have come to the rescue of defenseless Clara
Barton.
There is an official Red Cross report to Congress, made in 1903,
said report on file in House Document No. 552, Vol. 49, 58th
Congress, statements of historic interest relating to the status of Red
Cross affairs about that time. In re the proposed annuity of $2,500
and the Honorary Presidency for Life, should Clara Barton consent
to permit the minority membership thereafter to control the Red
Cross, and other matters relating thereto, appear the following in
that report:
Since the filing of their (the remonstrants) Memorial in Congress, at least two
thousand newspapers, in the country and out of it, have openly published these
damaging statements, without the slightest knowledge of the facts.

The memorial includes an ex parte statement.—It is greatly to be regretted that

such action should have been taken—without giving a hearing to the majority of
the organization, or to Miss Barton herself.
From a photograph taken in
Washington, D. C., in 1878.
From a photograph taken in From a photograph taken in
1897, just before leaving the 1882, just after Clara Barton had
United States for her work completed the organization of
among the Reconcentrados in the American Red Cross.
Cuba.

While there were seven States represented by members actually present (at the
meeting), the entire list of signers to the Memorial (by the remonstrants), with one
exception, were residents of Washington, D. C.

With one exception, not one of the twenty-five members has ever taken part in
Red Cross Field work for a single day;—and she valuing her services, however, at
$50.00 per week for two weeks, making a sum of $100, which was allowed and
paid by the board; nor were there any records to show that, aside from their
membership fees aggregating about $160, they have ever contributed to the funds
of the Red Cross, while individual signers of this Memorial have drawn from it
more than 500, in aggregate amount.

Clara Barton has never been a pensioner on the Red Cross Society, and certainly
could not assent to be placed in that relation. We may, too, reasonably ask how
these sticklers for correct form in all proceedings can find authority, being only a
small minority of the membership, to offer such terms; and how can they
undertake to barter its offices, privileges, and funds for a compliance with their
demands? They admit they can stop the proceedings in Congress—for a
consideration—thereby indirectly admitting the purpose of their movement from
the beginning. The mere statement of the situation will suggest its difficulties. The
majority in control of the body is at a loss to know where and how, under the
charter or any of its bylaws, past or present, there can be authority for such
proceedings.
“That it was physically withstood,” says Clara Barton after her
retirement, “was beyond either the expectation or the intention;”
“still stamping on me;” “so long as I am personally unharmed I
expect nothing more.” Fortunately for her country her life was
spared, by her “enemies,” eight years more; for in that eight years she
did a work many times more difficult than to have kept running her
perfected and well-oiled Red Cross machinery. She brought into
existence a new organization, of possible greater benefit to the
American people than the Red Cross, an organization with
headquarters in Boston and branch societies everywhere from Maine
to California.
And why should she not have done so? About the time of her
retirement (in 1903) there was filed with Congress by a committee of
the Red Cross an official report, unanimously concurred in by the
committee, in which report appears the following: “At no time in her
life has Miss Barton been in sounder bodily or mental health, or
better able to continue the work to which her years of experience and
natural endowments have preeminently fitted her. Moreover, the
nation’s confidence is Miss Barton’s, and no hand can better guide its
Red Cross work than hers. While every right minded person will
deplore the mental suffering, anxiety, and personal humiliation
inflicted upon one of the noblest women that ever lived, it cannot be
supposed that she will abandon her life work on such a demand as
this, or that she will retire from the office to which she has been
almost unanimously elected, while under fire; nor would her friends
permit it if she were so disposed.—We find nothing in the opposition
except malice, resentment, and the jealousy of a few people whose
ambition has been thwarted.”
Tis eminence that makes envy rise;
As fairest fruit attract the flies.

Successful with her new organization, the Red Cross a few years
later (in 1910) formed in its society a department to carry on relief as
then carried on in Miss Barton’s new organization, the department
being of like name—The First Aid Division. In her new field of
humane service, Clara Barton expended from her personal funds
about $5,000, besides five years of hard work, before she achieved
success.
She was herself again; she was on the “firing line”; she had the
support of her former Red Cross field forces,—not one had deserted
her. She didn’t flee her “enemies” to Mexico, but to the “Hub”;—
where, and in which vicinity, she had enjoyed social amenities with
the Julia Ward Howes, the Wendell Phillips’, the George Bancrofts,
the John B. Goughs, the Louisa M. Alcotts, the Lucy Larcoms, the
Mary Baker Eddys, the Henry Wilsons, the Charles Sumners, the
George F. Hoars. Either among such then living or their friends, she
had lost none of her prestige because she had been attacked in the
“Den of Character-Assassins.”
Be thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow,
Thou shalt not escape calumny.

On her “First Aid” Advisory Board were Lieutenant-General

Nelson A. Miles and ex-Governor John L. Bates, of Massachusetts;
Dr. Eugene Underhill, of Pennsylvania; Dr. Charles R. Dickson, of
Canada; Dr. Joseph Gardner, of Indiana. Associated with her in
various other capacities, also, were persons of national fame and
widely-known humanitarianism. She was unanimously elected and
re-elected, while she lived, the Active President of the organization—
the organization known as the National First Aid Association of
America: now she is the President In Memoriam.
In the House Records of 1903 and 1904 there is found the
following: “They (Remonstrants) suggest that Miss Barton is a party
to loose and improper arrangements for securing the needed
accountability for supervision of disbursements for money furnished
in demand of exigency of the Red Cross by the charitable public.” In
1916, a letter signed by a leading Red Cross official was mailed to the
members of the United States Senate and the House of
Representatives. In that letter, among many other “charges,” was the
following: “I think I have given sufficient evidence to show why the
dishonest appropriation of relief funds for the personal use of Miss
Barton makes the officials of the Red Cross strongly opposed to
having the memorial of such a woman placed in a building that
stands in remembrance of the noblest, finest, and most self-
sacrificing womanhood of America.”
It is inexcusable, on the part of a member of the present
management of the Red Cross, to make public “accusation” of Clara
Barton’s book-records without certification to that effect by an expert
accountant, in an official capacity, and then only confidentially to the
organization itself for some good purpose; and in no case to the
public in defamation, to support the position taken by an “enemy.”
Similar conduct, on the part of an employé in a well-ordered private
corporation would subject the guilty, probably, to dismissal in
disgrace from the service. If in the interest of public policy such
information should be made public, and become of record, it should
be made officially public, and through the President of the society.
In what has been done, pro bono publico has had no
consideration. In publicly attacking the Red Cross Founder’s book-
records before the members of the National Legislature, there should
also have been considered that conditions now are not as were the
conditions a score of years ago. Then the President-Vice-President-
Chairman-Vice-Chairman-Comptroller-General Manager received
no salary; now (in 1919) the annual salary of four Red Cross officers
is $41,400; $15,000 and $10,000 respectively, for Chairman and
Vice-Chairman; $8,000 and $8,400 respectively, for Comptroller
and General Manager. In re the attitude of the “Remonstrants”
towards her, Clara Barton said: “I am still unanimously bidden to
work on for life; bear the burden of an organization; meet its cost
myself—and now threatened with the expenses of the ‘investigation.’”
In consonance with her sentiment, and statement, “The
foundation on which all good government rests is conformity to its
laws,” Clara Barton in 1904 turned over to the new management all
Red Cross books, official papers, official records, public funds—all
Red Cross matters of whatsoever kind or nature. If there were
evidence of defalcation, or “dishonest appropriation of relief funds
for the personal use of Miss Barton,” then was the time to have made
the charges, and in the criminal court. “Instead, the post mortem
charges were made twelve years after Clara Barton’s resignation of
the Red Cross Presidency, and four years after her death.”
Kings, queens and states,
Maids, matrons, nay, the secrets of the grave
This vituperous slander enters.
Under the laws of this country the accuser was estopped from
making “charges” in 1916; or at any other time, except in a court of
competent jurisdiction. Were it not for this wise provision the
reputation of no man nor woman, alive or dead, could have adequate
protection from “enemies,” in ambush. By what code of ethics, legal
or moral, is such personal judgment against the dead rendered? And
where is the record-verdict of the “crime”? In five or six years of the
investigation, I have been unable to find any record that such
“crime,” as is alleged against Miss Barton, was committed. Nor do I
find that a criminal charge of any kind against her is of record in the
criminal court, the only institution under the laws of this country
where a person should be adjudged guilty of crime. I do find from the
records, however, that the Red Cross official making these charges
was one of the “Remonstrants” of 1903–4, and who then certified to
Miss Barton’s “integrity”; and also over her own signature proposed
that Miss Barton accept the Honorary Presidency of the Red Cross as
a tribute to her “integrity.”
“Loose and improper arrangements for securing the needed
accountability”; “such a woman”; “dishonest appropriation of relief
funds for the personal use of Clara Barton!” Says The Fra, then
under the management of Mr. and Mrs. Elbert Hubbard, “Such
accusation is not only the blunder of boors but it is crime and
sacrilege.” If such unproved, unfounded charges against a woman,
with immunity to their author, can get into the government record,
into the hands of the people’s representatives at Washington, passing
without governmental protest through the mails, perilous the
adventure of the women of America to enter upon a career of public
service.
And has the cause of Clara Barton grown? Yes, gloriously, to the
infinite credit of Clara Barton in laying the foundation in conformity
to her statement, “To be efficient, the Red Cross must have
government recognition, must bear the stamp of national
individuality, and be constructed according to the spirit, habits, and
needs of the country it represents;—in contemplating the possible
realization of my hope and all it would entail and involve, I have
been looking carefully and anxiously to the plans of the foundations
of the structure we are hoping to build; and I perceive in creating an
Institution that shall be National and of the people, the foundations
must be as broad and as solid as the whole nation.”
To the credit of the Clara Barton management, and of the
succeeding management, of the Red Cross; to the credit of the
American people that for twenty-three years previous to the
“accusation,” and thereafter notwithstanding, the world has held in
highest regard the Red Cross Founder and Red Cross integrity. What
of financial support, for reasons that have been withheld, (probably
millions) has not been reported. What of financial and moral support
accorded to the Red Cross brings a flush of pride to the face of every
true American; what of seeming policy toward the Founder also
brings a flush,—but not of pride. A public policy, not in harmony
with public sentiment, has brought on national disasters—a world
disaster.
Mere growth, of itself, is not a virtue; for the upas tree grows, with
spreading branches. The best prosperity is that prosperity whose
foundation is secure, whose record-history is untarnished. The best
philanthropy is that philanthropy which lives in the best atmosphere,
breathes of the purest, gives of the soul’s best. To her latest breath
Clara Barton breathed love, breathed purest Red Cross philanthropy,
—but prayed justice for herself. She had never spoken a discordant
word in her life, meaningly; her “enemies” monopolized the
discordant words. So far as known, she never made an enemy; her
“enemies” were self-made—their self-made record, on the books,
reported “in the red.”
Wearing a “political helmet,” those who attacked a helpless woman
took possession of her reputation and prospered. At no time in her
life has it been shown that in her chosen field, with years of
successful experience, Clara Barton was not a good business
manager; her “enemies” assumed themselves, without experience, to
be good in business and took charge of her affairs:—but under
proper political protection.
Slander—it is a coward in a coat of mail
That wages war against the brave and wise.

Her “enemies,” shielded behind “charges,” made accusation

against her,—without self-sacrifice; she exposed herself to attacks of
every character known to womankind, and made self-sacrifices for
the Red Cross and for country. What is inscribed over the portals of
the cell, near Brussels, of Edith Cavell, must be inscribed on history’s
tablets, of Clara Barton: “She sacrificed herself for the Red Cross; she
sacrificed herself for the country.”
Slander
I saw it tread upon a lily fair—
A maid of whom the world could say no harm;
And when sunk beneath the mortal wound,
It broke into the sacred sepulchre
And dragged its victim from the hallowed grave
For public eyes to gaze upon.

Yea, I have seen this accursed child of envy

Breathe mildew on the sacred fame of her
Who once had been her country’s benefactor.

Human nature hasn’t changed since he, who became the first
American President, suffered through the “Conway Cabal,” a cabal
not dissimilar in the motives, the charges and the execution, to that
through which suffered the first Red Cross President. But George
Washington was a fighter; Clara Barton, a woman of peace. The Red
Cross President was as patient as was the first martyred American
President, under persecution, and who then said “I am nothing, but
truth is everything.” She was as innocent and unsuspecting as was
our last martyred American President, who said “I have never done
any man wrong, and I believe no man will do me one.”
Man, political, cowardly-man constructed the apparatus;—the
tongue of woman, the sender; the ear of woman, the receiver. Of all
the God-given good of earth, one woman is the best; TWO WOMEN, the
worst. The only serious charge in history that will stand against Clara
Barton is that she WAS A WOMAN; her most serious
“misappropriation,” that of her confidence in another woman.
Away the fair detractors went
And gave by turns their censures vent.

Elected for life? Yes. Then resigned? She was not a “war-
woman,”—she had never filled a swiveled-chair;—yes, she resigned in
the interest of peace and harmony. And from the facts, distorted,
and the motives, impugned, as to why she resigned were taken the
bundle of faggots to add fuel to the flames of her torture.
Slander never wants for material;
Virtue itself provides it with weapons.

As for safety, the ancient criminal fled to the Temple of the Gods,
so America’s modern character-assassin fled to the Temple of the
Red Cross, and implored silence; for then to recite the historic facts
of the martyrdom might cause vibrations that would have shaken to
earth the pillars of that sacred temple. President Clara Barton of the
Red Cross said: “Its President has spoken not at all, and never will.”
Silence reigned. The truth was withheld at the Red Cross receiving
station, while untruth sped wireless—and all the world wondered.
The Red Cross! No, the recent Red Cross officials don’t know the
facts,—the reputation of the Mother is the child’s richest heritage.
The Mother loved the Red Cross child; the child, the Mother—the
slander of the Mother, dead, is by the individual, not by the Red
Cross. The slander having coiled itself in Red Cross official circles
there it lives, and will live, until scotched by the Red Cross or the
American people.
For slander lives upon succession;
Forever housed, where it gets possession.

The so-called “investigation of charges” against Clara Barton in

1904 was before the Red Cross Proctor Committee. The
“Remonstrants” demanded an investigation, and suggested that
Honorable Richard Olney name the committee. The Red Cross
unanimously approved the selection. The great Ex-Secretary of State
named as that committee: U. S. Senator Redfield Proctor of
Vermont; William Alden Smith of Michigan, then a member of the
House and later a member of the Senate; General Fred C. Ainsworth,
of the United States Army, of Washington, D. C. This in fact was a
Red Cross Committee and not, as so-called, a Congressional
Committee. “Congressional Committee to investigate” was a threat to
frighten a timid woman.
In the so-called “remonstrance” (of record) there is by the
“remonstrants,” of whom the “post-mortem accuser” was one, a
disclaimer of
 (a) “Any dishonesty on the part of Miss Barton in the
administration of the affairs of the Red Cross.
(b) “Any charge of misappropriation of any property or any money
by Miss Barton; or
(c) “Any improper act or conduct of any kind which involved in the
slightest degree any element of moral turpitude.”
Had there been an official charge at that time of “misappropriation
of any property or any money,” or any other charge involving “in the
slightest degree any element of moral turpitude,” on the part of the
Red Cross Founder, charities would have thenceforward ceased to
flow into Red Cross coffers, the Red Cross would have collapsed, and
the “remonstrants” making such accusation haled into court, on a
charge of criminal libel. The “remonstrants” foresaw that the good
name of the Founder was the one hope of the Red Cross. The
disclaimer was prerequisite to the attainment of the “remonstrant’s”
ultimate object, namely: the coming into possession of a popular
organization that carried political and social prestige.
Mrs. Logan, the Vice-President, threatened court proceedings
unless her name was removed from Red Cross literature, and in
consequence it was removed. Not so, Miss Barton. She at all times
wished it removed, at one time threatened court action, but she
dared not risk the possibly fatal consequences to the Red Cross. She
suffered, in heart-aches, because of such conscienceless fraud on the
American people, as she often said, that the Red Cross might survive.
Thus to the very day of her death, through silent acquiescence in the
fraudulent use of her name to secure legislation and the people’s
confidence for the new management, she was being terrorized, lest
by her own word or act her Red Cross child might come to grief. The
post mortem charges are camouflage, a shield to protect the actors in
the “tragedy of 1904;” the game as of the cuttle-fish in making the
waters murky, when being chased by a superior force;—in this case,
that of Truth.
The charges made were:
(a) “That proper books of account were not at all times kept;
(b) “That the property and funds of the Red Cross were not at all
times distributed upon the order of the Treasurer of the Society, as
alleged to be required by the by-laws of the Society; and
 (c) “That a certain tract of land in Lawrence County, Indiana, had
been donated to the Society by one Joseph Gardner; that the Society
was reincorporated after such donation, and that such donation was
never reported to the new corporation.”
It was shown at the investigation that no Red Cross money had
been invested in the tract of land referred to; that for reasons the
proposed deal was not consummated, and the title lapsed; that
proper books of account had been kept, and receipts taken for
material and money, but not individual receipts from the sick, the
wounded and the dying on fields of disaster—a system of red-tape
impossible consistent with good service; that also the by-laws had
been complied with in making disbursements through the Treasurer
except,—when that too was impossible—during the stress of active
relief work in the field. As her every field worker, then living that had
at any time served under President Barton, approved her methods in
Red Cross work; as the Washington “Society Remonstrants” had no
experience in field work, manifesting pitiful ignorance as to what was
required, the “charges” of incompetency on the part of the accused
received no consideration at the hands of the Committee.
L. A. Stebbins, of Chicago, Illinois, ex-attorney for the Red Cross,
in July, 1916, in a written report to the Library Committee of the
House, and to which report he makes affidavit, refers to the charges
of 1903 and 1904 in words such as follow: “The only witness ever
produced to give testimony;—testimony was wholly unworthy of
credit—false and untrue;—for blackmailing purposes;—clearly
indicating blackmail.”
On February 20, 1903, as elsewhere stated, the “remonstrants”
certified in writing (certification of record) as to the “integrity, good
name and fame of Clara Barton.” At the investigation held in the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee Room on April 12, 1904, in re
the terrifying twenty-four page “remonstrance” before the Proctor
Red Cross Committee, General John M. Wilson, himself a
“remonstrant” and representing the “remonstrants” on that occasion,
among other things said “We do not charge that anybody has been
guilty of malfeasance,” in Red Cross affairs.
Referring to this very occasion, Major-General W. R. Shafter,
Commander of the American Army in the Spanish-American War, in
1904 while the case was pending, said: “If the charges made against
Clara Barton were true, no gentleman could afford to be mixed up in
the affair, but not one word uttered against her is true.” Clara Barton,
in 1911, referring to that now historic event, said: “The harvest is not
what the reapers expected, and I suspect if it were all to be done over
again in the light of their newly-gained experience, it would not be
done.”
To the credit of man’s respect for historic truth in official
decisions, and his innate American chivalry, since the exoneration in
1904 there is not, at least of record, by any man an adverse criticism
of the Red Cross Founder. The perversion of the truth of history,
however, by woman is as injurious to the public weal as such
perversion by man, and through no ingenuous excuse of chivalry
for a live woman, and against a dead woman, should untruth have
countenance. The investigation, for want of evidence, was
summarily dismissed, on motion of the Committee itself. It thus
became a mere farcical episode in American history.
The written certification of the Founder’s “integrity,” by the
“remonstrants” in 1903; the oral disclaimer by the “remonstrants” of
any Red Cross malfeasance in office officially proclaimed at the
investigation in 1904, followed by a unanimous decision adverse to
the “remonstrants,” the incident then should have been closed. The
“accusation,” however, of even worse import than that originally in
the indictment, by the “remonstrants” of 1903 and of 1904, again
comes to the attention of the public in a semi-official way, from the
same “lone woman accuser,” and is still a living factor in Red Cross
policy,—still coming—still going—never ending—
All slander
Must still be strangled in its birth; as time
Will soon conspire to make it strong enough
To overcome truth.

A certain letter by a Red Cross official, assuming to represent the

Red Cross Society, was mailed from the Washington Red Cross
headquarters to the members of the U. S. Senate and House of
Representatives. Said letter was written to be used, and was used, as
the basis of an argument against the record and fame of Clara Barton
before the Library Committee of Congress. On the letter-head was
the following:
 The American Red Cross
Pointe-au-Pie
Province of Quebec,
Canada. July 29, 1916.

The letter was signed ... (unofficially).

From that long letter, certain to be in American annals of peculiar interest as an
epistolary curio, are taken the following excerpts:
“Her father died in 1862, leaving property valued at a little more than $1,000, of
which she received a few hundred.”
“I may say individually that previous to the war Miss Barton appears, according
to her statement to have taught school at Bordentown, New Jersey, where a
teacher’s salary was $300 per year. A little later the records show that she and
some other woman occasionally did copying in the Interior Department.”
“She obtained from Congress in 1866, $15,000 which she said she had expended
of her own money in tracing the missing soldiers. It is difficult to understand
where she obtained this money and also upon what her income depended in future
years, as she stated she never received any salary or income from the Red Cross
and yet she had no other remunerative occupation that we know of.”
“In the 126 volumes of the War Department records of the Civil War no mention
is made of Miss Barton’s name or services except in a single letter from her asking
information as to prisoners at Annapolis.”
“We have a printed diary of.... This diary was published in 1863. Though the
names of a number of efficient women like Miss Dix and others connected with the
Sanitary Commission are mentioned in a laudatory way, Miss Barton is never
referred to.”
“In many published accounts of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, Miss
Barton is not mentioned, though hundreds of other devoted women are given.”
“Just after the Civil War, several gentlemen who had been connected with the
Sanitary Commission organized the first American Red Cross Society, but as the
Senate had not at that time ratified the treaty of Geneva, this body could hold no
official status and shortly went out of existence.”
“In 1881 Miss Barton who, previously when visiting in Vienna, had learned of the
treaty of Geneva and the Red Cross societies, with a number of others organized
the American Red Cross.”
“The International Committee of Geneva transmitted through her a letter to the
President of the United States requesting the ratification of the Treaty.”
“Mr. Blaine interested himself in the matter and in 1882 the Treaty was ratified
by the United States Senate.”
“From 1881 until 1904 Miss Barton remained the President of this small
American Red Cross, and sometimes acted also as its treasurer.”
 “Financial statements were not made public and it is impossible to say what
funds were received and expended during the 23 years of its existence.”
“I don’t care to take your time in stating many evidences of the misuse of the Red
Cross relief funds under Miss Barton, but I desire to mention two or three
incidents.”
“She advertised in the Worcester papers for contributions for relief among the
soldiers, but no record was made of what she received or expended during the Civil
War.”
“Certain letters we have seem to show that she occasionally had some of the
contributed funds invested in the West.”
“It is difficult to obtain data regarding the receipts and expenditure of funds.”
“At the time of the Russian famine in 1892 ... no financial report was made.”
“Shortly after this time Miss Barton bought real estate in Washington and Glen
Echo....”
“I think I have given, however, sufficient evidence to show why dishonest
appropriation of relief funds for the personal use of Miss Barton makes the officials
of the American Red Cross strongly opposed to having the memorial of such a
woman placed in a building that stands in remembrance of the noblest, finest and
most self-sacrificing womanhood of America. Should your committee desire me to
go to Washington and lay before it the evidence I have given and more in our
possession, I would be willing to do so.”

... would well become

A woman’s story at a winter’s fire,
Authorized by her grandam.

The “charges,” including detractions, innuendoes and suspicions

(of which the foregoing are only in part), take a wide range,
extending from the time Clara Barton taught her first school at
Bordentown in 1836 (80 years previous), down to the Sea Islands
hurricane in 1893 (22 years previous). These “charges” were
segregated by a friend of Clara Barton for the Library Committee. In
that form they consist of thirty-one “charges,” including the accuser’s
personal verdict, “the dishonest appropriation of relief funds.” In
history the “accusation” will be referred to as “The Thirty-One
Charges Without a Charge In It.” In legal circles such affirmations
are known as “stale charges,” or by a worse name; but, even if
presented immediately, such “charges” would have no standing in
any court of equity in this country. The “charges” are further
negatived by the admissions of the accuser, “It is difficult to obtain
data regarding the receipts and expenditures;” “It is impossible to
say what funds were received and expended.”
Also, inexcusable ignorance was shown on the part of the accuser
of Clara Barton as to her methods in Red Cross affairs. It is certified
to by the Red Cross (and of official record) that Clara Barton made
her report at the close of every disaster, and in every instance the
report was approved by the Red Cross, and was satisfactory to her
government and the American people. Besides besmirching the
history and good name of the Red Cross and her country, thus to
impeach the integrity of the Founder of the Red Cross and for more
than a score of years its President, is to impeach also her various
boards of officers and her hundreds of other associates, including
American Presidents,—all of whom uniformly approved her
methods, her reports and the results achieved, while “she remained
the President of this small American Red Cross and sometimes acted
also as its Treasurer.”
If what the “lone accuser” asserts be true, that “we (Red Cross)
have letters that seem to show that she occasionally had some of the
contributed funds invested in the West,” they are letters, among
other Red Cross effects, that came officially into the possession of the
Red Cross, in 1904, through the pleasure and free-will offering of the
conscientious-and-honest-to-a-fault-concealing-nothing Clara
Barton. And for which also she received a clearance card, a “receipt
in full.” As an American citizen and a member of the Red Cross I
protest the legal right, or the moral right, of the Red Cross “accuser”
now to incriminate her whose lips are sealed, or longer to approve of
record, upon what seems to show.... The facts not only seem to
show, but do show, that if Clara Barton had not accepted as a present
from the twin brothers, Edwin and Edward Baltzley of Glen Echo,
Chautauqua, her Glen Echo real estate, and for a house thereon as a
present, the wreckage lumber from the people of Johnstown,
Pennsylvania, in 1889, there would have been no free-of-rent home
for the Red Cross for the last fifteen years of her Red Cross
administration and that of other philanthropies; that, while the
accuser was living in a palace and “rolling in wealth,” the accused
would have been homeless and penniless, living on charity.
The “lone accuser” has no “letters that seem to show,” save and
except such letters be interpreted by an “enemy,” and for an ulterior
purpose. There is no truth in cynicism, or but half truth, which is
more untruth than no truth. There is no truth in “we (Red Cross)
have others in our possession” which the “lone accuser” pretended to
have in her post-mortem cruise, in 1916, while trying to thwart the
will of the people as to the proposed Clara Barton memorial tablet in
the American Red Cross Building; and, still worse, trying to blot out
forever the name of the Red Cross Founder. As the sentiment of all
the people, but said by the people of Johnstown just after the flood,
in 1889: “Try to describe the sunshine. Try to describe the starlight.
Picture the sunlight and the starlight, and then try to say good bye to
Clara Barton.”
Truth will come to sight.
In re Memorial to Clara Barton in 1916, the Library Committee of
the House of Representatives, having before them all charges of
whatsoever nature against Clara Barton, but especially those certain
post mortem “charges,” wholly ignored each charge, and all
“charges,” made by the “remonstrants” of 1902–4, in their memorial
to Congress at that time. The report of the Library Committee in 1916
was favorable to Miss Barton, and as disastrous to the cause of the
“remonstrants” as was that of the Red Cross Proctor Committee, in
1904.
From the House Records, in the unanimously approved report by
the Library Committee, are the following excerpts:
“Miss Barton’s life was given up to the work of relieving the
distress in Europe and America, and her place in the affection of her
friends and admirers is secure. None of them is willing to admit that
she needs any special tablet, or stone, or that either is required to
keep alive her memory as a benefactor of all distressed mankind. As
one of the women of the Civil War, and a distinguished one, she also
is memorialized in the Red Cross Building.”
 RICHARD OLNEY

I have always believed in Miss

Barton’s merits as a patriot and
disinterested worker in aid of
suffering humanity.
Richard Olney, in 1916.

ATTORNEYS FOR THE AMERICAN RED CROSS SOCIETY UNDER

THE PRESIDENCY OF CLARA BARTON
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