Chapter 3: Kinematics in two or three dimensions; vectors

• Vectors and Scalars

• Projectile Motion: one particle
• Examples
• Projectile Motion: two particles (stuff animal
and a gun)
• Relative motion
• Examples
• Vectors and Scalars

Scalar : magnitude (time , mass , speed, temperature…)

Vector : magnitude and direction (displacement …)

( x, y ) Cartesian coordinate

( r, θ) plane polar coordinate

2 2
x = r cos θ r= x +y
y = r sin θ y
tan θ =
x
 Addition of Vectors

i. A ⃗ = B ⃗ only if | A ⃗ | = | B ⃗ | and
they act along parallel direction

ii. Addition of two vectors

( triangle method )

⃗ =
R A B⃗ + ⃗
(iii) A ⃗ + B ⃗ = B ⃗ + A ⃗
(iv) negative (inverse) vector
A⃗
−A ⃗

(v) Subtraction
⃗ ⃗
A− B = A ⃗ + (− B ⃗
)

(vi) identity vector

⃗ +
A 0 0⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗
A A= ⃗
 vii. Scalar multiplication of vectors
1. Associative law for ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
b(c A ) = (bc) A = (cb) A = c(b A )
scalar multiplication
2. Distributive law for
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
c( A + B ) = c A + c B ⃗
vector addition
3. Distributive law for ⃗ ⃗
(b + c) A = b A + c A ⃗
scalar addition
4. Identity element for
⃗
1A = A ⃗
scalar multiplication
 viii. Vector decomposition and unit vector

⃗
A = Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ + Az z ̂
z

unit vectors: x,̂ y,̂ z ̂

A⃗
Az

⃗
θ
2 2 2
∣ A ∣= Ax + Ay + Az
ẑ Ay
Az Ay x̂ ŷ
y
cos θ = , tan ϕ =
⃗
Ax
∣ A ∣ Ax ϕ

⃗
∣ A ∣ sin θ = 2
Ax + 2
Ay x
 displacement, velocity and acceleration in 3D
• unit vectors in Cartesian coordinate: x,̂ y,̂ and z ̂
• position of an object: r ⃗ = xx̂ + yŷ + z z ̂ z
• displacement:
Δ r ⃗ = r f⃗ − r i⃗
= (xf − xi)x̂ + (yf − yi)ŷ + (zf − zi)z ̂ z
• velocity:
⃗ + Δt) − r(t)
r(t ⃗ dr⃗ r⃗
⃗ = lim
v(t) =
Δt→0 Δt dt
dx dy dz ẑ
= x̂ + ŷ + z ̂ y
dt dt dt x̂ y
• acceleration: x ŷ
⃗ + Δt) − v(t)
v(t ⃗ d v⃗
⃗ = lim
a(t) =
Δt→0 Δt dt
dvx dvy dvz
= x̂ + ŷ + ẑ x
dt dt dt
 ix. Multiplication of vectors

dot product (inner product)

A ⃗ ∙ B ⃗ = AxBx + AyBy + Az Bz
A⃗
= ∣ A ⃗ ∣ ∣ B ⃗ ∣ cos γ > 0
=0 γ
<0 B⃗
e.g. work (功) = F ⃗ ⋅ ΔS ⃗
 ix. Multiplication of vectors
• cross product (outer product)
⃗ ⃗
A × B = (AyBz − AzBy)x̂
A⃗
+(AzBx − AxBz)ŷ
+(AxBy − AyBx)z ̂ γ
B⃗
⃗
∣ A × B ⃗ ∣ = ∣ A ⃗ ∣ ∣ B ⃗ ∣ sin γ ≥ 0

direction: ⊗
e.g. angular momentum ( 動量) = r ⃗ × p⃗
角
Simple example

A ⃗ = x,̂ and B ⃗ = ŷ

A ⃗ × B ⃗ = (AyBz − Az By)x̂
+(Az Bx − AxBz)ŷ
+(AxBy − AyBx)z ̂ ẑ
y
= ẑ x̂ ŷ

x
Projectile Motion:
one particle
Example Projectile Motion
A projectile is an object moving in two
dimensions under the influence of Earth's
gravity; its path is a parabola.
 Projectile Motion
y
⃗
vx0
x
a ⃗ = g⃗

vx⃗
Projectile motion
vy⃗ v⃗
It can be understood by analyzing the
horizontal and vertical motions separately.

vx⃗
Vertical fall

vy⃗ v⃗
 Motion at Constant Acceleration
2
x = c1 + c2t + c3t ⇒ x0 = c1
n
x=t
dx
v= = c2 + 2c3t ⇒ v0 = c2
dt dx
= nt n−1
dv d2x a dt
a= = 2 = 2c3 ⇒ c3 =
dt dt 2
1 2
1 2 x − x0 v0 t+ at
x = x0 + v0t + at v̄ = = 2
2 t t
v = v0 + at v0 + v
=
2
 ⃗ = − gy ̂
a(t) ⃗ = ax(t)x̂ + ay(t)ŷ
a(t)
or ax(t) = 0 ⃗ = vx(t)x̂ + vy(t)ŷ
v(t)
ay(t) = − g ⃗ = x(t)x̂ + y(t)ŷ
r(t)

y
vy⃗ = 0 at this point
v⃗ v⃗
vy vx
vx vy
v⃗
v0⃗
⃗
vy0
θ0
vx
x
⃗
vx0
a ⃗ = g⃗ = − g j ̂ vy

v⃗
 y
vy⃗ = 0 at this point
v⃗ v⃗
vy vx
vx vy
v⃗
v0⃗
⃗
vy0
θ0
vx
x
⃗
vx0
a ⃗ = g⃗ = − g j ̂ vy

y-direction v⃗

1 2
x0 = 0 x(t) = x0 + vx,0t + axt
x(t) = vx,0t = v0 cos(θ0)t 2
vx,0 = v0 cos(θ0) vx(t) = vx,0 + axt
vx(t) = v0 cos(θ0)
ax = 0 ax(t) = ax,0 = constant
x→y→z
 y
vy⃗ = 0 at this point
v⃗ v⃗
vy vx
vx vy
v⃗
v0⃗
⃗
vy0
θ0
vx
x
⃗
vx0
a ⃗ = g⃗ = − g j ̂ vy

v⃗

1 2 1 2
y0 = 0 y(t) = vy,0t − gt x(t) = x0 + vx,0t + axt
2 2
1 2
vy,0 = v0 cos(θ0) = v0 sin(θ0)t − gt vx(t) = vx,0 + axt
2
ay = − g vy(t) = v0 sin(θ0) − gt ax(t) = ax,0 = constant
ay(t) = − g x→y→z
 1 2
y(t) = vy,0t − gt
2
x(t) = vx,0t = v0 cos(θ0)t (1) 1 2
= v0 sin(θ0)t − gt (3)
2
vx(t) = v0 cos(θ0) (2) vy(t) = v0 sin(θ0) − gt (4)
ay(t) = − g

y
vy⃗ = 0 at this point
v⃗ v⃗
vy vx
vx P vy
v⃗
v0⃗
⃗
vy0
S
θ0
vx
x
⃗
vx0
a ⃗ = g⃗ = − g j ̂ vy

v⃗
 y max: point P
1 2
x(t) = vx,0t = v0 cos(θ0)t (1) y(t) = v0 sin(θ0)t − gt (3)
2
vx(t) = v0 cos(θ0) (2) vy(t) = v0 sin(θ0) − gt (4)

v0 sin θ0
vy(t) = 0 → t =
g
v02 sin2 θ0
ymax(t) =
2g
y
vy⃗ = 0 at this point
v⃗ v⃗
vy vx
vx P vy
v⃗
v0⃗
⃗
vy0
θ0
vx
x
⃗
vx0
a ⃗ = g⃗ = − g j ̂ vy

v⃗
 x max: point S
1 2
x(t) = vx,0t = v0 cos(θ0)t (1) y(t) = v0 sin(θ0)t − gt (3)
2
vx(t) = v0 cos(θ0) (2) vy(t) = v0 sin(θ0) − gt (4)

2v0 sin θ0
y(t) = 0 ⇒ t = 0,
g
v02
⇒ xmax|t= 2v0 sin θ0 = sin 2θ0
g g
y
vy⃗ = 0 at this point
v⃗ v⃗
vy vx
vx vy
v⃗
v0⃗
⃗
vy0
S
θ0
vx
x
⃗
vx0
a ⃗ = g⃗ = − g j ̂ vy

v⃗
Projectile motion
Demo experiment

2
v0
xmax|t= 2v0 sin θ0 = sin 2θ0
g g
2
dxmax 2v0
=0= cos 2θ0
dθ0 g
∘
θ0 = 45
PRS 3-1
Consider a projectile motion with the initial angles 300 and 600. Both motion
(with the same initial velocity v0) will hit ground at the same point (horizontal
displacement). Which one will travel longer in air before it hit ground?

1. T
. 300 > T600
2. T300 < T600
3. T300 = T600
4. I don’t know
PRS 3-1ans

Consider a projectile motion with the initial angles 300 and 600.
Both motion (with the same initial velocity v0) will hit ground at
the same point (horizontal displacement). Which one will travel
longer in air before it hit ground?

1. T. 0 > T 0 x(t) = vx,0t = v0 cos(θ0)t

30 60

2. T300 < T600

t300 0
3. T300 = T600 cos 60
= < 1
t600 cos 30 0
4. I don’t know
PRS 3-2
Which of the 3 punts has the longest
hanging time?
1.
2. h
3.
4. 1 2 3
4) all have the same hanging time
5.
5) unsure
PRS 3-2Ans 4

Which of the 3 punts has the longest hang time?

1 2 3
4) all have the same hang time

1 2 1
h = v0, y t − gt → v = gt or h = gt 2
2 0, y
2
v y ( t ) = v0, y − gt = 0 (at hightest point)
same h  same t
PRS 3-3 For a cannon on Earth, the cannonball
would follow path 2. Instead, if the same cannon
were on the Moon, where g = 1.6 m/s2, which path
would the cannonball take in the same situation?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3 1 2 3 4
4. 4
5. unsure
PRS 3-3ans 4
For a cannon on Earth, the cannonball would
follow path 2. Instead, if the same cannon
were on the Moon, where g = 1.6 m/s2, which
path would the cannonball take in the same
situation?
1 2 2h
h = gt → t =
2 g

1 2 3 4 x = vx0t

g ↓ ,t ↑ ,x ↑
PRS 3-4
PRS 6-1: A battleship simultaneously fires two
shells at two enemy submarines. The shells are
launched with the same initial velocity. If the
shells follow the trajectories shown, which
submarine gets hit first ? v sin θ 0 0
vy(t) = 0 → t =
g
2 2
v0 sin θ0
1. #1 ymax(t) =
2g
2. #2 θ0 ↑ , ymax ↑ , t ↑
3. both at the same time

1 2
 Projectile Motion:
two particles (DEMO)
a) Write down the velocity (v)⃗ and displacement ( r)⃗ of the bullet.
b) Write down the velocity and displacement of the falling bear.
c) If the bullet will hit the falling object, find the relation between
h, d, and θ.

Bear
h

θ
0
d
 Trajectory of bullet
without gravity Bear
h
Bullet’s fall
Bullet’s fall
v0
θ Trajectory of bullet
with gravity
0
d
Bullet (projectile motion, 2D)

{ a1,x = 0
a1,y = − g
⟹ { v1,x = v0 cos θ
v1,y = v0 sin θ − gt

x1 = v0(cos θ)t
1 2
y1 = v0(sin θ)t − gt
2

Stuff animal (free fall, 1D)

{ a2,x = 0
a2,y = − g
⟹ {v2,x = 0
v2,x = − gt

x2 = d Find the relation θ, h, and d.

1 2
y2 = h − gt
2
Bullet (projectile motion, 2D)

{ a1,x = 0
a1,y = − g
⟹ { v1,x = v0 cos θ
v1,y = v0 sin θ − gt

x1 = v0(cos θ)t
1 2
y1 = v0(sin θ)t − gt
2

Stuff animal (free fall, 1D)

{ a2,x = 0
a2,y = − g
⟹ {v2,x = 0
v2,x = − gt

x2 = d Find the relation θ, h, and d.

1 2 1 2 1 2
y2 = h − gt y1(t) = y2(t) h − gt = v0(sin θ)t − gt
2 2 h
2 ⟹ = tan θ
x1(t) = x2 d = v0(cos θ)t d
Relative Velocity

v AB : Velocity of A relative to B

vMC
⃗ = vMC
vMG ⃗ + vCG
⃗
vCG

M : Man ; C : Car ; G : Ground

If vMC = 1 m/s and vCG = 3 m/s, then vMG = 4 m/s .

If vMC = 1 m/s and vCG = -3 m/s, then vMG = -2 m/s .

 ⃗ = vBW
vBG ⃗ + vWG
⃗ ⃗ = vPA
vPG ⃗ + vAG
⃗

P : Plane ; A : Air ; G : Ground

B : Boat ; W : Water ; G : Ground

 Galilean transformation

• Origin O and O’ coincide at t = 0, S’ moves with velocity

u relative to S
⃗ = r PO
r′PO′ ⃗ + r OO′
⃗
⃗ − r O′
= r PO ⃗ O ⃗ O = u t⃗
r O′
r′⃗ = r ⃗ − u t⃗
• Time is absolute: t′ = t
d r′⃗ dr⃗ dt
= − u⃗ ⇒ v′⃗ = v⃗ − u ⃗
dt′ dt dt
d v′⃗ d v⃗ d u ⃗
= − ⇒ a′⃗ = a ⃗
dt′ dt dt













Stuff animal and a gun (re-visit):
what does the stuff animal see?
In stuff animal’s reference frame
⃗ = vBG
vBA ⃗ + vGA
⃗ B : Bullet
⃗ − vAG
= vBG ⃗ A : Stu ed animal (bear)
= (v0 cos θ, v0 sin θ − gt) −(0, − gt)
⃗
d vBA G : Ground
= (v0 cos θ, v0 sin θ) ⃗ =
→ aBA =0
dt
⃗ = r BG
r BA ⃗ − r AG
⃗ , r BA
⃗ (t = 0) = − (d, h)

⃗ (t) = vBA
r BA ⃗ t + r BA
⃗ (0)
= ((v0 cos θ)t − d, (v0 sin θ)t − h)

Bullet hits the stuff animal

h
⃗ (t) = 0 or tan θ =
→ r BA
d
ff
 GP 3-1
Suppose two cars, Car 1, and Car 2, are traveling along roads
that are perpendicular to each other. Reference Frame A is at
rest with respect to the ground. Reference Frame B is at
rest with respect to Car 1. Choose unit vectors such that Car
1 is moving in the positive y-direction, and Car 2 is moving in
the positive x-direction in reference Frame A.

⃗
v2E (a) What is the vector description of the
1 velocity of Car 2 in Reference Frame B?
(b) What is the magnitude of the velocity of
Car 2 as observed in Reference Frame B?
(c) What angle does the velocity of Car 2 make
with respect to the positive x-direction as
observed in Reference Frame B?
⃗
v1E
2
 GP 3-1: (HINT)

⃗ = v1A
In Ref. A (rest to ground): v1E ̂ ŷ
⃗ = ? x+?
⃗ = v2A
v2E ̂ ŷ
⃗ = ? x+?

⃗ = v1B
In Ref. B (rest to Car 1): v′1E ̂ ŷ
⃗ = ? x+?
⃗ = v2B
v′2E ̂ ŷ
⃗ = ? x+?

⃗
v2E
⃗ = − vAB
What is vBA ⃗ =?
1
(reference frame B respect to reference frame A)

⃗
v1E
2


 GP 3-1: (SOL)

⃗ = v1 ŷ
⃗ = v1A
In Ref. A (rest to ground): v1E
⃗ = v2A
v2E ⃗ = v2 x̂
(reference frame B respect to reference frame A)
⃗ = v1B
In Ref. B (rest to Car 1): v′1E ⃗ =0 ⃗ = − vBA
vAB ⃗ = − v1 ŷ
⃗ = − v1E
⃗ = v2B
v′2E ⃗ = v2A ⃗ = v2 x̂ − v1 ŷ
⃗ + vAB

⃗
v2E ⃗
v2B = v12 + v22

1
v1
tan θ = −
v2

⃗
v1E
2


 GP 3-2

The distance between A and B is 500 km.

The speed of the airplane relative to air is 500km/h.
The speed of wind relative to earth is 40 km/h.

wind

B ✓ What should it heading be ?

✓ How long does it take ?

A 60˚
 GP 3-2: (HINT)
wind
sin α sin β sin γ
= = B
a
C
a b c
c βγ
b
∘
α
sin α sin β sin γ sin α sin 120 sin γ A 60˚
= = → = =
vWG vPW vPG 40km/hr 500km/hr vPG

sin α sin β sin γ sin γ sin 120∘

= = → =
a b c 500km b
⃗
vWG C
B
120˚
⃗
vPG ⃗
vPW

A
 GP3-2: (Solution)
wind
sin α sin β sin γ
= = B
a
C
a b c
sin α sin β sin γ sin α sin 120 ∘
sin γ c βγ
= = → = = b
vWG vPW vPG 40km/hr 500km/hr vPG α
A 60˚

vWG sin β 40 sin 120∘

sin α = = = 0.069
vPW 500
B v ⃗
WG C
∘ ∘
α = 4 ; γ = 56 120˚
∘ ⃗
vPG
vWG sin γ 40 sin 56 ⃗
vPW
vPG = = = 475.4km/h
sin α sin 4∘ A

500km
t= = 1.05h
475.4km/h
GP 3-3
In an action-adventure film, Tom Cruise is supposed to throw a
grenade from his car, which is going at the speed of 88.0 km/h ,
to his enemy's car, whose speed is 131.2 km/h. The enemy's car is
24.0 m in front of Tom’s car when he lets go of the grenade.

(1) draw a picture to describe this motion

(2) If Tom throws the grenade so its direction of the initial velocity relative to
him is at an angle of 370 above the horizontal, what should the magnitude
of the initial velocity be (in unit of km/h)? The cars are both traveling in the
same direction on a level road. Ignore air resistance. (note: cos(370 )=4/5)
(3) The velocity of the grenade relative to the earth is v⃗ = vx x̂ + vy ŷ km/h.
Find vx and vy in unit of km/h.
 GP 3-3
In an action-adventure film, Tom Cruise is supposed to throw a
grenade from his car, which is going at the speed of 88.0 km/h ,
to his enemy's car, whose speed is 131.2 km/h. The enemy's car is
24.0 m in front of Tom’s car when he lets go of the grenade.

(2) If Tom throws the grenade so its direction of the initial velocity
relative to him is at an angle of 370 above the horizontal, what
should the magnitude of the initial velocity be (in unit of km/h)?
The cars are both traveling in the same direction on a level road.
Ignore air resistance. (note: cos(370 )=4/5)

v0 v2 − v1 = 43.2km/h = 12m/s
θ = 37∘
v2 = 131.2km/h
A v1 = 88km/h B

d = 24m
 (2a) Write down v′⃗ (t) = v′x(t)x̂ + v′y(t)ŷ and r′⃗ (t) = x(t)x̂ + y(t)ŷ
of the grenade relative to car A. ( g⃗ = − gy)̂
v′A,x(t) = v0 cos θ x′A = v0 cos θt 以A 為參考點， 榴彈grenade的位移及速度
1 2
v′A,y(t) = v0 sin θ − gt y′A = v0 sin θt − gt
2

(2b) Write down v′B⃗ (t) = v′B,x(t)x̂ + v′B,y(t)ŷ and r′B⃗ (t) = xB(t)x̂ + yB(t)ŷ
of the car B relative to car A.
x′B = 24 + v′BAt = 24 + (vB − vA)t
v′B⃗ (t) = v′BAx̂ = (vB − vA)x̂
y′B = 0 以A 為參考點，Ｂ 的位移及速度
v0 v2 − v1 = 43.2km/h = 12m/s
θ = 37∘
v2 = 131.2km/h
A v1 = 88km/h B

d = 24m

















車
車
手
車
 x′A = v0 cos θt x′B = 24 + v′BAt = 24 + (vB − vA)t
1 2
y′A = v0 sin θt − gt y′B = 0
2
(3) the condition(s) when the grenade hits the car B

v0 v2 − v1 = 43.2km/h = 12m/s
θ = 37∘
v2 = 131.2km/h
A v1 = 88km/h B

d = 24m





 4v0
x′A = t x′B = 24 + 12t
5
3v0 1 2
y′A = t − 10t y′B = 0
5 2
(3) the condition(s) when the grenade hits the car B
x′A = x′B ; y′A = y′B 榴彈打中Ｂ 條件：以A為坐標系， 榴彈grenade位置與B 的位置相同
⇒ v0 = 25m/s = 90km/h
⃗
vgrenade,G ⃗
= vgrenade,A ⃗ = (v0 cos θx̂ + v0 sin θy)̂ + vAx̂
+ vA,G
4 3
vx = 90 × + 88 = 160km/h, vy = 90 × = 54km/h
5 5
v0 v2 − v1 = 43.2km/h = 12m/s
θ = 37∘
v2 = 131.2km/h
A v1 = 88km/h B

d = 24m








手
車
手
車
 GP 3-4
A projectile is fired up an incline (incline angle) with an initial
speed vi at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal θ > ϕ .
(a) Find the distance d, the projectile traveling up the incline,
as function of θ .
(b) For what value of θ is d a maximum, and what is that
maximum value?
Path of the projectile

vi d
θ
ϕ
GP3-4
Path of the projectile

vi d (xf , yf )
θ
ϕ
(0,0)

(1) Write down (xf , yf ) as function of time t .

xf = d cos ϕ = (vi cos θ)t

1 2
yf = d sin ϕ = (vi sin θ)t − gt
2
(2) Find d as function of θ .
 GP 3-4: sol

d cos ϕ
xf = (vi cos θ)t = d cos ϕ t=
vi cos θ
1 2
yf = (vi sin θ)t − gt = d sin ϕ
2

( vi cos θ ) 2 ( vi cos θ ) ( vi cos θ ) 2 ( vi2cos2 θ )

2 2 2
d cos ϕ 1 d cos ϕ d cos ϕ 1 d cos ϕ
vi sin θ − g = d sin ϕ vi sin θ − g = d sin ϕ

[ cos θ ]
cos ϕ cos θ
( 2vi2cos 2θ )
2
gcos ϕ
sin θ −sin ϕ = d
cos θ

g cos2 ϕ ( )
2vi2cos2 θ sin θ cos ϕ − sin ϕ cos θ 2vi2 cos θ sin(θ − ϕ)
d= =
cos θ g cos2 ϕ
GP3-4:sol
Path of the projectile

vi d (xf , yf )
θ
ϕ
(0,0)
2
2vi cos θ sin(θ − ϕ)
d=
g cos2 ϕ

(b) For what value of θ is d a maximum, and what is that

maximum value?
d[d(θ)]
evaluate =0
dθ
 GP 3-4: sol

2vi2 cos θ sin(θ − ϕ)

d=
g cos2 ϕ

dθ ( ) dθ ( )
2
d 2vi d
0= d(θ) = cos θ sin(θ − ϕ)
g cos2 ϕ

g cos2 ϕ ( dθ )
2vi2 d cos θ d sin(θ − ϕ)
= sin(θ − ϕ) + cos θ
dθ

g cos2 ϕ ( )
2
2vi
= −sin θ sin(θ − ϕ) + cos θcos(θ − ϕ)

2vi2
= cos(2θ − ϕ)
g cos2 ϕ
π
cos(2θ − ϕ) = 0 or (2θ − ϕ) =
2
π ϕ
θ= +
4 2
END
GP 3-5: Throwing a stone down a hill (Reading)
A person is standing on top of a hill that slopes downwards
uniformly at an angle with respect to the horizontal. The
person throws a stone at an initial angle from the horizontal
with an initial speed of v0. You may neglect air resistance.
(a) How far below the top of the hill does the stone strike the
ground?
(b) For what value of θ, the distance he throw is maximal (assume
v0 is fixed) and what is this maximal value?
 (0, 0)

( x f , yf )

(1) Write down ( x f , y f ) as function of time t.

(1) Write down ( x f , y f ) as function
of time t. (0, 0)

( x f , yf )

(2) Find d as function of θ.

Solution 2 points
2 points

2 points
θ

4 points

3 points

2 points
 3. (1 point) A car is behind a truck going 25 m/s on the highway. The driver
looks for an opportunity to pass, guessing that his car can accelerate at 2.0
m/s2 and he gauges that he has to cover the 16-m length of the truck, plus
10-m clear room at the rear(後 ) of the truck and 10 m more at the front
(前 ) of it. In the oncoming lane, he sees a car approaching, probably also
traveling at 25 m/s. He estimates that the car is about 400 m away.
a) How far does he drive when he just completely pass the truck?
b) What is the distance between his car and the other one in the oncoming
lane when he just passes completely the truck.
c) Can he pass the truck safely?
面
面
 2
vdriver ( t ) = 25 + at , a = 2 m / s vtruck ( t ) = 25 m / s, vopp . car ( t ) = −25 m / s,
1 2 2
xdriver ( t ) = vdriver t + at = 25t + t
2
xtruck ( t ) = xtruck ( t = 0) + vtruck t = 26 + 25t
xopp . car ( t ) = 400 − 25t

xcar ( t ) = xtruck ( t ) + 10 2 pts

Condition for passing the truck:
2
⇒ 25t + t = 36 + 25t ⇒ t = 6 s 3 pts
(a) xcar ( t = 6) = 186 m 3 pts
xopp . car ( t = 6) = 400 − 25 * 6 = 250 m
(b) xcar − xopp . car = 64 m 5 pts
t =6

(c) yes. 2 pts

( a ) ∫ cot xdx = ?
2
( b ) ∫ cos xdx = ?
3/2 x
( c ) ∫ (2 x + 3e )dx = ?
3
( d ) ∫ (1 − 2t )dt = ?
2
( e ) ∫ ( x + 2) dx = ?