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Lecture 3 Part 1

The document explains the Cartesian coordinate system used to locate atoms in a cubic cell, detailing the axes and how to find direction indices through a step-by-step procedure. It also introduces Miller indices for identifying specific planes of atoms and outlines the process for calculating inter-planar spacing, linear density, and planar density. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding vector directions and Miller indices in predicting material failure and varying properties based on crystal orientation.

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yousefzeinhom
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6 views17 pages

Lecture 3 Part 1

The document explains the Cartesian coordinate system used to locate atoms in a cubic cell, detailing the axes and how to find direction indices through a step-by-step procedure. It also introduces Miller indices for identifying specific planes of atoms and outlines the process for calculating inter-planar spacing, linear density, and planar density. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding vector directions and Miller indices in predicting material failure and varying properties based on crystal orientation.

Uploaded by

yousefzeinhom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

This system is used to locate the position of the atom in a


cell
In a cubic cell :
The y – axis is to the right
The x – axis is perpendicular to the plane of the paper
The z –axis is directed upwards
In a cubic system direction indices are the components of a
vector projected on the three axis , the direction vector emerges
from the surface .
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING DIRECTION
INDICES

1) Find the coordinates of the initial point ( x1 , y1 , z1 )


and the end point ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) .
2) The vector is given by ( x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 – z1 )
3) If any of the components of the vector is a fraction ,
multiply all the components by a suitable integer , so that
the vector is composed of the smallest three possible
integers .
4) If any of the components of the vector has a negative
sign it is placed above the number .
5) The numbers are then placed in brackets as follows
[ 121] or [ 122]
.
Example : Find the direction indices for vector AB where
A=(¾,0,¼) , B=(¼,½,½)

AB = ( ¼ - ¾ , ½ - 0 , ½ - ¼ ) = ( - ½ , ½ , ¼ )
We multiply by 4 , then AB = ( -2 , 2 , 1 )
The indices are [ 2 2 1 ]
MILLER INDICES
Miller indices are used to refer to a specific plane
of atoms .
They are the reciprocals of the fractional
intercepts that the plan makes with the
crystallographic X , Y and Z axes of the three
perpendicular edges of the cell

z
Miller Indices =(111)

y
x
Steps for finding Miller indices
Choose a plane that does not pass through the
origin .
Determine x , y and z intercepts with the plane
Find the reciprocals of the intercepts .
If fraction numbers exist , multiply by an integer
of your choice to have whole numbers .
Place a bar over the number for negative values .
In close the numbers in parenthesis ( h l k )
Examples
Inter planar spacing between parallel
closest planes with same Miller indices
Given that “ a “ is the lattice parameter , h , k
and l are the Miller indices then the distance d is
given by the following formula .
Linear and planar density
Linear density : It is defined as the number of
atoms per length of atoms whose centers lie on
the direction vector for a specific crystallographic
direction .
Planar density : Number of atoms per unit area
that are centered on a particular crystallographic
plane .
Example :

Find the linear density of [110] and the [ 100 ]


directions in an FCC cell in terms of the atomic
radius .
Discussion ( student activity )
Why studying vector directions and
Miller indices
Deformation under loading ( slip ) occurs on
certain crystalline plans and in certain
crystallographic directions . Before we can
predict how material fail , we need to know what
modes of failure are more likely to occur .
Other properties of materials ( optical , reactivity
, electrical & thermal conductivity , elastic
modulus ) can vary in a crystal with orientation .

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