Raven
Raven
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ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ) (1947ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ) .(1956ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﺴـﺘﻐﺭﻕ
John. ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ) (30ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ "ﺠﻭﻥ ﺭﺍﻓـﻥ
." Raven
ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﺴﺒﻴﺭﻤﺎﻥ "Spearman؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺘﺸﺒﻌﹰﺎ )ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ(.
ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ) (3ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻲ:
.1ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) :(Aﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﻨﻤﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ.
.2ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) :(ABﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﻨﻤﻁ ﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ.
.3ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) :(Bﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﺩ.
Ibraheem.M. Hammad- Psychologist 2 ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﺩ -ﺃﺨﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻭﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ) (12ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻜل ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ
ﺒﺄﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (6ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻠـﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻋﻠﻰ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ
ﻴﻨﻤﻲ ﺨﻁ ﻤﻨﺴﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؛ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌـل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼـﺔ ﻤﺘﺎﺤـﺔ
ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻁﻔﺎل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻜﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻭﺨﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤـﺎ
ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻁﻔل ﺍﻟـ ) (8ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ ) (80ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻩ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺼﻤﻤﺕ ﺒﺄﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺠﺫﺏ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻫﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻔل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
• ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺤﺹ ﺒﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻜﺘﻴـﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺃﻤـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ) (A1ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻪ) :ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل –ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ
ﻼ) :ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺠﺯﺀ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـﻭﻉ
ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ -ﻗﺎﺌ ﹰ
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل –ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﹰﺍ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ (-ﺜﻡ ﻴﻘﻭل) :ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ( ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻘﻭل) :ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (1ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ
ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ؛ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ؛ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴـﺼﻠﺢ
ﻹﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (2ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ
ﺸﻜل؛ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺭﻗـﻡ )(3
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ؛ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ.
ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (6ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻜل؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻪ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﻜﺎﻤل .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ؛ ﻀﻊ ﺃﺼﺒﻌﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ((.
• ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺤﺹ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺼﺒﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟـﻡ ﻴـﻀﻊ
ﺃﺼﺒﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺤﺹ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻔل ﺃﺼـﺒﻌﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ.
• ﺜﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺤﺹ ﺒﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺓ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ –ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ.-
ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﺩﻕ ﺠﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤـﺎ ﺒـﻴﻥ ) ،(0.91 -0.62ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ) ،(0.99 -0.44ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ).(0.82 -0.55
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ
.1ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ؛ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺴﺤﺏ ﻜﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ.
.2ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل ﺴﺅﺍل ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﺠﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ) (1ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ
ﻟﻪ ).(0
.3ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ :ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺎﺤﺹ -ﻭﻫـﻲ
ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺴﺔ.-
Ibraheem.M. Hammad- Psychologist 4 ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﺩ -ﺃﺨﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ
.4ﺜﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺤـﻭﺹ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
.1ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ؛ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﻟـ )ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻴﻨﻴﺔ( –
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺴﺔ -ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ
ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺘﻪ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ.
.2ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ؛ ﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒل ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺫﻜﺎﺀ.