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The SQL Reference Guide provides a comprehensive overview of SQL syntax and commands, including general definitions, database and table management, indexing, data manipulation, and querying. It explains various operators, join types, and how to create, modify, and delete databases and tables. Additionally, it covers data insertion, updating, and deletion, as well as querying data with conditions and ordering results.

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Rabah Winnr
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3 views

SQL_Reference_Guide_Updated-1[1]

The SQL Reference Guide provides a comprehensive overview of SQL syntax and commands, including general definitions, database and table management, indexing, data manipulation, and querying. It explains various operators, join types, and how to create, modify, and delete databases and tables. Additionally, it covers data insertion, updating, and deletion, as well as querying data with conditions and ordering results.

Uploaded by

Rabah Winnr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Reference Guide

Part 1: General Definitions


²² :Replace it and what inside it with the explanation.

‘ ’ :We use it when inserting a text value (we right inside it).

²AUTO_INCREMENT²: Automatically fills the attribute.

²NOT NULL²: Ensures the attribute cannot be left empty.

Conditions: Logical operators: `²AND²` / `²&&²`, `²OR²` / `²||²`, `²AND NOT²` / `²AND !²` ,
`²XOR²`.

Comparison Operators: `²=²`, `²<²`, `²>²`, `²<>²` (everything except the value before it).

²UNSIGNED²: Refers to uppercase letters only.

Order Types: `²DESC²` ("from Z to A"), `²ASC²` ("from A to Z").

Key Types: `²PRIMARY KEY(attribute)²`, `²FOREIGN KEY(attribute)²`.

Attribute Types: `²SMALLINT(number of characters)²`, `²INT(number of characters)²`,


`²VARCHAR(number of characters)²`, `²CHAR(number of characters)²`, `²TEXT(number of
characters)²`, `²DATE²`.

Join Types:

- ²INNER JOIN²: Returns only matching rows.

- ²LEFT JOIN²: Includes all rows from the left table, filling unmatched rows with `²NULL²` on
the right.

- ²RIGHT JOIN²: Includes all rows from the right table, filling unmatched rows with `²NULL²`
on the left.

- ²FULL JOIN²: Combines both left and right joins.

- ²NATURAL JOIN²: Automatically merges tables based on attributes with the same name.
Part 2: Database Creation and Management
Create a database: ____________________________________________________________________________________

CREATE DATABASE ²database name² CHARACTER SET 'UTF8';

Drop a database:
______________________________________________________________________________________

DROP DATABASE ²database name²;

Drop a database if it exists: __________________________________________________________________________

DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS ²database name²;

Use a specific database: ______________________________________________________________________________

USE ²database name²;

Show all warnings: ___________________________________________________________________________________

SHOW WARNINGS;
Part 3: Table Creation and Management
Create a table: ________________________________________________________________________________________

CREATE TABLE ²table name² (


²attribute name² ²attribute type² ²if it's not null² ²if it's auto_increment²,
²another attribute²,
²primary or foreign key²(²attribute name²)
) ENGINE=INNODB;

Show all tables: _______________________________________________________________________________________

SHOW TABLES;

Describe table structure: ____________________________________________________________________________

DESCRIBE ²table name²;

Drop a table: __________________________________________________________________________________________

DROP TABLE ²table name²;

Add a column: ________________________________________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name² ADD COLUMN ²column name² ²attribute type² ²null or not²;

Drop a column: _______________________________________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name² DROP COLUMN ²column name²;

Modify a column's properties: ______________________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name² MODIFY ²attribute name² ²attribute type² ²null or not²;

Change a column's name and properties: __________________________________________________________


ALTER TABLE ²table name²
CHANGE ²old attribute name² ²new attribute name² ²attribute type² ²null or not²;
Part 4: Indexes and Keys
Create a primary key after table creation:
__________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name² ADD PRIMARY KEY(²attribute name²);

Drop a primary key: __________________________________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name² DROP PRIMARY KEY;

Create a foreign key: _________________________________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name²


ADD CONSTRAINT ²foreign key name²
FOREIGN KEY (²attribute name²) “where to put the key (it should be filled)”
REFERENCES ²referenced table²(²referenced attribute²);

Drop a foreign key: ___________________________________________________________________________________

ALTER TABLE ²table name² DROP FOREIGN KEY ²foreign key name²;

Create an index: ______________________________________________________________________________________

CREATE INDEX ²index name² ON ²table name² (²attribute name²);

Create a unique index: _______________________________________________________________________________

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ²index name² ON ²table name² (²attribute name²);


Part 5: Data Insertion and Manipulation
Insert data into a table: ______________________________________________________________________________

INSERT INTO ²table name² VALUES (²value1², ²value2², ...);

Insert specific attributes: ____________________________________________________________________________

INSERT INTO ²table name² (²attribute1², ²attribute2²)


VALUES (²value1², ²value2²);

Update data: __________________________________________________________________________________________

UPDATE ²table name²


SET ²attribute1² = ²value1²
WHERE ²condition²;

Delete data: ___________________________________________________________________________________________

DELETE FROM ²table name²


WHERE ²condition²;
Part 6: Querying Data
Select all data: ________________________________________________________________________________________

SELECT * FROM ²table name²;

Select specific attributes: ____________________________________________________________________________

SELECT ²attribute1², ²attribute2²


FROM ²table name²;

Apply conditions: _____________________________________________________________________________________

SELECT * FROM ²table name²


WHERE ²attribute name² ²sign² ²value²;

Order results: _________________________________________________________________________________________

SELECT * FROM ²table name²


ORDER BY ²attribute name² ASC|DESC;

Limit results:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

SELECT * FROM ²table name²


LIMIT ²number²
OFFSET ²skip²;
Part 7: Joins
Basic join: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

SELECT * FROM ²table1 name²


²join type² JOIN ²table2 name²
ON ²table1 name².²attribute² = ²table2 name².²attribute²;

Join with condition: __________________________________________________________________________________

SELECT * FROM ²table1 name²


²join type² JOIN ²table2 name²
ON ²table1 name².²attribute² = ²table2 name².²attribute²
WHERE ²condition²;

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