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Circuit Design Considerations for
Implantable Devices
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN ELECTRONIC
MATERIALS AND DEVICES
Series Editors
Indexing: All books published in this series are submitted to the Web of Science Book
Citation Index (BkCI), CrossRef and to Google Scholar.
The “River Publishers Series in Electronic Materials and Devices” is a series of com-
prehensive academic and professional books which focus on the theory and applications
of advanced electronic materials and devices. The series focuses on topics ranging from
the theory, modeling, devices, performance and reliability of electron and ion integrated
circuit devices and interconnects, insulators, metals, organic materials, micro-plasmas,
semiconductors, quantum-effect structures, vacuum devices, and emerging materials.
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plays, MEMS, imaging, micro-actuators, nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics,
power ICs and micro-sensors are also covered.
Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, hand-
books and textbooks. The books provide professionals, researchers, educators, and
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developments.
Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the following:
• Integrated circuit devices
• Interconnects
• Insulators
• Organic materials
• Semiconductors
• Quantum-effect structures
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For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com
Circuit Design Considerations for
Implantable Devices
Editor
Peng Cong
Verily Life Science, US
River Publishers
Published, sold and distributed by:
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Preface ix
List of Contributors xi
1 Introduction 1
Peng Cong
1.1 Implantable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Neural Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Circuit Design Considerations for Neural Sensing . . . . . 5
1.4 Circuit Design Considerations for Stimulation . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Closed-Loop System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 RF Powering and Data Telemetry for Implantable Devices . 12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
v
vi Contents
Index 179
Peng Cong
ix
List of Contributors
xi
List of Figures
xiii
xiv List of Figures
Figure 6.4 (a) The presented 3-coil link configuration for FFI
using a high-Q resonator (doutRes : diameter of
the resonator) around a doutR = 1 mm Rx coil;
(b) Cross-section of the transcutaneous WPT link
including tissue layers, location of various
components, and coil insulation, and (c) HFSS
simulations comparing the Poynting vector
without (left) and with (right) a passive high-Q
resonator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Figure 6.5 The flowchart of algorithm presented for PTE
optimization of the FFI 3-coil link considering
body layers and SAR limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Figure 6.6 (a) The HFSS simulation of Rx efficiency (Rx-PSR)
as a function of frequency for different Rx turns,
with the presence of body layers and RL,ORIG of
500 Ω, and (b) the HFSS simulation of Rx efficiency
(Rx-PSR) as a function of frequency and actual load
resistor (RL,ORIG ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Figure 6.7 HFSS simulation results of (a) the resonator’s
Q-factor as a function of frequency and width
of the resonator, and b) the Tx’s Q-factor
as a function of frequency and width of the
Tx coil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Figure 6.8 HFSS simulation results for coupling coefficient
between L1 and L2 (k12 ) as a function of frequency
and (a) width of L2 , and (b) width of L1 . . . . . . 117
Figure 6.9 (a) HFSS simulation of the PTE for the presented
link as a function of frequency and resonator width.
(b) Relative permittivity of human head issue layers
for skin, fat, bone, dura, and brain vs. frequency. . . 118
Figure 6.10 (a) HFSS simulation of the E-field, comparing the
complete loop and segmented coils, showing
uniformity of the current distribution in the case
of three-coil link, (b) HFSS simulation results for
the SAR simulation presenting the peak of average
SAR values for tissue layers in conventional
two-coil link, three-coil link with loop coils, and
three-coil link with segmented coils, while deliver-
ing identical power of 1.3 mW to the receiver. . . . 119
List of Figures xix
xxiii
List of Abbreviations
xxv
xxvi List of Abbreviations
Peng Cong
Verily Life Science, US
1
2 Introduction
Figure 1.1 Example of implantable medical devices: (a) a pacemaker, (b) spinal cord
stimulator, and (c) cochlear implant.
precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open, they allow an
inward flow of sodium ions, which change the electrochemical gradient, and
in turn produce a further rise in the membrane potential. The process proceeds
explosively until all of the available ion channels are open, resulting in a
large upswing in the membrane potential. The rapid influx of sodium ions
causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse, and the ion channels
then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium channels close, sodium ions can no
longer enter the neuron, and then they are actively transported back out of
the plasma membrane. Potassium channels are then activated returning the
electrochemical gradient to the resting state. These action potentials can be
engaged by using therapeutic stimulation in neuromodulation.
Fundamentally, for neural interface, electrodes are used to listen to neural
communication and to apply stimulation to control neural communication.
Most of the readers, who are interested in this book, must know how to
use an oscilloscope to measure a voltage on a PCB. Oscilloscope probes are
typically used to interface with the test points on the PCB, where it makes a
metal-to-metal ohm contact; therefore, what displayed on the scope matches
the voltage at the test-point. It would be a different case for electrode–tissue
interface, which would be discussed in details in Chapter 2.
1.3 Circuit Design Considerations for Neural Sensing 5
ions, and platinum is Pt–hydrogen bond, and these products only stay at
the electrode surface (called hydrogen plating) thanks to the characteristic
of Pt. If the total charge injected into tissue during stimulation phase is
totally recovered during recharge phase (charge-balanced stimulation), all
the production will be recovered too. This is the reason why Pt is used
widely in implantable devices. In short, for a reversible case, charge-balanced
stimulation is critical to ensure the safety.
If the products diffuse away from the electrode, the charge cannot be
recovered upon reversing the direction of current. One example is water
reduction, where hydrogen will be formed. Therefore, control voltage cross
double layer capacitor within a limitation is essential in this case with the
control of total DC current under a limit.
Beside the electrode safety considerations, neuron safety is an even bigger
topic and so far people still do not have a complete understanding to deter-
mine neuron safety under stimulation. A wide accepted standard is called
Shannon criteria illustrated in Figure 1.8, proposed by professor Shannon
in 1992. Note the criteria is pure experimental by plotting previous results
against charge per phase (x-axis) and charge densities (the charge divided by
the area of electrode) per phase (y-axis). The line in Figure 1.8 is defined by
the equation below:
10 Introduction
k = log(Q) + log(Q/A),
where, Q is charge per phase and A is the area of electrode. If K is greater
than 1.5–1.8, it would not be safe. Shannon criteria have been evolved in
recent years for microelectrodes.
Below is the summary of circuit considerations for stimulation:
1. Work with electrode designer and understand electrode model (careful!
Low signal vs. large signal model).
2. Small DC leakage current from electrode to tissue (<1 µA or 10 nA).
3. Charge balanced stimulation for reversible reaction.
4. Monitor and control voltage across double layer capacitor within “good”
reaction window if irreversible reaction might happen.
5. Limit maximum charge and charge density for neuron safety.
6. Constant current versus constant voltage stimulation.
7. Power efficient design (Stimulation therapy circuit typically is the major
power consumption source in implantable devices).
8. “Good” performance (frequency, stimulation amplitude, and stimulation
pulse width accuracy).
9. Pay more attention to micro-electrodes!
The detailed safety consideration and circuit design of stimulation would be
presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 4, respectively.
1.5 Closed-Loop System 11