Quantum engineering

Quantum engineering is the development of technology that capitalizes on the laws of quantum
mechanics. This type of engineering uses quantum mechanics to develop technologies such as
quantum sensors and quantum computers.

Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with

a UV light. Different sized quantum
dots emit different colour light due to
quantum confinement.

Devices that rely on quantum mechanical effects such as lasers, MRI imagers and transistors have
revolutionized many areas of technology. New technologies are being developed that rely on
phenomena such as quantum coherence and on progress achieved in the last century in
understanding and controlling atomic-scale systems. Quantum mechanical effects are used as a
resource in novel technologies with far-reaching applications, including quantum sensors[1][2] and
novel imaging techniques,[3] secure communication (quantum internet)[4][5][6] and quantum
computing.[7][8][9][10][11]

History

The field of quantum technology was explored in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn.[12] It was then
followed by a 2003 article by Milburn and Jonathan P. Dowling,[13] and a separate publication by
David Deutsch on the same year.[14]

The application of quantum mechanics was evident in several technologies. These include laser
systems, transistors and semiconductor devices, as well as other devices such as MRI imagers. The
UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to
differentiate them from what it dubbed as 'quantum 2.0'. This is a definition of the class of devices
that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of
superposition and entanglement.[15]

From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum
technologies,[16] such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme,[17] which created four
quantum 'hubs'. These hubs are found at the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, and
QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer.[18] In 2016, the European Union
introduced the Quantum Technology Flagship,[19][20] a €1 Billion, 10-year-long megaproject, similar in
size to earlier European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects. [21][22] In December
2018, the United States passed the National Quantum Initiative Act, which provides a US$1 billion
annual budget for quantum research.[23] China is building the world's largest quantum research
facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion).[24][25] Indian government
has also invested 8000 crore Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum
technologies under its National Quantum Mission.[26]

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies.
Organizations such as Google, D-wave systems, and University of California Santa Barbara[27] have
formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.

Applications

Secure communications

Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of
quantum computing systems that could break current cryptography systems using methods such
as Shor's algorithm. These methods include quantum key distribution (QKD), a method of
transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the
transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which
is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate
randomness.[28]

Computing

Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as
optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry
out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in
the securing of data transmissions.
Quantum simulators are types of quantum computers intended to simulate a real world system,
such as a chemical compound.[29][30] Quantum simulators are simpler to build as opposed to
general purpose quantum computers because complete control over every component is not
necessary.[29] Current quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical
lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others.[29]

Sensors

Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including
positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, gravimetry[31]
as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering[32] and seismology.

Education programs

Quantum engineering is evolving into its own engineering discipline. The quantum industry requires
a quantum-literate workforce, a missing resource at the moment. Currently, scientists in the field of
quantum technology have mostly either a physics or engineering background and have acquired
their ”quantum engineering skills” by experience. A survey of more than twenty companies aimed to
understand the scientific, technical, and “soft” skills required of new hires into the quantum industry.
Results show that companies often look for people that are familiar with quantum technologies and
simultaneously possess excellent hands-on lab skills.[33]

Several technical universities have launched education programs in this domain. For example, ETH
Zurich has initiated a Master of Science in Quantum Engineering, a joint venture between the
electrical engineering department (D-ITET) and the physics department (D-PHYS), EPFL offers a
dedicated Master's program in Quantum Science and Engineering, combining coursework in
quantum physics and engineering with research opportunities, and the University of Waterloo has
launched integrated postgraduate engineering programs within the Institute for Quantum
Computing.[34][35] Similar programs are being pursued at Delft University, Technical University of
Munich, MIT, CentraleSupélec and other technical universities.

In the realm of undergraduate studies, opportunities for specialization are sparse. Nevertheless,
some institutions have begun to offer programs. The Université de Sherbrooke offers a Bachelor of
Science in quantum information,[36] University of Waterloo offers a quantum specialization in its
electrical engineering program, and the University of New South Wales offers a bachelor of quantum
engineering.[37]
Students are trained in signal and information processing, optoelectronics and photonics, integrated
circuits (bipolar, CMOS) and electronic hardware architectures (VLSI, FPGA, ASIC). In addition, they
are exposed to emerging applications such as quantum sensing, quantum communication and
cryptography and quantum information processing. They learn the principles of quantum simulation
and quantum computing, and become familiar with different quantum processing platforms, such
as trapped ions, and superconducting circuits. Hands-on laboratory projects help students to
develop the technical skills needed for the practical realization of quantum devices, consolidating
their education in quantum science and technologies.

See also

Quantum supremacy

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era

Timeline of quantum computing and communication

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