Scribd
Upload
10 views5 pages

Chapter 5 - Summary

Chapter 5 covers various Internet connection types, including DSL, cable, fiber, and cellular, along with their infrastructure and functionalities. It also explains the roles of routers and firewalls in network traffic management and security, as well as the importance of TCP/IP addressing, DHCP, and DNS in network configuration. Key takeaways emphasize understanding different connection types, addressing schemes, and essential network services.

Uploaded by

rowanrajah25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views5 pages

Chapter 5 - Summary

Chapter 5 covers various Internet connection types, including DSL, cable, fiber, and cellular, along with their infrastructure and functionalities. It also explains the roles of routers and firewalls in network traffic management and security, as well as the importance of TCP/IP addressing, DHCP, and DNS in network configuration. Key takeaways emphasize understanding different connection types, addressing schemes, and essential network services.

Uploaded by

rowanrajah25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Chapter 5: Configure Network Addressing and Internet Connections

1. Internet Connection Types


The Internet is a global network consisting of interconnected smaller networks.
It relies on Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to deliver access to customers
via various connection types. Understanding these technologies is vital for
choosing the right infrastructure for homes and businesses.

1.1 Internet Infrastructure Overview


 Core of the Internet: High-speed fiber optic cables connect Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) where ISPs interconnect.
 ISP Tiers:
o Tier 1 ISPs: Own global infrastructure and connect directly to the
IXP.
o Tier 2 ISPs: Purchase bandwidth from Tier 1 ISPs and sell it to local
customers.
o Tier 3 ISPs: Deliver local Internet services to homes and small
businesses.

1.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)


 DSL uses copper telephone lines (POTS) to deliver digital Internet
access. It separates voice and data signals using a splitter.
 Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL):
o Faster download speeds than upload speeds.

o Ideal for residential use (e.g., streaming, browsing).

o Max speed: 24 Mbps download, 2.5 Mbps upload (ADSL2+).

 Symmetrical DSL (SDSL):


o Equal upload and download speeds.

o Ideal for businesses requiring large data uploads.

📌 Key Components:
 DSL Modem: Converts analog signals to digital.
 RJ11 Port: Connects to the phone line.
 RJ45 Port: Connects to the router.

1.3 Cable Internet


 Uses coaxial cables (shared with Cable TV networks) and the DOCSIS
standard.
 DOCSIS 3.0: Supports speeds up to 1 Gbps.
 Setup: Cable modem connects to an Ethernet port on a router.

1.4 Fiber to the X (FTTx)


 Fiber to the Curb (FTTC): Fiber extends to a local cabinet; uses VDSL
for the last stretch.
 Fiber to the Premises (FTTP): Fiber directly to the customer’s location.
 Passive Optical Network (PON): Uses an Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
to connect multiple customers through splitters.

1.5 Fixed Wireless and Satellite


 Fixed Wireless Internet: Uses microwave signals for rural areas.
 Satellite Internet: Utilizes geostationary satellites for Internet delivery.
o Drawback: High latency due to long signal travel distances.

1.6 Cellular Internet


 Uses cellular networks for mobile access.
 3G: Up to 2 Mbps (basic browsing).
 4G (LTE): 100 Mbps (streaming and gaming).
 5G: Multi-Gbps, low latency (smart devices and VR).

2. Routers and Firewalls


Routers and firewalls play a critical role in directing traffic between networks and
providing security.

2.1 Routers
 Function: Forwards IP packets between networks (e.g., LAN to WAN).
 Types of Routers:
o SOHO Router: Basic Internet router for home and small offices.

o LAN Router: Segments local networks into subnets.

o WAN (Border) Router: Connects to external networks or ISPs.


2.2 Firewalls
 Function: Controls incoming and outgoing traffic between networks.
 Access Control List (ACL): Defines rules to allow or block traffic based
on:
o Source IP address

o Destination IP address

o Protocol (TCP/UDP)

 Types:
o Hardware Firewalls: Standalone appliances for advanced security.

o Software Firewalls: Built into routers and operating systems.

3. TCP/IP and Addressing


TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the core protocol suite
that facilitates communication on the Internet.

3.1 IPv4 Addressing


 IPv4: 32-bit address written in dotted decimal notation (e.g.,
192.168.1.1).
 Components of an IPv4 Address:
o Network ID: Identifies the network segment.

o Host ID: Identifies a specific device.

 Subnet Mask: Defines which portion of the address is the network (e.g.,
255.255.255.0).
📌 Private Address Ranges:
 Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
 Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
 Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

3.2 IPv6 Addressing


 IPv6: 128-bit address written in hexadecimal (e.g., 2001:db8::1).
 Types of IPv6 Addresses:
o Global Address: Publicly routable (starts with 2 or 3).
o Link-Local: Used for local communications (starts with fe80::).

4. Protocols and Ports


Ports identify different services on a network.

4.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)


 Connection-Oriented: Ensures reliable delivery via:
o Three-Way Handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK).

o Error-checking and packet reordering.

 Uses: HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), SSH (22).

4.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)


 Connectionless: Faster but unreliable (no error-checking).
 Uses: Streaming (RTP), DHCP (67, 68).

5. Network Configuration Concepts

5.1 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)


 Function: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
 DHCP Lease Process:
1. DHCPDISCOVER – Client broadcasts a request.
2. DHCPOFFER – Server offers an IP address.
3. DHCPREQUEST – Client accepts the offer.
4. DHCPACK – Server confirms the assignment.

5.2 DNS (Domain Name System)


 Function: Resolves hostnames to IP addresses.
 Process:
1. Client queries the DNS server (port 53).
2. Server resolves the domain or forwards the request.
 Example: www.google.com → 142.250.185.14.
6. Virtualization and Remote Access

6.1 Virtual LANs (VLANs)


 Function: Divides a physical network into logical networks.
 Benefits: Security, traffic isolation, and performance.

6.2 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)


 Function: Securely connects remote users to a private network via
encrypted tunnels.

✅ Key Takeaways:
 Know the differences between Internet connection types (DSL, fiber,
satellite).
 Understand IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, subnetting, and their practical
applications.
 Differentiate between TCP and UDP and common port numbers.
 Master essential services like DHCP, DNS, and their configurations.

You might also like