COMPUTER SCIENCE:- PAPERII

List of Experiments

Signature
Expt. Page Date of
Name of the Experiment Remarks of practical
No. No. completion
in charge
1 Study of logic gates and
verification of De Morgan's
theorems.

2 Half adder using gates.

3 Full adder using gates.

4 Study of Multiplexer IC
74153 (Dual 4 to 1 MUX)

5 Study of De-Multiplexer IC
74139 (Dual 1 to 4 MUX)

6 Study of Encoder using IC

74147 (Decimal to BCD)

7 Study of Decoder using IC

7447/ 7448.

8 RS flip flop using NAND

gates.

9 Study of Decade counter

using IC 7490.

10 Study of components

11 Study of resistor Color

Coding System

12 Study of PC Architecture

1
2
 Practical 1

STUDY OF LOGIC GATES.

Aim : 1. To verify different logic gates with truth

Date :
tables using ICs.
…… /… /…
2. To verify De-Morgan's theorems.

Apparatus / Components:

Initials for Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

Attendance
1 Power Supply 5 V fixed

2 Multi meter Digital Multi meter

3 Resistor 330 Ω

4 LED Red LED

5 IC 7400 Quad 2 input NAND gate

Completion
for : 6 IC 7402 Quad 2 input NOR gate

1) Diagram 7 IC 7404 HEX NOT gate

8 IC 7408 Quad 2 input AND gate

2) Observations
9 IC 7432 Quad 2 input OR gate

10 IC 7486 Quad 2 input EX-OR gate

3) Calculations

Part 1: To verify different logic gates with truth tables using ICs.
4) Graphs etc.
Procedure:

1. Identify given IC by its number.

5) Result
2. Draw circuit diagram for testing the truth tables of gates.

6) Conclusion 3. Write expected truth table as per logic equation for each gate.

4. Connect the circuit on board.

5. Give different combinations of input and find corresponding

output

6. Compare expected and observed truth table for all gates.

3
 Specification and pin diagram:

Supply voltage : + 4.75 V to 5.25 V , Propagation Delay : 10 nSec

14 + VCC 14 + VCC

i/p i/p

2
1

2
1
i/p i/p

13
12
13
12

IC 7 4 3 2
IC 7408

3
o/p 3 o/p
o/p o/p

11
11
i/p i/p
5
4

5
4
i/p i/p

10
9
10
9
6

6
o/p o/p
o/p o/p

8
8

7 7
GND GND

14 + VCC 14 + VCC
i/p

1
I/P
2
1

13
i/p O/P
I/P
13
12

2
O/P
o/p
IC 7 4 8 6

12
IC 7404
3

3
I/P
o/p
11

11
i/p I/P
O/P
5
4

O/P
i/p
10
5

I/P
9
10

9
I/P
6

o/p O/P
6

o/p O/P
8
8

7 7
GND GND

14 + VCC 14 + VCC
o/p
1

i/p
i/p o/p
13
2
1

13
12

2
3

i/p
IC 7 4 0 0

IC 7 4 0 2

o/p
12
11
3

o/p i/p
11

i/p
o/p
4
5
4

i/p o/p
10
10
9

5
6

i/p
6

o/p
9
8

o/p i/p
8

7
GND 7
GND

4
Verification of Truth tables :
1. AND Gate (IC 7408)
+5 V
INPUT OUTPUT

A B Expected Observed
1 330 Ω
3 0 0 0
2

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

2. OR Gate (IC 7432)

+5 V
INPUT OUTPUT

A B Expected Observed
1 330 Ω
3
2 0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

3. NOT Gate (IC 7404)

+5 V
INPUT OUTPUT

A Expected Observed
330 Ω
1 2 0 1

1 0

4. Ex-OR Gate (IC 7486)

+5 V INPUT OUTPUT

A B Expected Observed
1
3
330 Ω 0 0 0
2
0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

5
5. NAND Gate (IC 7400)

INPUT OUTPUT
+5 V
A B Expected Observed

0 0 1
1 330 Ω
3
2 0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

6.NOR Gate (IC 7402)

INPUT OUTPUT
+5 V
A B Expected Observed

0 0 1
2 330 Ω
1
3 0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Part 2 : Verification of De Morgan's Theorems.

De Morgan's First Theorem : A+B = A . B
It states that compliment of sum two variables is equal to product of their
compliments.

LHS RHS
+5 V +5 V

1 2
1
2 3
1 2
3 3 4

330 Ω
330 Ω

6
Observation Table:

INPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT OBSERVED OUTPUT

A B LHS RHS LHS RHS

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0

De Morgan's Second Theorem : A.B=A+B

It states that compliment of product of two variables is equal to sum of their

compliments.

+ 5 V LHS RHS
+5 V

1 2 32
1 1
3 3
2 2
3 4

330 Ω
330 Ω

Observation Table:

INPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT OBSERVED OUTPUT

A B LHS RHS LHS RHS

0 0 1 1

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 0

7
Result:

Conclusion:

Theory:

Logic gate is a basic building block of any digital circuit. It is an electronic circuit
having two inputs and one output which is result of some logical relation of inputs.
This logic can be multiplication, addition or inversion etc.

Logic gate can be classified as in three categories:

Truth Table:

It is a table which contains all possible combinations of inputs and status of output
which stand true for all these inputs. The possible combination of input is dependent
on number of input. e.g. If a circuit has n inputs then possible combinations are 2n .

Boolean Equation / Logic Equation :

It is a equation which defines the exact logical or mathematical relation between

input and output. It is called as Boolean equation because it involves letters and
symbol instead of word to verify binary algebra.

Questions for viva voce :

8
 Practical 2

STUDY OF HALF ADDER.

Date :
…… /… /…
…… /… /…
Date : Aim : To build and test a half adder using logic gates .
…… /… /… Apparatus / Components:
Initials for
Initials for
Attendance
Attendance
Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number
Initials for
Attendance
1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed

2 Resistor 330 Ω

3 LED Red LED

Completion 4 IC 7408 Quad 2 input AND gate

Completion
for :
for : 5 IC 7486 Quad 2 input EX-OR gate
1) Diagram
1)Completion
Diagram
for :
2) Observations Circuit Diagram:
1)
2) Diagram
Observations
+ 5V
A
2)
3) Observations
calculations
3) calculations 1 330 Ω

2
7408
3
Carry
3)
4) Calculations
Graphs etc.
4) Graphs etc.
B
4) Graphs etc.
5) Result 330 Ω
1
5) Result
2
7486 3 Sum
5)
6) Result
Conclusion
6) Conclusion

6) Conclusion

9
 Truth Table:

OUTPUT OUTPUT OBSERVED

INPUT
EXPECTED

A B SUM CARRY SUM CARRY

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

Working:

Half adder is a combinational circuit which can add two single bit binary numbers.

SUM
A
Half Adder
B CARRY

As shown in the block diagram above it has two inputs which is nothing but 2 single
bit binary numbers and two outputs, SUM and CARRY . In the circuit diagram of
half adder circuit AND and Ex-OR gates are used to represent SUM and CARRY
because the Boolean equation for SUM = A + B and foe CARRY = A . B . The
major drawback of the half adder circuit is that it can add Carry further. i.e. Three bit
addition is not possible in Half Adder. So all what is required is cascading of more
half adder blocks together to have multi bit binary addition.

Result:

Conclusion:

Questions for viva voce :

10
 Practical 3

STUDY OF FULL ADDER.

Date : Aim : To build and test a full adder using logic gates .
…… /… /… Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed

Initials for
Attendance
2 Resistor 330 Ω

3 LED Red LED

4 IC 7408 Quad 2 input AND gate

5 IC 7486 Quad 2 input EX-OR gate

6 IC 7432 Quad 2 input OR gate

Completion
for :
Circuit Diagram:
1) Diagram

+ 5V
2) Observations A

1
3
2
7408
3) calculations

B
4) Graphs etc.
1
7486 3
2
+ 5V
5) Result A
Carry
1
330 Ω
4 3
C 6 2
6) Conclusion 5
7408

B
330 Ω
4
6
Sum
7486
5

11
Truth Table:

INPUT OUTPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT OBSERVED

A B C SUM CARRY SUM CARRY

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

Working:

Full adder is a combinational circuit which can add three single bit binary numbers.

A SUM
B Full Adder
C CARRY

12
As shown in the block diagram above it has three inputs which is nothing but 3
single bit binary numbers and two outputs, SUM and CARRY . In the circuit
diagram of full adder circuit AND, Ex-OR and OR gates are used to represent SUM
and CARRY because the Boolean equation for SUM = A + B + C, that for CARRY
= AB + BC +AC. Full adder circuit can also be constructed using 2 half adders.
Carry 1

A Carry
Half Adder 1 1
3
B 2

Half Adder 2 Carry 2

C

Sum

The major advantage of the full adder circuit is that it can add Carry further since
three bit addition is possible in full Adder. So by cascading multiple full adder
blocks together n bit binary addition is possible easily. The circuit is call as Parallel
Adder.

Result:

Conclusion:

Questions for viva voce :

13
14
 Practical 4

STUDY OF MULTIPLEXER

Date : Aim : 1.To study the working of 4 line to 1 line multiplexer using
gates . 2. To test a given 4 to 1 multiplexer using IC 74153.
…… /… /…
Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

Initials for
1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed
Attendance
2 Resistor 330 Ω

3 LED Red LED

4 IC 7432 Quad 2 input OR gate

5 IC 7421 Dual 4 input AND gate

6 IC 74153 Dual 4:1 Multiplexer

Completion
for :

1) Diagram Circuit Diagram:

A B Strobe
2) Observations
1 2 3 4 5 6
D0 1
2
3) calculations 7421 6
4
5
1
3
2 7432
D1 9
4) Graphs etc. 10
7421 8
12
13 9
8
10 7432
D2 1 Y
5) Result 2
7421 6
4
5
4
6
5 7432
6) Conclusion D3 9
10
7421 8
12
13

15
Truth Table:

STROBE SELECT INPUT OUTPUT

Expected(I/P
G S1 S0 Observed
Selected)

0 0 0 D0

0 0 1 D1

0 1 0 D2

0 1 1 D3

1 X X 0

Multiplexer circuit using IC 74153 :

D0 D1 D2 D3

+ 5V

16 6
5 4 3
14
S1
IC 74153
2
S0 1 7 8

G2 GND

Y 330 Ω

Working:

IC 74153 is a dual 4:1 multiplexer. It is 16 pin IC which has two 4:1 multiplexers
built inside. There are four separate data inputs for both MUX but select input and
data output is common for both. Apart from this Multiplexer has most important
control signal called as 'STROBE' signal which can activate or deactivate the entire
circuit. IC 74153 has two separate strobe signals namely G1 & G2. Both are active
low signals.

1 16
G2 +Vcc
2 15
G1
S0
3 14
D3 S1
4 13
D2 D3
MUX 2

MUX 1

5 12
D1 D2
6 11
D0 16 D1
10
D0
Y2 7
9
8 IC 74153 Y1
GND
Observation Table:

STROBE SELECT INPUTS OUTPUT

G S1 S0 Y

0 0 0 D0

0 0 1 D1

0 1 0 D2

0 1 1 D3

1 X X 0

Theory:

Multiplexer is a combinational circuit which has many inputs and a single output.
Particular input is selected and connected to the output. Selection of any input
depends on the status of control signals.
S1 S0

Select Lines

Data Input

D0

D1

D2
4 : 1 MUX Y

Data Output
D3

The above diagram shows a 4:1 multiplexer with 4 inputs , 1 output and two select
inputs. Here select inputs are nothing but control signal. The number of control
inputs depends on the number of data inputs ,so relation between them is given by
the equation M= 2N , where M = Data inputs and N = Control signal. There are
different configurations of Multiplexer such as 8:1 , 16:1 , 32:1 and so on.
Multiplexing process reduces the circuit complexity as well as it saves circuit size,
propagation delay and cost of circuit.

Result:

17
Conclusion:

Questions for viva voce :

18
 Practical 5

STUDY OF DEMULTIPLEXER.

Date : Aim : 1.To study the working of 1 line to 4 line De-multiplexer

using gates 2. To test a given 1 to 4 demultiplexer using IC 74139.
…… /… /…
Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

Initials for 1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed
Attendance
2 Resistor 330 Ω

3 LED Red LED

4 IC 7432 Quad 2 input OR gate

Dual 4 input AND gate ,

5 IC 7421/7411
Triple 3 Input AND gate

Completion 6 IC 74139 Dual 4:1 Multiplexer

for :

1) Diagram
Circuit Diagram:
2)
A B Strobe
Observations

1 2 3 4 5 6
Din 1
3) calculations 2
4 7421 6 Y0
5

4) Graphs etc. 9
10
12 7421 8 Y1
13
5) Result
1
2
4 7421 6 Y2
5
6) Conclusion

9
10
12 7421 8 Y3
13

19
 Truth Table:

STROBE SELECT INPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT OBSERVED OUTPUT

G S1 S0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

0 0 0 Din 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 Din 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 Din 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 Din

1 X X 0 0 0 0

De Multiplexer circuit using IC 74139:

+ 5V GND

16
1
3 8
S1
IC 74139
2
S0 4 5 6 7

Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

330 Ω 330 Ω 330 Ω 330 Ω

EXPECTED OBSERVED
CONTROL INPUTS
OUTPUTS OUTPUTS
Strobe G S1 S0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

L 0 0 Din 0 0 0

L 0 1 0 Din 0 0

L 1 0 0 0 Din 0

L 1 1 0 0 0 Din

H X X 0 0 0 0

20
Working:

IC 74139 is a dual 1:4 De-multiplexer. It is 16 pin IC which has two 1:4 De-
multiplexers built inside. There are four separate data outputs , select inputs and
strobe signals for both DEMUX. 'STROBE' signal is control input which can
activate or deactivate the entire circuit. IC 74139 has two separate strobe signals
namely G1 & G2. Both are active low signals.
1 16
G1 +Vcc
2 15
G2
S0
3 14
S1 S0
4 13
Y0 S1

DEMUX 1

DEMUX 2
5 12
Y1 Y0
6 11
Y2 Y1
10
Y2
Y3 7
9
8 IC 74139 Y3
GND

Theory:

De- Multiplexer is a combinational circuit which has single input and a many
outputs. Particular output terminal is selected and connected to the input. Selection
of any output depends on the status of control signals. In other words it behaves
exactly opposite to that of Multiplexer.

Diagram shows a 1:4 De-multiplexer with

1 input, 4 outputs and two select inputs. S1 S0

Here select inputs are nothing but control Select Lines

signal. The number of control inputs
depends on the number of data outputs ,so
Y0
relation between them is given by the
Data Input
equation M= 2N , where M = Data outputs Y1
and N = Control signal. There are 1:4 DEMUX Y2
different configurations of De-multiplexer
such as 1:8 ,1:16 , 1:32 and so on. It can be Y3
used as Decoder with some changes in the Strobe Data Output

circuit.

Conclusion:

21
22
 Practical 6
STUDY OF ENCODER.

Aim : To study the simplified circuit of Decimal to BCD encoder

Date : using IC

…… /… /…
Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed

Initials for
Attendance
2 Resistor 330 Ω

3 Encoder IC 74147

4 LED Red LED.

Circuit Diagram:

Completion
for :

1) Diagram

2)
Observations

3) calculations

4) Graphs etc.

5) Result Working:

Encoder is a combinational circuit which can convert standard signal

into coded signal. IC 74147 converts decimal numbers into BCD
6) Conclusion one. In the circuit shown above 10 switches are used to provide
decimal input from 0 to 9. Four OR gates are used to generate the
output since largest decimal number that will be given as input is 9
and its equivalent BCD output is 1001 which is four bit number. Here
output D is LSB and A is MSB bit. It is also called as Priority
Encoder because if more than one input is activated at a time then it
gives priority to highest order input. It has both I/P & O/P active low.

23
Observation Table:

DECIMAL BCD OUTPUT

INPUT D C B A

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1

2 0 0 1 0

3 0 0 1 1

4 0 1 0 0

5 0 1 0 1

6 0 1 1 0

7 0 1 1 1

8 1 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 1

Encoder circuit using IC 74147 :

X1 IC +VCC

X2
7 330 Ω

X3 D
4
330 Ω
X4 C
1
X5 330 Ω
4
B
X6
7 330 Ω
X7
A
X8

X9

24
Truth Table using IC 74147:

INPUTS OUTPUTS
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 D C B A
H H H H H H H H H L L L L
L H H H H H H H H L L L H
X L H H H H H H H L L H L
X X L H H H H H H L L H H
X X X L H H H H H L H L L
X X X X L H H H H L H L H
X X X X X L H H H L H H L
X X X X X X L H H L H H H
X X X X X X X L H H L L L
X X X X X X X X L H L L H

Conclusion:

Board Connections:

25
26
 PRACTICAL 7

STUDY OF DECODER

Aim : To study a Decoder IC 7447/ 7448 used for BCD to 7 segment

Date : decoding .

…… /… /… Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed

Initials for
Attendance 2 Resistor 330 Ω

3 Decoder IC 7447

4 Seven Segment Display FND 507 ,Common Anode

Circuit Diagram:

+ Vcc
Completion
for : 3
330 Ω
1) Diagram f 9
A 16 15 a
330 Ω
7 g 10
14
2) Observations 330 Ω f b
B a 7 g
IC 13
1 330 Ω
7447 b 6
12
C 330 Ω
c 4 e c
3) calculations 2 11 d
330 Ω
D d 2
10
6 330 Ω
e 1
8 9 SSD
4) Graphs etc.

5) Result

6) Conclusion

27
Working:

Decoder is a combinational circuit which behaves exactly opposite of encoder. IC

7447 is a BCD to 7 segment decoder / driver. It converts BCD input into decimal
output hence called decoder. Practically it converts it by driving 7 segment
display hence called as driver. IC 7447 has bubbled output i.e. output is inverted.
Seven segment display used in this circuit is common anode type display. Four
toggle switches are used to give BCD input to decoder. Then it converts that BCD
input into corresponding 7 segment format which is further given to SSD. According
to 7 bit data SSD displays respective decimal number.

Observation Table:

INPUTS OUTPUTS ( Seven Segment Data) No.

on
D C B A A B C D E F G SSD
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 7
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 9

Conclusion:

Board Connections:

28
 Practical 8
STUDY OF RS FLIP FLOP.

Aim : 1. To build and test RS Flip Flop using NAND gate .

Date :
2. To build and test RS Flip Flop using NOR gate .
…… /… /…
Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

Initials for 1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed

Attendance
2 Resistors (2 No) 330 Ω

5 LED Red LED , I max= 36mA

6 NAND and NOR gates IC 7400 and IC 7402

Part1 : RS Flip Flop using NAND gates :

Completion
for : Circuit Diagram:

1) Diagram
+ Vcc 1 330 Ω
3
2
2)
Observations

4 330 Ω
6
3) 5
+ Vcc
calculations

4) Graphs etc.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

5) Result
2. Write down the Expected truth table.

3. Apply various inputs using switches and observe output on

6) Conclusion LED.

4. Tabulate the result and compare Expected and Observed ou

outputs.

29
Observation Table:

EXPECTED
INPUTS OUTPUT
Description
S R Q Q
Race
0 0 0 0
Reset
0 1 0 1
Set
1 0 1 0
No Change
1 1 1 0

Part2 : RS Flip Flop using NOR gates :

Circuit Diagram:

+ Vcc 2
330 Ω
1
3

5
330 Ω
4
+ Vcc 6

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Write down the Expected truth table.

3. Apply various inputs using switches and observe output on LED.

4. Tabulate the result and compare Expected and Observed outputs.

30
 Observation Table:

EXPECTED
INPUTS OUTPUT
Description
S R Q Q
No Change
0 0 0 1
Reset
0 1 0 1
Set
1 0 1 0
Race
1 1 1 1

Theory:
Sequential circuits are the one in which output at any time instant depends on
present state of input as well as past state of output. Hence it very important for such
circuits that previous state of output must be stored. So electronic circuit which acts
as memory element is nothing but Flip Flop. It is a basic building block of
sequential circuit. It is used to store single bit data. It is also called as one bit
memory cell or latch. Flip Flop has two inputs and two outputs. Depending upon
types of inputs there are three basic Flip Flops namely RS Type, J-K Type and D
Flip Flop.

Apart from these inputs Flip Flop also requires external triggering input called as
Clock signal .So again depending upon presence of Clock signal Flip Flop can be of
Clocked or Un-clocked type.

Flip Flop can store only one bit data. That can be either '0' or '1'. If output of Flip
Flop is one '1' then it is called as 'SET' condition or if it is '0' then 'RESET'
condition. Both the outputs of Flip Flop are compliments of each other so they can't
be equal at any time instant but if such condition occurs then it is called as
Forbidden / Unpredictable condition. Flip Flops are used to construct Counters and
Shift registers.

RS Flip Flop:

In this Flip Flop there are two inputs R (Reset ) and S (Set) , and two outputs Q and
Q . Whenever 'R' input is high it Resets the Flip Flop and if 'S' input is high then it
Sets the Flip Flop.

While observing the output state if LED glows then it is said that Flip Flop is in 'Set'
condition and if LED remains off then it is said that Flip Flop is in 'Reset' condition .

Conclusion:

31
32
 Practical 9

STUDY OF DECADE COUNTER

Date :
Aim : To study the Decade Counter circuit using IC 7490 .
…… /… /…
Apparatus / Components :

Sr.No. Instrument /Component Specification / Value /Number

Initials for 1 DC Power Supply 5 V fixed
Attendance
2 Resistors (7 No) 330 Ω

3 Seven Segment Display FND 507 ,Common Anode

1 sec pulse width of square

4 Signal Generator
wave

5 Decade Counter IC 7490

Completion 6 Decoder/Driver IC 7447

for :

1) Diagram
Circuit Diagram:
2) Observations

+ Vcc
3
3) calculations 330 Ω
9
1 5 16 15 a
330 Ω
12 7 10
14 14
330 Ω f b
4) Graphs etc. 9 1 7 g
2 IC 13
330 Ω
3 8 2 7447 6
12
6 330 Ω
5) Result 11 6 4 e c
7 11 d
330 Ω
2
10 10
330 Ω
1
6) Conclusion IC 7490 8 9 SSD

Procedure:

33
 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Set signal generator to generate square wave of frequency 1 HZ. Keep the
amplitude sufficiently high in order to observe proper output.

3. Connect a signal generator to CLK A input of IC 7490.

4. Note down the change in the digits on SSD.

Observation Table:

OUTPUTS OF IC 7490 Digit displayed on

INPUT SSD
PULSE D C B A

0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 1

2 0 0 1 0 2

3 0 0 1 1 3

4 0 1 0 0 4

5 0 1 0 1 5

6 0 1 1 0 6

7 0 1 1 1 7

8 1 0 0 0 8

9 1 0 0 1 9

Theory:
Counter is a sequential circuit used to count clock pulses. It is constructed using
number of flip flops connected together. IC 7490 is a counter available in Integrated
format. It is called as Decade counter because it can count 10 states and then gets
Reset. There are 4 flip flops connected to each other inside IC 7490.But they are
arranged in such a way that they produce two different sections MOD 2 ( 1 RS
FF)and MOD 5 ( 3 JK FF).

In the circuit diagram shown below there are three blocks IC 7490, IC 7447 and then
Seven Segment Display (SSD) . Signal generator is required to give pulse input to
the counter circuit. Frequency of pulses must be low so that outputs can be observed
properly .These pulses acts as a clock signal to the flip flop inside IC 7490.
IC 7490

MOD 2 MOD 5
CLK A

CLK B

QA 34
QB QC QD
Output of IC 7490 is given to the decoder /driver circuit IC 7447. It is used to drive
Seven Segment Display. The decimal digit on SSD is the actual count of decade
counter circuit. IC 7490 is also called as scalar circuit. We can construct any
Modulus of counter from MOD 2 to MOD 10 using this IC.

Board Connections:

Conclusion:

35
36
 Practical 10

STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Date :
Aim : To study the basic electronics components and classification.
…… /… /…

Apparatus / Components:

1) Resistors,
Initials for
Attendance
2) Capacitors

3) Diodes

4) Transistor

Diagram:

Completion Resistors
for :

1) Diagram

2) Observations

3) calculations

4) Graphs etc.

5) Result

6) Conclusion

Capacitors

37
 Transistors

Procedure:

1. Identify the given component

2. Draw the symbol of the component.

3. Write the specifications and applications.

38
Observation Table:

Sr.No. Component Identified Specification / Value /Number

10

Theory:
Resistors

1) A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element.
2) The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the

potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is
the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
3) The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity
of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be
a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within
their ratings.
4) Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits
and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of
various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a
high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can
also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
5) Specify Types

39
2) Capacitors

1)A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy electro statically in an electric
field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator).

2) For example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated

by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

3) Specify types.

3) Diodes

1) A p–n junction diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor. Impurities are added

to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons),
called n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive
charge carriers (holes), called p-type semiconductor.

2) When two materials i.e. n-type and p-type are attached together, a momentary
flow of electrons occur from n to p side resulting in a third region where no charge
carriers are present. It is called Depletion region due to the absence of charge
carriers (electrons and holes in this case).

3) The diode's terminals are attached to each of these regions. The boundary
between these two regions, called a p–n junction, is where the action of the diode
takes place. The crystal allows electrons to flow from the N-type side (called the
cathode) to the P-type side (called the anode), but not in the opposite direction.

4) Transistors

1) Basically, this name transistor is made up of two terms “transfer-of-resistor”

because it’s resistance transfers from one value depending on it’s bias. In other
words the current through transistor is controlled by the bias. Bipolar means both,
holes and electrons take part in carrying the current through transistors therefore
they are called as BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS.

2) The transistors also is a P-N device but with two P-N junctions and three
terminals

(1) Emitter –that emits electrons

(2) Base- which controls this electron flow

(3) Collector- that collects these electrons

Conclusion:

40
 Practical 11

STUDY OF RESISTOR COLOR CODING SYSTEM

Date :
Aim: To study the resistor color coding system for determining
…… /… /…
the value of carbon composition resistor.

Apparatus / Components:

Initials for Carbon composition resistors (number: - 3)

Attendance

Diagram:

Completion
for :

1) Diagram

2)

Observations

3) calculations

4) Graphs etc.

5) Result

Calculation of resistance
6) Conclusion
1)

2)

3)

41
Theory:
Method for determing the value of resistance
1) Note down the color codes present on the carbon composition resistors.
2) Note the digits for the first and second color band. The third band is multiplier
and multiply it to the digits of first and second color bands.
Refer the color code table for that.
3) Finally note down the value with tolerance value in ohms.

Conclusion:

42
 Practical 12

STUDY OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Date :
Aim : To study the personal computer architecture and
…… /… /… Functionality of each part of the computer

Apparatus / Components:

Personal Computer, Peripheral devices interfaced with the system.

Initials for

Attendance Diagram:

Motherboard

Completion
for :

1) Diagram

2) Observations

3) calculations

4) Graphs etc.
Procedure:

5) Result

6) Conclusion

43
 Motherboard

• A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system

board, planar board or logic board,
• It is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other
expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of
the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and
provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard
contains significant sub-systems such as the processor.

Daughterboard

• A daughterboard is a circuit board meant to be an extension or "daughter"

of a motherboard (or 'main board').
• In particular, daughterboard often have plugs, sockets, pins, connectors, or
other attachments for other boards, which is what differentiates them from
standard expansion boards such as for PCI or ISA, which are usually called
expansion cards.
• In addition, it usually have only internal connections within a computer or
other electronic device rather than any external ones, and usually access the
motherboard directly.

Central Processing Unit

A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor

unit, is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and
input/output operations of the system than through a computer bus.

Bus Types

• A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits,

etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components in order to
communicate with one another.

• The address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports memory
addresses which the processor wants to access in order to read or write data.
It is a unidirectional bus.
• The data bus transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor. It is
a bidirectional bus.
• The control bus (or command bus) transports orders and synchronization
signals coming from the control unit and travelling to all other hardware
components. It is a bidirectional bus, as it also transmits response signals
from the hardware.

44
RAM VS ROM

Read-only memory:-ROM is a form of data storage in computers and other

electronic devices that cannot be easily altered or reprogrammed. RAM is referred to
as volatile memory and is lost when the power is turned off whereas ROM in non-
volatile and the contents are retained even after the power is switched off.

Random Access Memory:-

RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any
order and from any physical location in contrast to other storage devices, such as
hard drives, where the physical location of the data determines the time taken to
retrieve it. RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed is measured in
nanoseconds and RAM chips can read data faster than ROM.

Comparison char

RAM ROM

Read-only memory or ROM is also a

Random Access Memory or
form of data storage that cannot be
RAM is a form of data storage
easily altered or reprogrammed. Stores
that can be accessed randomly at
Definition: instructions that are not necessary for
any time, in any order and from
re-booting up to make the computer
any physical location. allowing
operate when it is switched off. They
quick access and manipulation.
are hardwired.

Stands for: Random Access Memory Read-only memory

RAM allows the computer to

ROM stores the program required to
read data quickly to run
Use: initially boot the computer. It only
applications. It allows reading
allows reading.
and writing.

RAM is volatile i.e. its contents It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are
Volatility: are lost when the device is retained even when the device is
powered off. powered off.

The two main types of RAM are The types of ROM include PROM,
Types:
static RAM and dynamic RAM. EPROM and EEPROM.

Questions
1) What is DMA controller?
2) Explain the bus standards.
3) Explain the properties of CPU.
4) What is interrupt? Explain it.
5) Explain the specifications of computer system.
6) Explain the various types of memory

45
46